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Dış Politika Aracı Olarak Yaptırımlar: İran’a Uygulanan Yaptırımların Etkileri

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 97 - 135, 15.10.2016

Öz

Yaptırımların dış
politika aracı olarak kullanılması ve etkin birer araç olup olmadığı literatürde
tartışılan konular arasında yer almaktadır. Söz konusu tartışmaların yakın
zamandaki en canlı örneği İran’a uygulanan yaptırımlar üzerinden
gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bazı kesimler yaptırımların etkisiz bir araç olduğunu ve
İran’a uygulanan yaptırımların da buna örnek teşkil ettiğini öne sürerken diğer
bir kesim bunun aksini iddia etmektedir. Bu çalışmada öncelikle dış politika
aracı olarak yaptırımlar ile alakalı literatürdeki tartışmalara değinilerek
yaptırımların hangi şartlar altında başarılı birer araç olabileceği ortaya
konulmuş ve yaptırımların etkinliğini belirleyen faktörler sıralanmıştır. Bu
çerçevede nükleer sorunun ortaya çıkmasıyla birlikte 2002 yılı sonrası İran’a
uygulanan yaptırımların etkileri incelenmiştir. Yaptırımların İran üzerindeki
ekonomik etkileri ve bu etkilerle bağlantılı olarak İran iç siyasetini, nükleer
programını nasıl etkilediği analiz edilmiştir. Son olarak nükleer anlaşmadan
hareketle yaptırımların belirli şartlar altında etkili birer araç olup olmadığı
İran örneği üzerinden tartışılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Akkutay, Berat Lale, “Birleşmiş Milletler Antlaşması Çerçevesinde Ekonomik Yaptırımların Hukuki Niteliği ve Yargısal Denetimi”, Türkiye Barolar Birliği Dergisi, Sayı.111, (Mart –Nisan 2014), pp. 411-446
  • Alikhani, Hossein, Sanctioning Iran: Anatomy of Failed Policy, First Published, London and New York: I.B. Tauris, 2000.
  • Arnsdorf, Isaac, “Iran Oil Curbs Extend to 95 % of Tankers in EU Insurance Rules”, Bloomberg Business, 27 Ocak 2012.
  • Baldwin, David A. and Robert A. Pape, “Evaluating Economic Santions”, International Security, Vol.23, No.2, (Fall,1998), pp.189-198.
  • Baldwin, David, Economic Statecraft, First Published, Princeton: NJ:Princeton University Press, 1985.
  • Barnaby, Frank, “Would Air Strike Work?, Understanding Iran’s nuclear programme and the possible consequences of a military strike”, Oxford Research Group, Briefing Paper, March 2007.
  • Cortright, David, “Success through Sanctions”, Peace Policy, 8 Ekim 2015.
  • Cox, Simon, “Are Economic Sanctions Good Foreign Policy?”, Council on Foreign Relations, 25 Temmuz 2007.
  • Davenport, Kelsey and Darly G. Kimball, “The Lausanne Framework and a Final Nuclear Deal with Iran”, Arms Control Association, Vol. 7, No. 6, 11 Temmuz 2015.
  • Davis, Lance and Stanley Engerman, “History Lessons Sanctions: Neither War nor Peace”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol.17, Issue 2, (Spring 2003), pp. 187-197.
