Determinants of Leader Visits: A Review and Future Directions in Scholarship

Yıl 2024, , 1 - 30, 13.06.2024

Ali Balcı

https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.1399133

Cited By: 4

Öz

A recent surge in studies on high-level leader diplomacy has the potential to evolve into a fruitful research field. While the current literature predominantly focuses on the leader visits of two great powers, the U.S. and China, this emerging field requires both broadening and deepening in its scope. We lack data on leader visits from the vast majority of countries, and many existing hypotheses do not adequately explain the determinants in various cases. The more countries that are covered and the more refined our hypotheses become, the more insightful this field will be in understanding interactions among states and international organizations. This article aims to present the current state of the literature on leader visits and suggests potential areas of interest for future research.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Leader Visits, High-level Leader Diplomacy, Foreign Policy

Kaynakça

• Adam, A., and Tsarsitalidou, S. (2023). Be My Guest: The Effect of Foreign Policy Visits to the U.S.A on FDI. Review of World Economics, 1-26.
• Bader, J. (2015). China, Autocratic Patron? An Empirical Investigation of China as A Factor in Autocratic Survival. International Studies Quarterly, 59(1), 23-33.
• Bailey, M. A., Strezhnev, A. and Voeten, E. (2017). Estimating Dynamic State Preferences from United Nations Voting Data. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 61(2), 430-456.
• Balci, A., and Pulat, A. (2024). Love, Money, or Fame? Determinants of Türkiye's Leader Visits. International Studies Quarterly, 68(1), 1-12.
• Bazoobandi, S., Heibach, J., and Richter, T. (2023). Iran's Foreign Policy Making: Consensus Building or Power Struggle?. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 1-24.
• Beaulieu, E., Lian, Z., and Wan, S. (2020). Presidential Marketing: Trade Promotion Effects of State Visits. Global Economic Review, 49(3), 309-327.
• Brace, P., and Hinckley, B. (1992). Follow the Leader Opinion Polls and The Modern Presidents. New York: Basic Books.
• Brams, S. J. (1968). Measuring The Concentration of Power in Political Systems. American Political Science Review, 62(2), 461-475.
• Brams, S. J. (1969). The Search for Structural Order in the International System: Some Models and Preliminary Results. International Studies Quarterly, 13(3), 254- 280.
• Cavari, A. and Ables, M. (2019). Going Global: Assessing Presidential Foreign Travel. Congress & the Presidency. Congress & The Presidency, 46(2), 306-329.
• Chen, C. (2023). The Contagion of Foreign Policy Convergence: Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Chinese Leadership Visits, 1978–2014. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 16(2), 157-180.
• Choi, H. E., Jeong, J., Murdie, A., Woo, B., and Yim, H. (2023). UN Secretary-General Visits and Human Rights Diplomacy. Available at: https://www.peio.me/wp- content/uploads/PEIO15/PEIO15_paper_51.pdf
• Cohen, J. E. (2008). The Presidency in the Era of 24-Hour News. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
• Cohen, J. E. (2022). Travel to and from the United States and Foreign Leader Approval. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 52(3), 490-508
• Crawford, T. W. (2021). The Power to Divide: Wedge Strategies in Great Power Competition. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
• Custer, S., Russell, B., DiLorenzo, M., Cheng, M., Ghose, S., Desai, H., Sims, J., and Turner, J. (2018). Ties That Bind: Quantifying China's Public Diplomacy and Its "Good Neighbor" Effect. AidData at William & Mary.
• Disdier, A., and Head, K. (2008). The Puzzling Persistence of The Distance Effect on Bilateral Trade. The Review of Economics and statistics, 90(1), 37-48.
• Doherty, B. J. (2009). POTUS on the Road: International and Domestic Presidential Travel, 1977‐2005. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 39(2), 322-346.
• Eichenauer, V. Z., Fuchs, A., and Brückner, L. (2021). The Effects of Trade, Aid, and Investment on China's Image in Latin America. Journal of Comparative Economics, 49(2), 483-498.
• Flores-Macías, G. A., and Kreps, S. E. (2013). The Foreign Policy Consequences of Trade: China's Commercial Relations with Africa and Latin America, 1992–2006. The Journal of Politics, 75(2), 357-371.
