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“Ortak Radikalleşme”: Türkiye'deki Toplumsal Hareketleri Anlamak İçin Bilimsel Bir Mercek Önerisi

Yıl 2024, , 49 - 72, 13.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.1293032

Öz

Eş-radikalleşme terimi, karşılıklı tehdit döngüleri yoluyla çatışmalara yol açan gruplar arası düşmanlıkları ifade eder. Bu makale, şiddet içeren ve içermeyen terimlerle eş-radikalleşme kavramını ve bu kavramın etnik, kültürel ve dini çeşitliliğin yanı sıra sosyo-ekonomik eşitsizliklerle karakterize edilen bir bölge olan Orta Doğu'daki potansiyel uygulamalarını incelemektedir. Radikalizm ve eş-radikalleşme üzerine bilimsel araştırmaların yetersiz olduğu Türkiye'de son dönemde gözlemlenen toplumsal parçalanmalardan yola çıkan makale, (1) kentsel alanların çeperlerindeki yerli ve göçmen halk arasındaki sosyo-ekonomik eş-radikalleşme, (2) devlet kurumları tarafından yönlendirilen dini norm taşıyıcılığı ve buna karşılık "Deizm" ve ateizmin yükselişi ve (3) müzikten hicve kadar birbirini besleyen şiddet içermeyen radikal ifadelerin çeşitliliği gibi çeşitli inceleme konuları sunmaktadır. Birlikte radikalleşme çalışmalarının, kavramın terörizm ve radikalizmi eşanlamlı olarak ele alma eğiliminde olan indirgemeci yaklaşımlardan ayırt edilmesi gerektiği sonucuna varıyoruz; sosyal bilimsel amaç, toplumsal bölünmelerin ardındaki karmaşık dinamikleri daha derinlemesine anlamaktır.

Proje Numarası

785934

Kaynakça

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“Co-Radicalization”: A Scientific Lens Proposal to Understand the Social Movements in Turkey

Yıl 2024, , 49 - 72, 13.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.1293032

Öz

The term co-radicalization refers to intergroup hostilities leading to conflicts through cycles of reciprocal threat. This article explores the concept of co-radicalization in violent and non-violent terms and its potential application particularly in Turkey and broadly in the Middle East, a region characterized by ethnic, cultural and religious diversity, as well as socio-economic disparities. Drawing from the social fragmentations recently observed in Turkey, where scientific research on radicalism and co-radicalization is insufficient, the article offers several subjects of scrutiny, including (1) socio-economic co-radicalization between the native and migrant people in the fringes of the urban spaces, (2) the religious norm carriership led by the state institutions and the rise of “Deism” and atheism in response, and (3) the variety of non-violent radical expressions feeding each other, from music to satire. We conclude that the study of co-radicalization should be distinguished from the reductionist approaches to the concept, which tend to take terrorism and radicalism synonymously; the social scientific goal is to gain a deeper understanding of the complex dynamics behind societal divisions.

Destekleyen Kurum

European Research Council

Proje Numarası

785934

Teşekkür

The research reported in this article was supported by a grant received from the European Commission. This article was prepared in the scope of the ongoing EU-funded research for the “PRIME Youth” project funded by the European Research Council with the Agreement Number 785934 (ERC AdG, ISLAM-OPHOB-ISM: Nativism, Islamophobism and Islamism in the Age of Populism: Culturalisation and Religionisation of what is Social, Economic and Political in Europe).

