Sisteme Meydan Okumak: Batı-Dışı Dünyada Batı Karşıtlığının Kökenleri ve İran Örneği

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 13 - 42, 30.12.2019

Oğuzhan Göksel

https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.581276

Öz

Batı karşıtlığı; Çin, Küba, Venezuela, Türkiye, İran ve Arap ülkeleri gibi birçok Batı-dışı toplumun siyasal hayatında sık rastlanılan bir öğedir. Bu makale; Batı karşıtlığını “Batı’nın kültürel üstünlüğüne karşı irrasyonel, köktenci ve aşırılıkçı bir tepki” olarak sunan akademik literatürü eleştirip, Batı karşıtlığını Batı-dışı toplumlarla (İran vb.) Batılı güçler (Britanya, Fransa ve ABD vb.) arasındaki sorunlu siyasal/ekonomik ilişkilerin doğal ve rasyonel bir sonucu olarak tanımlamaktadır. İran özellikle dikkat çekici bir örnektir çünkü Batı karşıtlığı ülkedeki modern devlet yapısının oluşumunda anahtar rol oynamıştır. İran’ın günümüzde sürdürdüğü dış politika ve 1979 Devrimi’nin ardından İslam Cumhuriyeti’ni üreten tarihsel rota Batı karşıtlığı göz önüne alınmadan anlaşılamaz. Bu makalede İran’daki Batı karşıtlığının kökenleri ülkenin nevi şahsına münhasır tarihsel tecrübesi yorumlanarak incelenmektedir; bu bağlamda özellikle İran ile Batı ülkeleri arasındaki ilişkilere odaklanılmaktadır. İran’ın Batı karşıtı dış politikasını 1979 sonrası devletin İslamcı ideolojisine bağlayan çalışmaların aksine, bu çalışmada ülkenin Batı-merkezli uluslararası siyasal sisteme duyduğu husumetin kökenlerinin aslında İran ulusal kimliğinin 20.yüzyılın başlarında geçirdiği dönüşümde aranması gerektiği savunulmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Batı Karşıtlığı, Avrupa-merkezcilik, Emperyalizm, İran, Milli Kimlik

Defying the System: The Origins of Anti-Westernism in the Non-Western World and the Case of Iran

Öz

Anti-Western sentiment is a common feature of politics in many non-Western societies such as China, Cuba, Venezuela, Turkey, Iran and various Arab countries. Challenging the scholarly literature that depicts anti-Westernism as an “irrational, extremist and fundamentalist reaction to the cultural hegemony of the West”, this article conceptualizes anti-Westernism as a rational reaction to – and an unsurprising consequence of – the problematic political/economic interactions between non-Western societies (e.g. Iran) and Western powers (e.g. Britain, France and the US). Iran is a particularly noteworthy case because anti-Westernism played a key role in the formation of the modern state in the country. The foreign policy of behavior of Iran in our time and the historical trajectory that produced the Islamic Republic after the 1979 Revolution cannot possibly be understood without acknowledging anti-Westernism. The origins of anti-Westernism in Iran are explored in this article through interpreting the path dependent historical experience of the country, with a particular emphasis on relations between Iran and Western countries. In contrast to works that attribute Iran’s anti-Western foreign policy to the Islamist ideology of the post-1979 era, I argue that hostility to the Western-dominated international political system should actually be traced to the way in which Iranian national identity evolved in the early 20th century. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Anti-Westernism, Eurocentrism, Imperialism, Iran, National Identity

Kaynakça

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