• Fuchs, A., and Klann, N. (2013). Paying a Visit: The Dalai Lama Effect on International Trade. Journal of International Economics, 91(1), 164–177.
• Goldsmith, B. E., and Horiuchi, Y. (2009). Spinning the Globe? US Public Diplomacy and Foreign Public Opinion. The Journal of Politics, 71(3), 863-875.
• Goldsmith, B. E., Horiuchi, Y., and Matush, K. (2021). Does Public Diplomacy Sway Foreign Public Opinion? Identifying The Effect of High-Level Visits. American Political Science Review, 115(4), 1342-1357.
• Goldstein, E. (2008). The Politics of the State Visit. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 3(2), 153-178.
• Gowa, J. (2011). Ballots and Bullets: The Elusive Democratic Peace. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Hempel, K. S. (1973). Comparative Research on Eastern Europe: A Critique of Hughes and Volgv's" Distance in Foreign Policy Behavior. American Journal of Political Science, 17(2), 367-393.
• Hoshiro, H. (2020). Do Diplomatic Visits Promote Official Development Aid? Evidence from Japan. Political Science, 72(3), 207-227.
• Hughes, B., and Volgy, T. (1970). Distance in Foreign Policy Behavior: A Comparative Study of Eastern Europe. Midwest Journal of Political Science, (14), 459-492.
• Izumikawa, Y. (2018). Binding Strategies in Alliance Politics: The Soviet-Japanese- US Diplomatic Tug of War in the Mid-1950s. International Studies Quarterly, 62(1), 108-120.
• Kastner, S. L., and Saunders, P. C. (2012). Is China A Status Quo or Revisionist State? Leadership Travel as an Empirical Indicator of Foreign Policy Priorities. International Studies Quarterly, 56(1), 163-177.
• Kegley, C. W., and Howell, L. D. (1975). The Dimensionality of Regional Integration: Construct Validation in the Southeast Asian Context. International Organization, 29(4), 998-1020.
• Kegley Jr, C. W., and Wittkopf, E. R. (1976). Structural Characteristics of International Influence Relationships: A Replication Study. International Studies Quarterly, 20(2), 261-299.
• Keith, H, and Ries, J. (2010). Do Trade Missions Increase Trade?. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d’économique, 43(3), 754-775.
• Kertzer, J. D., and Tingley, D. (2018). Political Psychology in International Relations: Beyond the Paradigms. Annual Review of Political Science, 21, 319-339.
• Koliev, F., and Lundgren, M. (2021). Visiting the Hegemon: Explaining Diplomatic Visits to The United States. Research & Politics, 8(4), 1-7.
• Krebs, R. R. (1999). Perverse Institutionalism: NATO and the Greco-Turkish Conflict. International Organization, 53(2), 343-377.
• Kuşku-Sönmez, E. (2019). Dynamics of Change in Turkish Foreign Policy: Evidence from High-Level Meetings of the AKP Government. Turkish Studies, 20(3), 377-402.
• Lebovic, J. H. (2018). Security First?: The Traveling US Secretary of State in a Second Presidential Term. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 48(2), 292-317.
• Lebovic, J. H., and Saunders, E. N. (2016). The Diplomatic Core: The Determinants of High-Level US Diplomatic Visits, 1946–2010. International Studies Quarterly, 60(1), 107-123.
• Lee, C. (2019). China's Energy Diplomacy: Does Chinese Foreign Policy Favor Oil- Producing Countries?. Foreign Policy Analysis, 15(4), 570-588.
• Lee, J. R. (1977a). Rallying Around the Flag: Foreign Policy Events and Presidential Popularity. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 7(4), 252-256.
• Lee, J. R. (1977b). International Politics of Summit Conference 1950–1973. Global Economic Review, 6(2), 105-120.
• Li, X. (2015). Dealing with the Ambivalent Dragon: Can Engagement Moderate China's Strategic Competition with America?. International Interactions, 41(3), 480-508.
• Lin, F., Yan, W., and Wang, X. (2017). The Impact of Africa‐China's Diplomatic Visits on Bilateral Trade. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 64(3), 310-326.
• Malis, M., and Smith, A. (2021). State Visits and Leader Survival. American Journal of Political Science, 65(1), 241-256.
• Maoz, Z., Kuperman, R. D., Terris, L., and Talmud, I. (2006). Structural Equivalence and International Conflict: A Social Networks Analysis. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 50(5), 664-689.
• Matush, K. (2023). Harnessing Backlash: How Leaders Can Benefit from Antagonizing Foreign Actors. British Journal of Political Science, 1-17.
