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Defying the System: The Origins of Anti-Westernism in the Non-Western World and the Case of Iran

Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2 30 Aralık 2019
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Defying the System: The Origins of Anti-Westernism in the Non-Western World and the Case of Iran

Öz

Anti-Western sentiment is a common feature of politics in many non-Western societies such as China, Cuba, Venezuela, Turkey, Iran and various Arab countries. Challenging the scholarly literature that depicts anti-Westernism as an “irrational, extremist and fundamentalist reaction to the cultural hegemony of the West”, this article conceptualizes anti-Westernism as a rational reaction to – and an unsurprising consequence of – the problematic political/economic interactions between non-Western societies (e.g. Iran) and Western powers (e.g. Britain, France and the US). Iran is a particularly noteworthy case because anti-Westernism played a key role in the formation of the modern state in the country. The foreign policy of behavior of Iran in our time and the historical trajectory that produced the Islamic Republic after the 1979 Revolution cannot possibly be understood without acknowledging anti-Westernism. The origins of anti-Westernism in Iran are explored in this article through interpreting the path dependent historical experience of the country, with a particular emphasis on relations between Iran and Western countries. In contrast to works that attribute Iran’s anti-Western foreign policy to the Islamist ideology of the post-1979 era, I argue that hostility to the Western-dominated international political system should actually be traced to the way in which Iranian national identity evolved in the early 20th century. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Anti-Westernism,Eurocentrism,Imperialism,Iran,National Identity

Kaynakça

  1. Abdi, Kamyar. “Nationalism, Politics, and the Development of Archaeology in Iran.” American Journal of Archaeology 105, no. 1 (2001): 51-76.
  2. Adib-Moghaddam, Arshin. “Reflections on Arab and Iranian Ultra-Nationalism.” MRZINE Monthly Review (2006), http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/2006/aam201106p.html.
  3. Adib-Moghaddam, Arshin. “Islamic Utopian Romanticism and the Foreign Policy Culture of Iran.” Middle East Critique 14, no. 3 (2005): 265-292.
  4. Ahmadi, Hamid. “Unity within Diversity: Foundations and Dynamics of National Identity in Iran.” Middle East Critique 14, no. 1 (2005): 127-147.
  5. Akarlı, Engin Deniz. “The Tangled Ends of an Empire: Ottoman Encounters with the West and Problems of Westernization – an Overview.” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 26, no. 3 (2006): 86-105.
  6. Ansari, Ali M. The Politics of Nationalism in Iran. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
  7. Aryanpour, Yahya. From Saba to Nima: One Hundred and Fifty Years of Persian Literature. Tehran, 1971) [in Persian].
  8. Aydın, Cemil. The Politics of Anti-Westernism in Asia. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007.
  9. Aydın, Cemil. “Between Occidentalism and the Global Left: Islamist Critiques of the West in Turkey.” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 26, no. 3 (2006): 446-461.
  10. Bartlett, Jamie. “Conspiracy Theories Fuel Anti-Western Sentiment in the Middle East”, The New York Times, September 13, 2012, https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2012/09/12/does-mideast-democracy-complicate-diplomacy/conspiracy-theories-fuel-anti-western-sentiment-in-the-middle-east.

Kaynak Göster

APA
Göksel, O. (2019). Defying the System: The Origins of Anti-Westernism in the Non-Western World and the Case of Iran. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, 6(2), 13-42. https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.581276
AMA
1.Göksel O. Defying the System: The Origins of Anti-Westernism in the Non-Western World and the Case of Iran. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi. 2019;6(2):13-42. doi:10.26513/tocd.581276
Chicago
Göksel, Oğuzhan. 2019. “Defying the System: The Origins of Anti-Westernism in the Non-Western World and the Case of Iran”. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi 6 (2): 13-42. https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.581276.
EndNote
Göksel O (01 Aralık 2019) Defying the System: The Origins of Anti-Westernism in the Non-Western World and the Case of Iran. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi 6 2 13–42.
IEEE
[1]O. Göksel, “Defying the System: The Origins of Anti-Westernism in the Non-Western World and the Case of Iran”, Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, c. 6, sy 2, ss. 13–42, Ara. 2019, doi: 10.26513/tocd.581276.
ISNAD
Göksel, Oğuzhan. “Defying the System: The Origins of Anti-Westernism in the Non-Western World and the Case of Iran”. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi 6/2 (01 Aralık 2019): 13-42. https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.581276.
JAMA
1.Göksel O. Defying the System: The Origins of Anti-Westernism in the Non-Western World and the Case of Iran. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi. 2019;6:13–42.
MLA
Göksel, Oğuzhan. “Defying the System: The Origins of Anti-Westernism in the Non-Western World and the Case of Iran”. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, c. 6, sy 2, Aralık 2019, ss. 13-42, doi:10.26513/tocd.581276.
Vancouver
1.Oğuzhan Göksel. Defying the System: The Origins of Anti-Westernism in the Non-Western World and the Case of Iran. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi. 01 Aralık 2019;6(2):13-42. doi:10.26513/tocd.581276