A DISCUSSION ON THE METHODOLOGY OF PEACE JOURNALISM

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 4, 556 - 565, 01.10.2017

Ayça Demet Atay

https://doi.org/10.7456/10704100/003

Cited By: 2

Öz

Peace journalism is a normative mode of journalism
that aims to contribute to nonviolent transformation of conflicts. The theory,
which supports that news about conflict should be given in a way to enhance
empathy and understanding among adversaries, is referred to as a revolutionary
or insurgent form of journalism by various sources. Peace journalism had an
ambiguous start regarding its methodology, which seems to be related to the
movement’s pragmatic take-off in the late 1990’s, and did not discuss its methodology
until the mid-2000’s. Later Jake Lynch (2006, 2007, 2014) proposed critical
realism as the methodological foundation of the movement. This paper discusses
the methodology problem of peace journalism and suggests instead a
constructionist methodology, which is based on the premise that there is no
truth independent of the observer; rather everything we know about the world is socially constructed. Critical realism
prioritizes ontology over epistemology and argues that there is a certain shape
of reality that one has to believe in. This paper argues that this
transcendental ontology is a form of story-telling and there are thousands of
ways of telling a story. Therefore, the priority for journalism should be on
epistemology, that is to say, on the question of “how to know” as news is a
representation of reality, and not a reflection of it. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Peace journalism, methodology, critical realism, constructionism, epistemology