• McManus, R. W. (2018). Making it Personal: The Role of Leader-Specific Signals in Extended Deterrence. The Journal of Politics, 80(3), 982-995.
• McManus, R. W., and Yarhi-Milo, K. (2017). The Logic of "Offstage" Signaling: Domestic Politics, Regime Type, and Major Power-Protégé Relations. International Organization, 71(4), 701-733.
• Mesquita, R., and Chien, J. H. (2021). Do Regional Powers Prioritise Their Regions? Comparing Brazil, South Africa and Türkiye. Third World Quarterly, 42(7), 1544- 1565.
• Modelski, G. (1968). Communism and the Globalization of Politics. International Studies Quarterly 12(4), 380-393.
• Modelski, G. (1970). The World's Foreign Ministers: A Political Elite. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 14(2), 135-175.
• Moons, S. JV., and van Bergeijk, P. A. (2017). Does economic diplomacy work? A meta‐analysis of its impact on trade and investment. The World Economy, 40(2), 336-368.
• Neumayer, E. (2008). Distance, Power and Ideology: Diplomatic Representation in a World of Nation‐States. Area, 40(2), 228-236.
• Nitsch, V. (2007). State Visits and International Trade. World Economy, 30(12), 1797-1816.
• Ostrander, I., and Rider, J. R. (2019). Presidents Abroad: The Politics of Personal Diplomacy. Political Research Quarterly, 72(4), 835-848.
• Papageorgiou, M., and Guedes Vieira, A. V. (2023). Assessing the Changing Sino– Russian Relationship: A Longitudinal Analysis of Bilateral Cooperation in the Post- Cold War Period. Europe-Asia Studies, 1-27.
• Peternel, I., and Grešš, M. (2021). Economic Diplomacy: Concept for Economic Prosperity in Croatia. Economic research-Ekonomska istraživanja, 34(1), 109-121.
• Potter, P. B. K. (2013). Electoral Margins and American Foreign Policy. International Studies Quarterly, 57(3), 505-518.
• Richardson, N. R., and Kegley Jr, C. W. (1980). Trade Dependence and Foreign Policy Compliance: A Longitudinal Analysis. International Studies Quarterly, 24(2), 191- 222.
• Simon, D. M., and Ostrom Jr, C. W. (1989). The Impact of Televised Speeches and Foreign Travel on Presidential Approval. Public Opinion Quarterly, 53(1), 58-82.
• Singer, J. D. (1963). Inter-Nation Influence: A Formal Model. American Political Science Review, 57(2), 420-430.
• Stone, R. W., Wang, Y., and Yu, S. (2022). Chinese Power and The State-Owned Enterprise. International Organization, 76(1), 229-250.
• Strüver, G. (2016). What Friends Are Made of: Bilateral Linkages and Domestic Drivers of Foreign Policy Alignment with China. Foreign Policy Analysis, 12(2), 170-191.
• Tepeciklioğlu, A. O., Eyrice Tepeciklioğlu, E., and Karabıyık, C. (2023). (Exploring) the Impact of Türkiye's Embassies on Trade with sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 1-18.
• Thompson, W. R. (1970). The Arab Sub-System and The Feudal Pattern of Interaction: 1965. Journal of Peace Research, 7(2), 151-167.
• Thompson, W. R. (1981). Delineating Regional Subsystems: Visit Networks and the Middle Eastern Case. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 13(2), 213-235.
• van Bergeijk, P. A. G. and Moons, S. J. V. (2018). Research Handbook on Economic Diplomacy. Edward Elgar Publishing.
• Voeten, E. (2021). Ideology and International Institutions. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Wang, A. H., Wu, C. KS., Yeh, Y., and Chen, F. (2023). High-Level Visit and National Security Policy: Evidence from a Quasi-Experiment in Taiwan. International Interactions, 49(1), 132-146.
• Wang, G., Pearson, M. M., and Kastner, S. L. (2023). Do China's Foreign Economic Ties Lead to Influence Abroad? New Evidence from Recent Events. Foreign Policy Analysis, 19(4), orad016.
• Wang, Y., and Stone, R. W. (2023). China Visits: A Dataset of Chinese Leaders' Foreign Visits. The Review of International Organizations, 18(1), 201-225.
• Wang, Y. (2022). Leader Visits and UN Security Council Membership. International Studies Quarterly, 66(4), sqac064.
• Yan, J., and Yonghong Z. (2023). Ancestral Relatedness and Visits Between National Leaders: Evidence from China. Pacific Economic Review, 28(3), 390-408.
• Yang, Y., Kim-Leffingwell, S., Shen, S., and Gong, D. Y. (2023). Killing Protests with Kindness: Anti-China Protests and China's Public Diplomacy. International Studies Quarterly, 67(4), sqad087.
• Zakhirova, L. (2012). Is There a Central Asia? State Visits and an Empirical Delineation of the Region's Boundaries. Review of Regional Studies, 42(1), 25-50