Araştırma Makalesi
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ULUSAL AFET YÖNETİMİ İÇİN SİSTEM TEORİSİ BAĞLAMINDA STRATEJİK İLETİŞİM YÖNETİMİ MODEL ÖNERİSİ

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 3, 829 - 846, 01.07.2021

Öz

Afetler neden olacağı sonuçlar itibariyle bir belirsizlik taşımaktadır. Ayrıca afetlerle mücadelede kısıtlı kaynaklar kullanılmaktadır. Bu nedenle afet riski altında bulunan bir bölgedeki tüm kurum ve kuruluşların olanaklarının eşgüdümlü ve etkin kullanımını gerekmektedir. Bu gereklilik ise afetlerle mücadeleye yönelik yürütülecek çalışmalarda kurumlar arası bilgi ve kaynak paylaşımını zorunlu kılmaktadır. Bu bağlamda Türkiye özelinde afetlerle ilgili yasal olarak yetkilendirilen kurum olan AFAD Başkanlığın bu gerekliliği ne kadar karşıladığı bu araştırmanın temel sorusunu oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma kapsamında öncelikle kavramsal yaklaşımlara yönelik kapsamlı bir literatür incelemesi yapılmıştır. Daha sonra araştırmanın örneklemi ve sınırlılıkları doğrultusunda belirlenen kurum ve kuruluşların temsilcileri ile yarı yapılandırılmış mülakatlar gerçekleştirilmiştir. Gerçekleştirilen bu mülakatlar ile mevcut sorun ve ihtiyaçlar ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler doğrultusunda Türkiye’de afet yönetimi içerisinde yer alan mevcut ve potansiyel kurum ve kuruluşlar arasında uygulanabilecek AFAD Başkanlık merkezli sistem teorisi bağlamında oluşturulan çift yönlü simetrik iletişim modeline dayalı proaktif bir stratejik bir iletişim yönetimi modeli önerisi geliştirilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • KAYNAKÇA Ackoff, R. L. (1964). Views on General Systems Theory. (Edited by Mihajlo D. Mesarovıc) New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  • Ackoff, R. L. (1971). Towards a System of Systems Concepts. Management Science, Volume – 17 (11: 661 – 671).
  • Arabacı, İ. B. (2010). Stratejik Planlamada Çevre Analiz Tekniği Olarak PEST Analiz: Fırat Üniversitesi Eğitim Fkültesi Örneği. E-Journal of New World Sciences Academy, Volume – 5 (3: 38 – 49).
  • Austin, E., Weintraub, B. E. (2008). Strategic Public Relations Management: Planning and Managing Effective Communication Programs. (2nd Edition) New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Baines, P., Egan, J., Jefkins, F. (2004). Public Relations Contemporary Issues and Techniques. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.
  • Başok, N., Coşkun Değirmen, G. (2014). Tepriden Pratiğe Halkla İlişkiler Projeleri, Ödüllü Örnek Uygulamalar. (5. Baskı), Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Broom, G. M., Smith, G. D. (1978). Toward an Understanding of Public Relations Roles: An Empirical Test of Five Role Models' Impact on Clients. Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism, Seattle, 3 – 16 August, U.S.A.
  • Can, B. (2015). Niklas Luhmann’ın Genel Sistem Teorisinde Din ve Toplum. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Isparta: T.C. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Felsefe ve Din Bilimleri Anabilim Dalı.
  • Carter, W. N. (2008). Disaster Management A Disaster Manager’s Handbook. Mandaluyong City: Asian Development Bank Published.
  • Chermack, T. J. (2011). Scenario Planning in Organizations: How to Create use and Assess Scenarios. (Edited by Richard A. Swanson, Barbara L. Swanson). California: Berrett -Koehler Publishers.
  • Coombs, W. T. (2008). The Development of the Situation Crisis Communication Theory. (Edited by Tricia Hanson-Horn, Bonita Dostal Neff), Public Relations: From Theory to Practice, Boston: Allyn-Bacon, (book chapter: 262-277).
  • Crable, R. E., Vibbert, S. L. (1985). Managing Issues and Influencing Public Policy. Public Relations Review, Volume – 11 (2: 3 – 16).