Kaynakça

  • Aeschbach, S. (2017). Ressentiment: An anatomy. https://doi.org/10.13097/ARCHIVE-OUVERTE/UNIGE:103621 BBC News. (2020, October 30). Nice Attack: Grief and Anger in France after Church Stabbings. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54745251
  • Bonnette, L. M. (2015). Pulse of the people: Political rap music and black politics. University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Buhari-Gülmez, D. (2017). Rap Music in Turkey: Grobalization vs. Glocalization in Communicating Political Messages and Dissent. In U. T. Onyebadi (Ed.), Music as a Platform for Political Communication: IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1986-7
  • Calhoun, C. J. (2011). The roots of radicalism: Tradition, the public sphere, and early nineteenth-century social movements. University of Chicago Press.
  • Cas, M. (Ed.). (2014). Youth and the Extreme Right. IDEBATE Press.
  • Ceritoglu, E., Yunculer, H. B. G., Torun, H., & Tumen, S. (2017). The impact of Syrian refugees on natives’ labor market outcomes in Turkey: Evidence from a quasi-experimental design. IZA Journal of Labor Policy, 6(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40173-017-0082-4
  • Decety, J., Pape, R., & Workman, C. I. (2018). A multilevel social neuroscience perspective on radicalization and terrorism. Social Neuroscience, 13(5), 511–529. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2017.1400462
  • Della Porta, D. (2014). On Violence and Repression: A Relational Approach (The Government and Opposition/Leonard Schapiro Memorial Lecture, 2013). Government and Opposition, 49(2), 159–187. https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2013.47
  • Dinas, E., Matakos, K., Xefteris, D., & Hangartner, D. (2019). Waking Up the Golden Dawn: Does Exposure to the Refugee Crisis Increase Support for Extreme-Right Parties? Political Analysis, 27(2), 244–254. https://doi.org/10.1017/pan.2018.48
  • Dotson-Renta, L. (2015). ‘On n’est pas condamné à l’échec’: Hip-hop and the banlieue narrative. French Cultural Studies, 26(3), 354–367. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957155815594068
  • Erdoğan, N., & Üstüner, F. (2004). ‘National Unity’ vs. ‘Plurality of Identities’: Controversy over Democracy in Turkey. Orient, 45(4), 509–520. https://hdl.handle.net/11511/78158
  • Esen, O., & Oğuş Binatlı, A. (2017). The Impact of Syrian Refugees on the Turkish Economy: Regional Labour Market Effects. Social Sciences, 6(4), 129. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci6040129
  • Filibeli, T. E., & Ertuna, C. (2021). Sarcasm Beyond Hate Speech: Facebook Comments on Syrian Refugees in Turkey. International Journal of Communication, 15(24), 2236–2259.
  • Goldschmidt, T. (2015). Anti-Immigrant Sentiment and Majority Support for Three Types of Welfare: The case of Germany. European Societies, 17(5), 620–652. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2015.1088959
  • Habertürk. (2022). İstanbul Bağcılar’da Tehlikeli Gerginlik! Sandalyeye Oturup Yol Kesti, Gelen Geçene Laf Attı. Habertürk TV. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vrk-R5Prffo
  • Huet, S., Deffuant, G., Nugier, A., Streith, M., & Guimond, S. (2019). Resisting hostility generated by terror: An agent-based study. PLoS One, 14(1), e0209907. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209907
  • Hürriyet Daily News. (2012, September 26). Students Forced to Enroll in Religious Schools in Istanbul. Hürriyet Daily News. https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/students-forced-to-enroll-in-religious-schools-in-istanbul--31013
  • Işık, O., & Pınarcıoğlu, M. M. (2001). Nöbetleşe yoksulluk: Gecekondulaşma ve kent yoksulları: Sultanbeyli örneği (1. edition). İletişim.
  • Jacobs, L., Hooghe, M., & De Vroome, T. (2017). Television and anti-immigrant sentiments: The mediating role of fear of crime and perceived ethnic diversity. European Societies, 19(3), 243–267. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2017.1290264
  • Jenzen, O., Erhart, I., Eslen-Ziya, H., Güçdemir, D., Korkut, U., & McGarry, A. (2019). 10 Music Videos as Protest Communication: The Gezi Park Protest on YouTube. In A. McGarry, I. Erhart, H. Eslen-Ziya, O. Jenzen, & U. Korkut (Eds.), The Aesthetics of Global Protest (pp. 211–232). Amsterdam University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9789048544509-014
  • Kaptan, Y. (2016). Laugh and Resist! Humor and Satire Use in the Gezi Resistance Movement. Perspectives on Global Development and Technology, 15(5), 567–587. https://doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341407
  • Karaman, Y. V. (2022, October 18). Bir İmam-Hatip Panoraması: İstatistiksel Verilerle İHL’lerin Tarihsel Gelişimi ve Dönüşümü. İlke Analiz. https://www.ilkeanaliz.net/2022/10/18/bir-imam-hatip-panoramasi/
  • Kardaş, M. Ö. (2023). The ‘ascendance’ of deism in Turkey: Context, drivers and debate. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2023.2176197
  • Kaya, A. (2015). Islamisation of Turkey under the AKP Rule: Empowering Family, Faith and Charity. South European Society and Politics, 20(1), 47–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2014.979031
