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Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Egypt: The Role of External Actors

Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1 30 Haziran 2020
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Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Egypt: The Role of External Actors

Öz

In 2013, Egypt’s first democratically elected president Mohammed Morsi was overthrown by a military coup. Since then the country has undergone serious setbacks in terms of democracy, individual freedoms, and social justice. Egypt’s failed revolution and the military coup could not be thought independently from the role of external actors - either directly or indirectly involved in this process. Despite their political rhetoric emphasizing democracy promotion and political reforms, both the US and the EU failed to pursue consistent and contributory policies in promoting democratic transition in Egypt out of fear that the electoral victory of Islamist groups would harm their interests in the region. On the other hand, the Gulf Monarchies played a pivotal role in the entrenchment of the military rule by providing financial and political support to the military-backed government as a shield against the democratically elected government in Egypt. This article investigates how the policies adopted by Egypt’s key allies, the European Union, the US and the Gulf Monarchies, impacted the trajectory of Egypt’s political transition in the face of the January 25 revolution and 2013 military coup. The main thesis of the article is that the policies pursued by external actors created a political environment unfavorable for democratic change in Egypt.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Egypt, External Actors, Political Transition, Authoritarianism, Military Regime

Kaynakça

  1. Allesandri, Emiliano, Oz Hassan, and Ted Reinert. “US Democracy Promotion from Bush to Obama.” EUSpring. Working Paper 1 (April 2015).
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  5. Levitsky, Steven, and Lucan A. Way. “International Linkage and Democratization.” Journal of Democracy 16, no. 3 (July 2005): 20-34. doi:10.1353/jod.2005.0048.
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  7. Pierce, Anne R. “US Partnership with the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood and its Effect on Civil Society and Human Rights.” Society 51, no. 1 (2014): 68-86.
  8. Selim, Gamal. The International Dimensions of Democratization in Egypt. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 2015.
  9. Totten, Michael J., David Schenker, and Hussain Abdul-Hussain. “Arab Spring or Islamist Winter? Three Views.” World Affairs 174, no. 5 (January/ February 2012): 23-42.
  10. Vincent, Philippe Droz. “The Security Sector in Egypt: Management, Coercion and External Alliance Under the Dynamics of Change.” In The Arab State and Neo-Liberal Globalisation, The Restructuring of State Power in the Middle East, edited by Laura Guazzone, and Daniela Pioppi, 219-45. UK : Ithaca Press, 2009.

Kaynak Göster

APA
Erdogan, A. (2020). Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Egypt: The Role of External Actors. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, 7(1), 169-201. https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.631924
AMA
1.Erdogan A. Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Egypt: The Role of External Actors. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi. 2020;7(1):169-201. doi:10.26513/tocd.631924
Chicago
Erdogan, Ayfer. 2020. “Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Egypt: The Role of External Actors”. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi 7 (1): 169-201. https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.631924.
EndNote
Erdogan A (01 Haziran 2020) Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Egypt: The Role of External Actors. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi 7 1 169–201.
IEEE
[1]A. Erdogan, “Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Egypt: The Role of External Actors”, Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, c. 7, sy 1, ss. 169–201, Haz. 2020, doi: 10.26513/tocd.631924.
ISNAD
Erdogan, Ayfer. “Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Egypt: The Role of External Actors”. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi 7/1 (01 Haziran 2020): 169-201. https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.631924.
JAMA
1.Erdogan A. Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Egypt: The Role of External Actors. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi. 2020;7:169–201.
MLA
Erdogan, Ayfer. “Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Egypt: The Role of External Actors”. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, c. 7, sy 1, Haziran 2020, ss. 169-01, doi:10.26513/tocd.631924.
Vancouver
1.Ayfer Erdogan. Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Egypt: The Role of External Actors. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi. 01 Haziran 2020;7(1):169-201. doi:10.26513/tocd.631924