  • Drury, A. Cooper, “Sanctions as Coercive Diplomacy: The U.S. President’s Decision to Initiate Economic Sanctions”, Political Research Quarterly, Vol. 54, No. 3, (Eylül 2001), pp. 485-508.
  • Drury, A. Cooper, ”Revisiting Economic Sanctions Reconsidered”, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 35, No. 4 (July, 1998), pp. 479-509.
  • Drury, A. Cooper, Economic Sanctions and Presidential Decision Models of Political Rationality, First Published, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
  • Eliott, Kimberly Ann, “The Sanctions Glass: Half Full or Completely Empty?” International Security, Vol. 23, No. 1, (Summer 1998), pp. 50-65.
  • Erdbrink, Thomas and Rich Gladstone, “Iran’s President Says New Sanctions Are Toughest Yet”, The New York Times, 3 Temmuz 2012.
  • Erdbrink, Thomas, “Iran’s President Pledges to Face Down Forces Opposing a Nuclear Deal”, The New York Times, 15 Şubat 2014.
  • Fabi, Randy, “Lloyd’s Register withdraws from Iran due to sanctions”, Reuters, 26 Nisan 2012.
  • Fisher, Max, “Iran’s next president, Hassan Rouhani, seen as best hope for ending nuclear standoff with West”, The Washington Post, 15 Haziran 2015.
  • Friedman, Thomas, “Deal or No Deal?”, The New York Times, 22 Nisan 2015.
  • Galtung, Johan, “On the Effects of International Economic Sanctions: With Examples from the Case of Rhodesia”, World Politics, Vol.19, No. 3, (Nisan 1967).
  • Gardner, Timothy, “U.S. extends Iran oil sanctions waivers to China, South Korea” Reuters, 29 Kasım 2013.
  • Ghasseminejad, Saeed and Nathan Carleton, “Iran sanctions: They work, so keep them”, CNBC, 30 Temmuz 2013.
  • Gottemoeller, Rose, “The Evolution of Sanctions in Practice and Theory”, Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, Vol. 49, Issue 4, pp. 99-110.
  • Habibi, Nader, “The Iranian economy in the shadow of sanctions”, Parvin Alizadeh ve Hassan Hakimian, (Ed.), Iran and the Global Economy Petro polpulism, Islam and economic sanctions içinde (172- 198), New York: Routledge, 2014.
  • Hanke, Steve H., “Value of the Iranian Rial Hits an All Time Low”, CATO Institute, 4 Şubat 2013.
  • Heinonen, Olli, “Iran’s Nuclear Breakout Time: A Fact Sheet”, Belfer Center, 28 Mart 2015.
  • Hufbauer, G.C., J.J. Schott, K.A. Elliot, B. Oegg, Economic Sanctions Reconsidered, 3rd Edition, Washington DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2007.
  • IMF World Economic Outlook Database, April 2015.
  • Katzman, Kenneth, Iran Sanctions, Congressional Research Service, RS20871 3 Kasım 2015.
  • Klimasinska, Kasia and Ian Katz, “Useless Rial Is U.S. Goal in New Iran Sanctions, Treasury Says”, Bloomberg Business 6 Haziran 2013.
  • Lakshmanan, Indria, “U.S. Exempts India, South Korea From Iran Oil Sanctions”, Bloomberg Business, 12 Haziran 2012.
  • Lopez, George A. and David Cortright “The Sanctions Era: An Alternative to Military Intervention”, The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, Vol. 19, Issue 2, ( Summer Fall 1995), pp. 65-85.