  • Cutlip, S. M., Center, A. H., Broom, G. M. (2010). Effective Public Relations, (11th edition), New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc.
  • Çetin, M. (2003). Örgüt Kuramları Perspektifinden Halkla İlişkilerin Gelişimi. İletişim Dergisi, Sayı – 18 (31 – 58). Çınarlı, İ. (2009). Stratejik İletişim Yönetimi. İstanbul: Beta Yayıncılık.
  • Dozier, D. M. (1992). The Organizational Roles of Communications and Public Relations Practitioners. (Edited by Grunig, James. E. Dozier, David. M. Ehling, William. P. Grunig, Larissa. A. Repper, Fred. C. White, Jon.), Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, (book chapter: 327 – 356).
  • Duncan, R. B. (1972). Characteristics of Organizational Environments and Perceived Environmental Uncertainty, Administrative Science Quarterly, Volume – 17 (3: 313 – 327).
  • Falkheimer, J. (2014). The Power of Strategic Communication in Organizational Development. International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences, Volume – 6 (2/3: 124 – 133).
  • Gausemeier, J., Fink, A., Schlake, O. (1998). Scenario Management: An Approach to Develop Future Potentials. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Volume – 59 (2: 111 – 130).
  • Göksel, A. B. (2013) Stratejik Halkla İlişkiler Yönetimi. (2. Baskı), Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Gregory, A. (2010). Planning and Managing Public Relations Campaigns A Strategic Approach. (3rd Edition), Philadelphia: Kogan Page Limited.
  • Grunig, J. E. (1989). Publics, Audiences, and Market Segments: Segmentation Principles for Campaigns. (Edited by Charles T. Salmon), Information Campaigns: Balancing Social Values and Social Change, California: Sage Publications, (book chapter:199 – 228).
  • Grunig, J. E., Hunt, T. (1984). Managing Public Relations. New York: CBS College Publishing.
  • Grunig, J. E., Repper, F. C. (1992). Strategic Management, Publics and Issues. (Edited by Grunig, James. E. Dozier, David. M. Ehling, William. P. Grunig, Larissa. A. Repper, Fred. C. White, Jon.), Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, (book chapter: 117 – 158).
  • Grunig, L. A., Grunig, J. E., Dozier, D. M. (2002). Excellent Public Relations and Effective Organizations A Study of Communication Management in Three Countries. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Güler, B. A. (2005). Yeni Sağ ve Devletin Değişimi. Ankara: İmge Kitapevi.
  • Hallahan, K. (2000). Inactive Publics: The Forgotten Publics in Public Relations. Public Relations Review, Volume – 26 (4: 499 – 515).
  • Hallahan, K., Holtzhausen, D., Van Ruler. B., Verčič, D., Sriramesh, K. (2007). Defining Strategic Communication. International Journal of Strategic Communication, Volume – 1 (1: 3 -35).
  • Halloran, R. (2007). Strategic Communication. Parameters, Volume – 37 (3: 4 – 14).
  • Heath, R. L. (2002). Issues Management Its Past, Present, and Future. Journal of Public Affairs, Volume – 2 (4: 209 – 214).
  • Herting, S., Stein, L. (2007) The evolution of Luhmann's Systems Theory With Focus on the Constructivist Influence, International Journal of General Systems, Volume – 36 (1: 1 – 17).
  • Hicks, H. G., Gullet, R. C. (1981) Organizasyonlar: Teori ve Davranış. (Çev. Besim Baykal) İstanbul: İ.İ.T.İ.A. Yayınları. Holtzhausen, D. R. (2000). Postmodern Values in Public Relations. Journal of Public Relations Research, Volume – 12 (1: 93 – 114).
  • Holtzhausen, D., Zerfass, A. (2015). Strategic Communication Opportunities and Challenges of the Research Area. (Edited by Derina Holtzhausen and Ansgar Zerfass), The Routledge Handbook of Strategic Communication. New York: Routledge, (book chapter: 3 – 17).
  • Işık, M. (2013). Madde Kullanımı ve Stratejik İletişim. Ankara: Sage Yayıncılık.
