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Acute Altered Mental Status in the Pediatric Emergency Department: A Case Report

Cilt: 11 Sayı: 3 27 Ağustos 2026
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Acute Altered Mental Status in the Pediatric Emergency Department: A Case Report

Öz

Introduction: Acute alteration of consciousness and seizure-like episodes represent clinical presentations with a broad differential diagnosis in the pediatric age group, requiring urgent evaluation and management. Rapid identification of the etiology is of critical importance in determining mortality and neurological sequelae. This case report describes the diagnostic process and clinical course of a two-year-old patient who presented with suspected seizure, altered consciousness, and nuchal rigidity. Case: A two-year-old girl with no known prior medical history was brought to the pediatric emergency department following a brief episode of tonic contractions and gaze fixation. On admission, her Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score was 9, pupils were bilaterally mydriatic, and nuchal rigidity was present; physical examination for signs of meningeal irritation revealed a clinical picture consistent with meningitis. Cranial computed tomography showed no intracranial pathology. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis was not consistent with infectious meningitis; however, given the clinical presentation and examination findings, empirical ceftriaxone and acyclovir therapy was initiated without delay. Subsequent advanced neuroimaging obtained during follow-up was also reported within normal limits. The patient’s level of consciousness fully recovered during the acute phase, and she was discharged without any neurological sequelae. Conclusion: In pediatric patients presenting with acute alteration of consciousness and signs of meningeal irritation, empirical antimicrobial and antiviral therapy should not be withheld until meningitis and encephalitis have been definitively excluded, even when imaging and CSF findings are within normal limits. Clinical judgment may take precedence over laboratory and imaging results. This case highlights the importance of transient encephalopathic presentations in the pediatric emergency differential diagnosis and underscores the decisive role of clinical suspicion in guiding treatment decisions despite negative investigative findings.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

  1. American Academy of Pediatrics. (2024). Red Book: 2024–2027 report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases (33rd ed.).
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  3. Hoshino, A., Saitoh, M., Oka, A., Okumura, A., Kubota, M., Saito, Y., Takanashi, J., Hirose, S., Yamagata, T., & Yamanouchi, H. (2012). Epidemiology of acute encephalopathy in Japan, with emphasis on the association of viruses and syndromes. Brain and Development, 34(5), 337–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.braindev.2011.07.012
  4. Imataka, G., Kuwashima, S., & Yoshihara, S. (2022). A comprehensive review of pediatric acute encephalopathy. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(19), Article 5921. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11195921
  5. Nigrovic, L. E., Kuppermann, N., Macias, C. G., Cannavino, C. R., Moro-Sutherland, D. M., Schremmer, R. D., Schwab, S. H., Agrawal, D., Mansour, K. M., Bennett, J. E., Katsogridakis, Y. L., & Malley, R. (2007). Clinical prediction rule for identifying children with cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis at very low risk of bacterial meningitis. JAMA, 297(1), 52–60. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.297.1.52
  6. Tenembaum, S., Chitnis, T., Ness, J., & Hahn, J. S. (2007). Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Neurology, 68(16, Suppl. 2), S23–S36. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000259404.51352.7f
  7. Tunkel, A. R., Hartman, B. J., Kaplan, S. L., Kaufman, B. A., Roos, K. L., Scheld, W. M., & Whitley, R. J. (2004). Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 39(9), 1267–1284. https://doi.org/10.1086/425368

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Çocuk Acil

Bölüm

Olgu Sunumu

Yayımlanma Tarihi

27 Ağustos 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

19 Mart 2026

Kabul Tarihi

8 Temmuz 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA
Erbay, G., Özdemir, İ., Karbancıoğlu, E. Y., Koç, Ö., Altıparmak, G., & Tekin, D. (2026). Acute Altered Mental Status in the Pediatric Emergency Department: A Case Report. Turkish Medical Journal, 11(3), 141-145. https://doi.org/10.70852/tmj.1912362
AMA
1.Erbay G, Özdemir İ, Karbancıoğlu EY, Koç Ö, Altıparmak G, Tekin D. Acute Altered Mental Status in the Pediatric Emergency Department: A Case Report. TMJ. 2026;11(3):141-145. doi:10.70852/tmj.1912362
Chicago
Erbay, Güney, İhsan Özdemir, Emre Yaşar Karbancıoğlu, Ömer Koç, Gökçe Altıparmak, ve Deniz Tekin. 2026. “Acute Altered Mental Status in the Pediatric Emergency Department: A Case Report”. Turkish Medical Journal 11 (3): 141-45. https://doi.org/10.70852/tmj.1912362.
EndNote
Erbay G, Özdemir İ, Karbancıoğlu EY, Koç Ö, Altıparmak G, Tekin D (01 Ağustos 2026) Acute Altered Mental Status in the Pediatric Emergency Department: A Case Report. Turkish Medical Journal 11 3 141–145.
IEEE
[1]G. Erbay, İ. Özdemir, E. Y. Karbancıoğlu, Ö. Koç, G. Altıparmak, ve D. Tekin, “Acute Altered Mental Status in the Pediatric Emergency Department: A Case Report”, TMJ, c. 11, sy 3, ss. 141–145, Ağu. 2026, doi: 10.70852/tmj.1912362.
ISNAD
Erbay, Güney - Özdemir, İhsan - Karbancıoğlu, Emre Yaşar - Koç, Ömer - Altıparmak, Gökçe - Tekin, Deniz. “Acute Altered Mental Status in the Pediatric Emergency Department: A Case Report”. Turkish Medical Journal 11/3 (01 Ağustos 2026): 141-145. https://doi.org/10.70852/tmj.1912362.
JAMA
1.Erbay G, Özdemir İ, Karbancıoğlu EY, Koç Ö, Altıparmak G, Tekin D. Acute Altered Mental Status in the Pediatric Emergency Department: A Case Report. TMJ. 2026;11:141–145.
MLA
Erbay, Güney, vd. “Acute Altered Mental Status in the Pediatric Emergency Department: A Case Report”. Turkish Medical Journal, c. 11, sy 3, Ağustos 2026, ss. 141-5, doi:10.70852/tmj.1912362.
Vancouver
1.Güney Erbay, İhsan Özdemir, Emre Yaşar Karbancıoğlu, Ömer Koç, Gökçe Altıparmak, Deniz Tekin. Acute Altered Mental Status in the Pediatric Emergency Department: A Case Report. TMJ. 01 Ağustos 2026;11(3):141-5. doi:10.70852/tmj.1912362

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