Kaynakça

• Atay, A. D. (2016). Communicating with the Other: Peace Journalism as a Form of Self-Other Relationship. Journal of Media Ethics, 31(3), 188-195.
• Bilton, T. (2002). Introductory Sociology. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Burr, V. (1995). An Introduction to Social Constructionism. London and New York: Routledge.
• Burr, V. (2003). Social Constructionism (2nd ed.). London and New York: Routledge.
• Christians, C. G. (2011). Journalism Ethics in Theory and Practice. In G. Cheney, S. May, & D. Munshi (Eds.), The Handbook of Communication Ethics (pp. 190-203). New York and Oxon: Routlegde.
• Derrida, J. (1982). Différance. In Margins of Philosophy (A. Bass, Trans., pp. 3-27). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Derrida, J. (1997). ...That Dangerous Supplement... In J. Derrida (Ed.), Of Grammatology (pp. 141-164). Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins University Press, Corrected Edition.
• Fairclough, N., Jessop, B., & Sayer, A. (2004). Critical Realism and Semiosis. In J. Joseph, & J. M. Roberts (Eds.), Realism Discourse and Deconstruction (pp. 23-42). London and New York: Routledge.
• Foucault, M. (1980). Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972-1977. New York and London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
• Foucault, M. (1984). What is an Author? In P. Rabinow (Ed.), The Foucault Reader (pp. 101-120). New York: Pantheon Books.
• Galtung, J. (2006). Peace Journalism as an Ethical Challenge. Global Media Journal: Mediterranean Edition, 1(2), 1-5.
• Galtung, J., & Ruge, M. H. (1965). The Structure of Foreign News. Journal of Peace Research, 2(1), 64-91.
• Galtung, J., & Vincent, R. C. (1992). Global Glasnost: Toward a New World Information and Communication Order? Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
• Game, A. (1991). Undoing the Social towards a Deconstructive Sociology. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
• Gergen, K. J. (1994). Realities and Relationships: Soundings in Social Construction. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press.
• Greenslade, R. (2005). Introduction. In J. Lynch, & A. McGoldrick, Peace Journalism (pp. ix-xi). Stroud: Hawthorn Press .
• Hackett, R. A. (2010). Journalism for Peace and Justice: Towards a Comparative Analysis of Media Paradigms. Studies in Social Justice, 4(2), 179-198.
• Hackett, R. A. (2011). New Vistas for Peace Journalism: Alternative Media and Communication Rights. In I. S. Shaw, J. Lynch, & R. A. Hackett (Eds.), Expanding Peace Journalism (pp. 35-69). Sydney: Sydney University Press.
• Hall, S. (1992). Cultural Studies and its Theoretical Legacies. In L. Grossberg, C. Nelson, & P. Treichler (Eds.), Cultural Studies (pp. 277-294). New York and London: Routledge.
• Hall, S. (1997a). Introduction. In S. Hall (Ed.), Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices (pp. 1-11). London, Thousand Oaks and New Delhi: Sage Publications in association with The Open University.
• Hall, S. (1997b). The Work of Representation. In S. Hall (Ed.), Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices (pp. 13-74). London, Thousand Oaks and New Delhi: Sage Publications in association with The Open University.
• Hanitzsch, T. (2004). Journalists as Peacekeeping Force? Peace Journalism and Mass Communication Theory. Journalism Studies, 5(4), 483-495.
• Hanitzsch, T. (2007). Situating Peace Journalism in Journalism Studies: A Critical Appraisal. Conflict & Communication Online, 6(2), 1-9.
• Institute for War and Peace Reporting. (2004). Reporting for Change: A Handbook for Local Journalists in Crisis Areas. Retrieved May 8, 2013, from Institute for War and Peace Reporting: http://iw3.iwpr.net/sites/default/files/iwpr_training_manual_english.pdf
• Laclau, E., & Bhaskar, R. (2007). Discourse Theory vs Critical Realism. Journal of Critical Realism, 1(2), 9-14.
• Laclau, E., & Mouffe, C. (1987). Post-Marxism without Apologies. New Left Review, I(166), 79-106.
• Loyn, D. (2003, February 20). Witnessing the Truth. Retrieved November 21, 2014, from Open Democracy: http://www.opendemocracy.net/media-journalismwar/article_993.jsp.
• Loyn, D. (2007). Good Journalism or Peace Journalism? Conflict & Communication Online, 6(2), 1-10.
• Lynch, J. (1998). The Peace Journalism Option. Retrieved January 11, 2016, from Global Issues: http://www.globalissues.org/article/534/the-peace-journalism-option#ThePeaceJournalismOption
• Lynch, J. (2006). What's so Great about Peace Journalism? Global Media Journal: Mediterranean Edition, 1(1), 74-87.
• Lynch, J. (2007). Peace Journalism and its Discontents. Conflict & Communication Online, 6(2), 1-13.
• Lynch, J. (2010b). Peace Journalism. In S. Allan (Ed.), The Routledge Companion to News and Journalism (pp. 542-553). London and New York: Routledge.
• Lynch, J. (2014). A Global Standard for Reporting Conflict. New York and London: Routledge.
• Lynch, J., & Galtung, J. (2010). Reporting Conflict: New Directions in Peace Journalism. St.Lucia, Queensland: The University of Queensland Press.
• Lynch, J., & McGoldrick, A. (2005). Peace Journalism. Stroud: Hawthorn Press.
• Lynch, J., & McGoldrick, A. (2010). A Global Standart for Reporting Conflict and Peace. In R. L. Keeble, J. Tulloch, & F. Zollmann (Eds.), Peace Journalism, War and Conflict Resolution (pp. 87-103). New York: Peter Lang Publishing.
• Lynch, J., & McGoldrick, A. (2012). Responses to Peace Journalism. Journalism, 14(8), 1041-1058.
• McGoldrick, A. (2011). Empathy and Ethics: Journalistic Representation and its Consequences. In I. S. Shaw, J. Lynch, & R. A. Hackett (Eds.), Expanding Peace Journalism (pp. 122-144). Sydney: Sydney University Press.
• Norris, C. (1999). Roy Bhaskar Interviewed. Retrieved January 9, 2016, from The Web Site for Critical Realism: http://www.criticalrealism.com/archive/rbhaskar_rbi.html
• Randall, D. (2011). The Universal Journalist (Fourth ed.). London: Pluto Press.
• Saussure, F. (1983). Course in General Linguistics. London : Duckworth.
• Spivak, G. C. (1988). Can the Subaltern Speak? In C. Nelson, & L. Grossberg (Eds.), Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture (pp. 271-313). Champaign: University of Illinois Press.