AHMET YESEVİ'NİN MEZHEBİ EĞİLİMİ

Öz

11. ve 12. yüzyıllarda Türkistan (Orta Asya) bölgesinde yaşamış olan Hoca Ahmed Yesevi (1041-1166), Türk milli kimliğinin temel taşlarını oluşturan Türk halkları arasında son derece saygın ve etkili bir âlim ve aynı zamanda Türk tasavvufunun kurucusudur. Sufi faaliyetinin Türkistan bölgesinde yaşayan Türk halklarının kendilerine ait yeni bir medeniyet yaratmalarına neden olduğunu görüyoruz. Türkistan'da Ehl-i Sünnet'in fıkhî boyutunu Hanefîlik ve Şâfiîlik, kelâmî boyutunu Eşarîlik ve Mâtürîdîlik oluştururken, tasavvufî boyutunu ise ağırlıklı olarak Yeseviyye, Kübreviyye ve Nakşibendiyye görüşleri etrafında şekillenen tasavvuf anlayışı oluşturmuştur. Dolayısıyla Ahmed Yesevi'nin mezhebi eğilimi Hanefilikle, dini görüşleri de Maturidilikle uyumlu olmalıdır. Aynı zamanda Ahmed Yesevi'nin siyasi algısı da doğal olarak Hanefi-Maturidi düşünce çizgisinde şekillenmiş olmalıdır. Yesevi'nin temel dini yönelimi hakkında çeşitli araştırmacılar tarafından ortaya atılan çeşitli iddialar bulunmaktadır. Ancak konuyu doğru bir kanaatle ortaya koyabilmek için ilk yapmamız gereken şey araştırılacak kişinin kendi eserlerini esas almaktır. Çünkü bu bilimsel araştırmanın tamamlayıcı niteliğidir. Bu nedenle bu araştırmada Yesevi'nin öğretilerine ilişkin ilk kaynaklar olarak kabul edilen kendi eserleri esas alınacaktır. Makale, Ahmed Yesevi'nin fıkhi, itikadi ve siyasi görüşlerinin Ehl-i Sünnet vel Cemaat ilminden kaynaklandığı sonucuna ulaşmaktadır. Kanaatimizce Ahmed Yesevî'nin günümüze ulaşan eserlerinden hareketle mezhebî eğilimlerini tespit etmek mümkündür. Makalede kendi eserlerinden hareketle Ahmed Yesevî'nin mezhebî eğiliminin fıkhî, itikadî ve siyasî yönleri betimsel yöntem ve metin analizi yöntemleri kullanılarak tespit edilmeye çalışılacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Tasavvuf
• Ahmed Yesevi
• Mezhep
• İman
• Şia
• Mübeydiyye
• Hanefilik
• Maturidilik.

THE MADHHABİAN TENDENCY OF AHMAD YASSAWİ

Öz

Khoja Ahmad Yassawi (1041-1166), who lived in the region of Turkestan (Central Asia) in the 11th and 12th centuries, was a highly respected and influential scholar among the Turkic peoples, who formed the cornerstones of Turkish national identity, and was also the founder of Turkish Sufism. We see that the Sufi activity caused the Turkic peoples living in the Turkistan region to create a new civilisation of their own. If the jurisprudential dimension of Ahl al-Sunnah in Turkestan was formed by Hanafism and Shafi'ism, and the theological dimension was formed by Asharism and Māturīdism, the mystical dimension of Ahl al-Sunnah in the region was mainly formed by the Sufism understanding shaped around the Yassawiyya, Kubraviyya and Naqshibandiyya views. Therefore, Ahmad Yassawi's madhhabian tendency should be compatible with Hanafiism and his religious views should be compatible Maturidiism views. At the same time, Ahmad Yassawi's political perception should naturally be shaped in the Hanafi-Maturidi line of thought. There are various claims made by various researchers about Yassawi's basic religious orientation. However, in order to present the subject with an accurate opinion, the first thing we need to do is to base ourselves on the own works of the person to be investigated. Because this is the complementary nature of scientific research. For this reason, in this research, his own works, which are considered the first sources regarding Yassawi's teachings, will be taken as basis. The article reaches the conclusion that the fiqh, creedal and political views of Ahmad Yassawi originate from the knowledge of Ahl al-Sunnah wal Jama'at. In our opinion, it is possible to determine Ahmad Yassawi's madhhabian tendencies based on his works that have survived to the present day. İn the article, based on his own works, the fiqh, belief and political aspects of Ahmad Yassawi's madhhabian tendency will be determined by using the descriptive method and textual analysis methods.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sufism
• Ahmad Yassawi
• Madhhab
• Belief
• Shia
• Mubaydiyya
• Hanafism
• Maturidism.