Sanctions as a Foreign Policy Tool: Impact of Sanctions on Iran

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 97 - 135, 15.10.2016

Öz

The use of
sanctions as a foreign policy tool and whether they are an effective tool or
not are controversial issues in the literature. The most vivid example of these
discussions was revealed on the nuclear-oriented sanctions that imposed on
Iran. While Some, by taking Iran sanctions as an example to defend their argument,
claim that the sanctions are an ineffective tool in foreign policy others argue
quite the opposite. This study firstly examines these existing discussions
about sanctions in the literature. Then the article proves under which
condition sanctions can be used as a successful tool of foreign policy and it also
draws attention to the factors that determine effectiveness of such sanctions.
In the light of these findings, the study examines effects the sanctions that
were imposed on Iran after 2002. As a part of this context, the study
scrutinizes the impact of imposed sanctions on both Iranian economy and
domestic politics. Moreover, the study observes how those impacts affected the
Iranian ongoing nuclear program.  Finally,
by considering the example of the sanctions on Iran the article discusses
whether sanctions are effective or not under certain conditions.

Kaynakça

  • Akkutay, Berat Lale, “Birleşmiş Milletler Antlaşması Çerçevesinde Ekonomik Yaptırımların Hukuki Niteliği ve Yargısal Denetimi”, Türkiye Barolar Birliği Dergisi, Sayı.111, (Mart –Nisan 2014), pp. 411-446
  • Alikhani, Hossein, Sanctioning Iran: Anatomy of Failed Policy, First Published, London and New York: I.B. Tauris, 2000.
  • Arnsdorf, Isaac, “Iran Oil Curbs Extend to 95 % of Tankers in EU Insurance Rules”, Bloomberg Business, 27 Ocak 2012.
  • Baldwin, David A. and Robert A. Pape, “Evaluating Economic Santions”, International Security, Vol.23, No.2, (Fall,1998), pp.189-198.
  • Baldwin, David, Economic Statecraft, First Published, Princeton: NJ:Princeton University Press, 1985.
  • Barnaby, Frank, “Would Air Strike Work?, Understanding Iran’s nuclear programme and the possible consequences of a military strike”, Oxford Research Group, Briefing Paper, March 2007.
  • Cortright, David, “Success through Sanctions”, Peace Policy, 8 Ekim 2015.
  • Cox, Simon, “Are Economic Sanctions Good Foreign Policy?”, Council on Foreign Relations, 25 Temmuz 2007.
  • Davenport, Kelsey and Darly G. Kimball, “The Lausanne Framework and a Final Nuclear Deal with Iran”, Arms Control Association, Vol. 7, No. 6, 11 Temmuz 2015.
  • Davis, Lance and Stanley Engerman, “History Lessons Sanctions: Neither War nor Peace”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol.17, Issue 2, (Spring 2003), pp. 187-197.
  • Drury, A. Cooper, “Sanctions as Coercive Diplomacy: The U.S. President’s Decision to Initiate Economic Sanctions”, Political Research Quarterly, Vol. 54, No. 3, (Eylül 2001), pp. 485-508.
  • Drury, A. Cooper, ”Revisiting Economic Sanctions Reconsidered”, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 35, No. 4 (July, 1998), pp. 479-509.
  • Drury, A. Cooper, Economic Sanctions and Presidential Decision Models of Political Rationality, First Published, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
  • Eliott, Kimberly Ann, “The Sanctions Glass: Half Full or Completely Empty?” International Security, Vol. 23, No. 1, (Summer 1998), pp. 50-65.
  • Erdbrink, Thomas and Rich Gladstone, “Iran’s President Says New Sanctions Are Toughest Yet”, The New York Times, 3 Temmuz 2012.
  • Erdbrink, Thomas, “Iran’s President Pledges to Face Down Forces Opposing a Nuclear Deal”, The New York Times, 15 Şubat 2014.
  • Fabi, Randy, “Lloyd’s Register withdraws from Iran due to sanctions”, Reuters, 26 Nisan 2012.
  • Fisher, Max, “Iran’s next president, Hassan Rouhani, seen as best hope for ending nuclear standoff with West”, The Washington Post, 15 Haziran 2015.
  • Friedman, Thomas, “Deal or No Deal?”, The New York Times, 22 Nisan 2015.
  • Galtung, Johan, “On the Effects of International Economic Sanctions: With Examples from the Case of Rhodesia”, World Politics, Vol.19, No. 3, (Nisan 1967).
  • Gardner, Timothy, “U.S. extends Iran oil sanctions waivers to China, South Korea” Reuters, 29 Kasım 2013.
  • Ghasseminejad, Saeed and Nathan Carleton, “Iran sanctions: They work, so keep them”, CNBC, 30 Temmuz 2013.
  • Gottemoeller, Rose, “The Evolution of Sanctions in Practice and Theory”, Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, Vol. 49, Issue 4, pp. 99-110.
  • Habibi, Nader, “The Iranian economy in the shadow of sanctions”, Parvin Alizadeh ve Hassan Hakimian, (Ed.), Iran and the Global Economy Petro polpulism, Islam and economic sanctions içinde (172- 198), New York: Routledge, 2014.
  • Hanke, Steve H., “Value of the Iranian Rial Hits an All Time Low”, CATO Institute, 4 Şubat 2013.
  • Heinonen, Olli, “Iran’s Nuclear Breakout Time: A Fact Sheet”, Belfer Center, 28 Mart 2015.
  • Hufbauer, G.C., J.J. Schott, K.A. Elliot, B. Oegg, Economic Sanctions Reconsidered, 3rd Edition, Washington DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2007.
  • IMF World Economic Outlook Database, April 2015.
  • Katzman, Kenneth, Iran Sanctions, Congressional Research Service, RS20871 3 Kasım 2015.
  • Klimasinska, Kasia and Ian Katz, “Useless Rial Is U.S. Goal in New Iran Sanctions, Treasury Says”, Bloomberg Business 6 Haziran 2013.
  • Lakshmanan, Indria, “U.S. Exempts India, South Korea From Iran Oil Sanctions”, Bloomberg Business, 12 Haziran 2012.
  • Lopez, George A. and David Cortright “The Sanctions Era: An Alternative to Military Intervention”, The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, Vol. 19, Issue 2, ( Summer Fall 1995), pp. 65-85.
Toplam 32 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Mustafa Seyhmus Küpeli

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Ekim 2016
Kabul Tarihi 15 Eylül 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Küpeli, M. S. (2016). Dış Politika Aracı Olarak Yaptırımlar: İran’a Uygulanan Yaptırımların Etkileri. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 97-135.

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