  • Kaya, A. (2017). Right to public space: Social movements and active citizenship in Turkey. Research and Policy on Turkey, 2(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/23760818.2016.1272273
  • Kaya, A. (2019a). Populism and heritage in Europe: Lost in diversity and unity. Routledge.
  • Kaya, A. (2019b). The Inclusion-Moderation Thesis: Turkey’s AKP, From Conservative Democracy to Conservatism. In A. Kaya, Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.661
  • Kaya, A. (2020). Citizenship and Protest Behavior in Turkey. In G. M. Tezcür (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of Turkish politics (pp. 607–626). Oxford university press.
  • Kaya, A. (2021). Islamist and Nativist Reactionary Radicalisation in Europe. Politics and Governance, 9(3), 204–214. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v9i3.3877
  • Kaya, A., & Adam-Troian, J. (2021). Co-radicalisation of Islamist and Nativist Extremists in Europe: A Social-psychological and Sociological Perspective. Journal of Muslims in Europe, 10(3), 276–308. https://doi.org/10.1163/22117954-bja10034
  • Kaya, A., Rottman, S. B., Gökalp Aras, E., Şahin Mencütek, Z., & Deniz, Ç. (2021). Koruma, kabul ve entegrasyon: Türkiye’de mültecilik. Istanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Khosrokhavar, F. (2014). Radicalisation. Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l’homme.
  • Klandermans, P. G. (2014). Identity Politics and Politicized Identities: Identity Processes and the Dynamics of Protest. Political Psychology, 35(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12167
  • Koca, M. (2022). Beyond the Continuum: Contrasting Images from Violent and Non-Violent Radicalization. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.7281926
  • Koca, M. (2023). Tracing cultural change in Turkey’s experience of democratization: Unexpected dialogues on intolerance. Routledge.
  • Kunst, J. R., Sadeghi, T., Tahir, H., Sam, D., & Thomsen, L. (2016). The vicious circle of religious prejudice: Islamophobia makes the acculturation attitudes of majority and minority members clash. European Journal of Social Psychology, 46(2), 249–259. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2174
  • Landry, A. P., Ihm, E., & Schooler, J. W. (2022). Hated but still human: Metadehumanization leads to greater hostility than metaprejudice. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 25(2), 315–334. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430220979035
  • Lüküslü, D. (2013). Necessary Conformism: An Art of Living for Young People in Turkey. New Perspectives on Turkey, 48, 79–100. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0896634600001898
  • Maskaliūnaitė, A. (2015). Exploring the Theories of Radicalization. International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal, 17(1), 9–26. https://doi.org/10.1515/ipcj-2015-0002
  • Merrin, W. (2019). President Troll: Trump, 4Chan and Memetic Warfare. In C. Happer, A. Hoskins, & W. Merrin (Eds.), Trump’s Media War (pp. 201–226). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94069-4_13
  • Metin Açer, T., & Enelli Güçlüer, P. (2018). Vurgulanmış Dişilliğin Madun Dişillikleri Olarak Mülteci Kadınlar: Suriyeli Mülteci Kadınlara Yönelik Tutumlar. Akademia Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 330–344. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/asj/issue/40224/479038
  • Mouffe, C. (2018). For a Left Populism. Verso.
  • Nas, A. (2018). New Cultural Others? Unveiling the Limitations and Paradoxes. In A. Nas, Media Representations of the Cultural Other in Turkey (pp. 71–90). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78346-8_4
  • Neyzi, L. (2001). Object or Subject? The Paradox of “Youth” in Turkey. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 33(3), 411–432. JSTOR. http://www.jstor.org/stable/259458
  • Nişancı, Z. (2023). Sayılarla Türkiye’de İnanç ve Dindarlık. International Institute of Islamic Thought & Mahya Yayıncılık.
  • Oğuz, S. P. (2017). Right to Water: Politics and struggles concerning water. Research and Policy on Turkey, 2(1), 25–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/23760818.2016.1272265
  • Ovshieva, I. (2013). Stomping for Tunisia: Liberation, Identity and Dignity in Tunisian Rap Music. Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication, 6(1), 36–54. https://doi.org/10.1163/18739865-00503003
  • Özbudun, E. (2014). AKP at the Crossroads: Erdoğan’s Majoritarian Drift. South European Society and Politics, 19(2), 155–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2014.920571
  • Ozcurumez, S. (2021). The EU’s effectiveness in the Eastern Mediterranean migration quandary: Challenges to building societal resilience. Democratization, 28(7), 1302–1318. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2021.1918109
  • Özden, S. (2013). Syrian refugees in Turkey [Research Report]. European University Institute, Migration Policy Centre. https://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/29455