Kaynakça

1. Kutlu Sonmez, (2018) “Turks and Islamic Imagination”, Ankara: TDV ISAM publications.
2. Saifunov, Bauyrzhan “The Development of Ahl al-Sunnah Understanding in Turkistan and the Role of Ahmad Yassawi”, PhD Thesis, Erciyes University, Kayseri 2022.
3. Koprulu, Mehmed Fuad (2006) “Early Mystics in Turkish Literature”, Translated, edited and with an introduction by Gary Leiser and Robert Dankoff Foreword by Devin Deweese, Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, London and New York.
4. Hazini, (2022) “Cevâhirü’l-Ebrâr Min Emvâci’l-Bihâr’”, transl. M.Myrzabekov, D.Shauenov, B.Saifunov, Shymkent: SPC publ.
5. Nâdirhan Hasan (Nodirkhon Khasanov), (2009) “Yeseviliğe Dair Bazi Kaynak Eserler Hakkinda”, Turkish Studies Journal, Turkish Studies International Periodical For the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic Volume 4/2 Winter7.
6. Saifunov, Bauyrzhan - Sambetov, Zhanbolat (2023) “Bibliographic Research About Ahmed Yesevi”. Journal of Turkish Culture and Haci Bektash Veli Research 105 (March 2023), 279-299. Zhandarbekov Zikiriya, (2002) “Nasabnama Variants and Turkish History (Nasabnama Nuskalari cane Turku Tarihi)”, Almaty: Daik-Press.
7. Muminov Aşirbek, (1996) “Yasauiya Bastaulari, Yasaui Tagylymy” Gilimi makalalar men jana derekter jinagy, Turkistan: Mura. Muminov Ashirbek, (1994) “O Proishojdenii Bratstva Yasaviia” İslamskie Problemi Mejtsivilizatsionnyh Vzaimodeistvii, Moskva. Kenzhetayev, Dossay (2011) “Hoca Ahmet Yassaui Duniyetanymy”, Turkistan: Turan yayinevi. Togan, Zeki Velidi (1953) “New Information on Yassawism” Istanbul.
8. Tekin, Dila Baran (2014) “Mani and His Teachings” T.R. Hitit University, Master’s Thesis, Chorum. Shinasi Gunduz, “Manichaeism”, TDV Islamic Encyclopedia, Ankara:TDV publications, 2003, 27th vol., 575-577p.

9. Abu Mansur Abdulkahir al-Baghdadi, (1991) “Differences Between Madhhabs”, Ankara: TDV publication. Bolshakov O.G., (1976) “Hronologia Vosstaniya Mukanny, İstoriya i kultura narodov Srednei Azii (drevnost i sredniie veka)”, Мoskva.
10. Sagdiev Habibullo Yodgorovich, (2013) “Sunnitskoe Verouchenie”, textbook, Tashkent: Tashkent Islamic University, Islamic Research Center. Hodgson, M.G.S. (1965) “Ghulat” Encyclopedia of Islam 2 (2nd ed.). Brill Academic Publishers. Muhammed Abu Zehra, (2011) History of Political and Theological Madhhabs in Islam, (Istanbul: Hisar yay.
11. Sabri Hizmetli, (2001) “Karmatians” TDV Islamic Encyclopedia, 24:510-514, Istanbul: TDV yay.
12. Senai M., (1998) “Tarikat-i Yassawiyya ve Naksh-i ân der display-i İslam der Asya-yi Markazi”, Name-i Ferheng, Issue:1, Tehran 1377.
13. Mursel Ozturk, (2001) “Khorasan the Source of Anatolian Saints (Until the Mongol Invasion)”, Ankara: Ministry of Culture Publications. Ayni İlhan (1996), “Shiism and its Main Principles”, Journal of ERDEM Ataturk Cultural Center, 23rd issue, 8th volume.
14. Keskin Caliph, (2000) “Principles of Shia Faith in the Light of Their Own Sources”, Istanbul: Beyan yay. Sheyh Sadik, İbn Bâbeveyh el-Kummi, (1978) “İtikadatu’l-Imamiyye”, trans. E. Ruhi Figlali, Ankara. Onat Hasan, (1993) “Shiite Movements in the Umayyad Era and Today’s Shiism”, Ankara: TDV publishing,
15. Onat Hasan, (1986) “Shiite Movements in the Umayyad Era”, Unpublished doctoral thesis, Ankara University.
16. Yassawi, Hoca Ahmed (2017) “Divan-i Hikmet”, Editor: Mustafa Tatci. - Ankara: Hoca Ahmad Yassawi International Turkish-Kazakh University, HAYITKU Review-Research Series; Publication No:29, Ankara.
17. Yassawi, Hoca Ahmed, (2017) “Yassawi’s Fakrnama and Two Persian Treatises”, ed. Eraslan Kemal and Tosun Necdet. Ankara.
18. Bilgili İsmail, (2016) “A Jurisprudential Perspective on Hoca Ahmad Yassawi’s Work titled “Divani Hikmet”, in Proceedings of the 1st International Hoca Ahmed Yassawi Symposium, Ankara.
19. Hulusi Arslan, (2017) “Emphasis on Sincerity and Criticism of Inconsistent Religiousness in H.A. Yassawi”, I.International H.A.Yassawi Symposium Proceedings 28-30 April 2016, Ankara: ISAM.
20. Yassawi, Hoca Ahmad (2010) “Divan-i Hikmet”, ed. Hayati Bice, Ankara: TDV Yay. Quran, (Computer line medium size), (2023) Calligraphy: Muhammed Abay, Ankara: TDV publication. Hazini, (1995) “Cevâhiru’l- Ebrâr min Emvâci’l- Bihâr (Hagiography of Yassawi)”, ed.Cihan Okuyucu, Kayseri.
21. Karaagach Hilmi, (2012) “Faith-Islam Relationship in Theological Sects” Gumuşhane University Faculty of Theology Journal, issue: 2/1.
22. Abu Hanifa, “Five Works of Imam Azam”, Trans. Mustafa Oz, Istanbul 2019. Imam Maturidi, (1981) “Tevhid”, Istanbul: Hicret Publications,.
23. Korkmaz Siddik, (2016) “Reflections of Abu Hanifa Teaching on Yesevi Sufism”, in Proceedings of the 1st International Hoca Ahmed Yesevi Symposium, Ankara.
24. Onat Hasan and Kutlu Sonmez, (2015) “History of Islamic Sects (Handbook)”, 4th edition, Ankara: Duvar.
25. Onat Hasan, (1992) ”Shiite Imamet Theory”, Ankara University Faculty of Theology Journal 32/1.
26. Ethem Ruhi Fiğlali, (2014) “Today’s Islamic Sects”, İzmir. Ahmet Tefazzuli, Nurettin Albayrak (1995) “Enûşervân”, TDV Islamic Encyclopedia, Istanbul: TDV publication. volume 11, p. 255-256.
27. Hoca Ahmad Yassawi, (2000) “Divan-i Hikmet”, ed. Kari Kuanyshbek, Kambarbekova Galiya, İsmailzade Rasul, Tehran: el-Huda.
28. Hoca Ahmet Yasaui, (1998) “Hikmet Jinaq”, ed. M.Jarmuhameduly, M.Şhafigi, S.Dauituly, E.Duysenbay, Almaty: Jalyn.
29. Semiz, Kenan - Utebekov, Senbek. “Dîvân-ı Hikmet’te Duygu Bildiren Deyimler ve Çağdaş Türk Lehçelerine Yansımaları”. Türk Kültürü ve Hacı Bektaş Veli Araştırma Dergisi 109 (March 2024), 327-354. https://doi.org/10.60163/tkhcbva.1396624.