  • Pinchot, R. (2020). Calle 13 and Ana Tijoux’s Joyous Rebellion: Modeling Transnational Protest through Lyric and Song. Latin American Music Review, 41(2), 196–225. https://doi.org/10.7560/LAMR41203
  • Pyszczynski, T., Rothschild, Z., & Abdollahi, A. (2008). Terrorism, Violence, and Hope for Peace: A Terror Management Perspective. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17(5), 318–322. JSTOR. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20183311
  • Rodríguez-Pose, A. (2018). The revenge of the places that don’t matter (and what to do about it). Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 11(1), 189–209. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsx024
  • Rottmann, S., & Kaya, A. (2021). 'We can’t integrate in Europe. We will pay a high price if we go there’: Culture, Time and Migration Aspirations for Syrian Refugees in Istanbul. Journal of Refugee Studies, 34(1), 474–490. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/feaa018
  • Salime, Z. (2015). “I Vote I Sing”: The Rise of Aesthetic Citizenship in Morocco. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 47(1), 136–139. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020743814001494
  • Sartori, G. (1984). Guidelines for concept analysis. In G. Sartori (Ed.), Social science concepts: A systematic analysis (pp. 15–85). Sage.
  • Silber, M. D., & Bhatt, A. (2007). Radicalization in the West: The Homegrown Threat. Police Department. https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/radicalization-west-homegrown-threat
  • Şimşek, S. (2004). New Social Movements in Turkey Since 1980. Turkish Studies, 5(2), 111–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/1468384042000228611
  • Stephan, W. G., Boniecki, K. A., Ybarra, O., Bettencourt, A., Ervin, K. S., Jackson, L. A., McNatt, P. S., & Renfro, C. L. (2002). The Role of Threats in the Racial Attitudes of Blacks and Whites. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(9), 1242–1254. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672022812009
  • Svallfors, S. (Ed.). (2020). Contested Welfare States: Welfare Attitudes in Europe and Beyond. Stanford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780804783170
  • Tamga Türk. (2023, October 2). Deprem Bölgesinde Yağma Yapan Kaçak Göçmene Müdahale Edildi. Tamga Türk. https://www.tamgaturk.com/deprem-bolgesinde-yagma-yapan-kacak-gocmen-askerler-tarafindan-yakalandi/58484/
  • Tezcür, G. M. (2020). The Oxford handbook of Turkish politics. Oxford University Press.
  • Tilly, C. (1977). From mobilization to revolution (156; CRSO Working Paper). University of Michigan.
  • Ulusal Kanal. (2019). İstanbul’da “Suriyeli” Eyleminde Hareketli Dakikalar! Ulusal Kanal. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=APJXHcFRzQc
  • Uysal, A. (2017). Sokakta Siyaset. İletişim.
  • Vallacher, R. R., Coleman, P. T., Nowak, A., Bui-Wrzosinska, L., Liebovitch, L., Kugler, K., & Bartoli, A. (2013). Attracted to Conflict: Dynamic Foundations of Destructive Social Relations: Dynamic Foundations of Destructive Social Relations. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35280-5
  • Van Stekelenburg, J., & Klandermans, B. (2017). Protesting Youth: Collective and Connective Action Participation Compared. Zeitschrift Für Psychologie, 225(4), 336–346. https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000300
  • Verkuyten, M. (2018). Religious Fundamentalism and Radicalization Among Muslim Minority Youth in Europe. European Psychologist, 23(1), 21–31. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000314
  • Way, L. C. S. (2016). Protest music, populism, politics and authenticity: The limits and potential of popular music’s articulation of subversive politics. Journal of Language and Politics, 15(4), 422–445. https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.15.4.03way
  • Williams, A. (2010). We Ain’t Terrorists but We Droppin’Bombs’: Language Use and Localization in Egyptian Hip Hop. In M. Terkourafi (Ed.), The languages of global hip-hop (pp. 67–95). Continuum.
  • Yılmaz, M. (2018, January 11). Diyanet İşleri Başkanı Erbaş’tan Gençlere Deizm Uyarısı. Anadolu Ajansı. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/diyanet-isleri-baskani-erbastan-genclere-deizm-uyarisi/1300492
Toplam 71 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Siyaset Bilimi, Bölgesel Çalışmalar
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ayhan Kaya 0000-0003-4431-3220

Metin Koca 0000-0002-9840-5000

Proje Numarası 785934
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 27 Nisan 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 13 Haziran 2024
Kabul Tarihi 2 Eylül 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024

Kaynak Göster

APA Kaya, A., & Koca, M. (2024). “Co-Radicalization”: A Scientific Lens Proposal to Understand the Social Movements in Turkey. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, 11(1), 49-72. https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.1293032

Creative Commons Lisansı

TOÇD'nde yayınlanan makaleler Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.