  • Jefkins, F. (1994). Public Relations Techniques, (2nd edition) Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
  • Johnston, K. A., Everett, J. L. (2015). Cultural Influences on Strategic Communication. (Edited by Derina Holtzhausen and Ansgar Zerfass), The Routledge Handbook of Strategic Communication. New York: Routledge, (book chapter: 157 – 171).
  • Kaban, Y. Z. (1994). Genel Sistem Teorisi ve Sibernetik. Marmara İletişim Dergisi, Cilt – 8 (8: 219 – 226).
  • Kadıoğlu, M., Özdamar, E. (2008). Afet Zararlarını Azaltmanın Temel İlkeleri. Ankara: JICA Türkiye Ofisi Yayınları. Kahn, H., Wiener, A. J. (1967). The Year 2000: A Framework for Speculation on the Next Thirty-Three Years. New York: Macmillan.
  • Kim, N. J. (2006). Communicant Activeness, Cognitive Entrepreneurship, and A Situational Theory Of Problem Solving. PhD Thesis, College Park: University of Maryland, Faculty of the Graduate School.
  • Lindenmann, W. K. (1993). An `Effectiveness Yardstick' to Measure Public Relations Success. Public Relations Quarterly, Volume – 38 (1: 7 – 9).
  • Luhmann, N. (1990). The Autopoiesis of Social Systems. Essays on Self-Reference. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Macnamara, J. (2015). PR Metrics: How to Measure Public Relations and Corporate Communication. Research Gate, https://www.researchgate. net/publication/265317712, (Erişim Tarihi: 15 Aralık 2019).
  • Macnamara, J., Likely, F. (2017). Revisiting the Disciplinary Home of Evaluation: New Perspectives to Inform PR Evaluation Standards. Research Journal of the Institute for Public Relations, Volume – 3 (2: 1 – 21).
  • Mattessich, R. (1982). The Systems Approach: Its Variety of Aspects, Journal of the American Society For Information Science, Volume – 33 (6: 383 – 394).
  • Mintzberg, H. (1980). The Nature of Managerial Work. (Edited by Esther S. Koehn) New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc. Mitchell, R. K., Agle, B. R., Wood, D. J. (1997). Toward a Theory of Stakeholder Identification and Salience: Defining the Principle of Who and What Really Counts. The Academy of Management Review, Volume – 22 (4: 853 – 886).
  • Moss, D., Newman, A., Desanto, B. (2005). What do Communication Managers Do? Defining and Refining the Core Elements of Management in a Public Relations/Corporate Communication Context. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, Volume – 82 (4: 873 – 890).
  • Okada, N. (2004). Urban Diagnosis and Integrated Disaster Risk Management, Journal of Natural Disaster Science, Volume – 26 (2: 49 – 54).
  • Okay, A., Okay, A. (2005). Halkla İlişkiler Kuram Strateji ve Uygulamaları, (Genişletilmiş 2. Baskı) İstanbul: Der Yayınları. Palese, M., Crane, T. Y. (2002). Building an Integrated Issue Management Process as A Source of Sustainable Competitive Advantage. Journal of Public Affairs, Volume – 2 (4: 284 – 292).
  • Parsons, T. (1991). The Social System. London: Routledge.
  • Peltekoğlu Balta, F. (2007). Halkla İlişkiler Nedir? (3. Baskı), İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
  • Regester, M., Larkin, J. (2005). Risk Issues and Crisis Management A Casebook of Best Practice. (3rd Edition), London: Kogan Page.
  • Renn, O. (2008). Risk Governance, Coping With Uncertainty in A Complex World. Earthscan: TJ International.
  • Ritzer, G. (2008). Sociological Theory, (Eighth Edition) New York: McGraw-Hill Published.
  • Sandhu, S. (2009). Strategic Communication: An Institutional Perspective. International Journal of Strategic Communication, Volume – 3 (2: 72 – 9).
  • Skyttner, L. (2005). General Systems Theory Problems Perspectives Practice. London: World Scientific Publishing.
  • Smith, R. D. (2005). Strategic Planning for Public Relations. (2nd Edition), New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Starkey, K., Crane, A. (2003). Toward Green Narrative: Management and the Evolutionary Epic. Academy of Management Review, Volume – 28 (2: 220 – 237).
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STRATEGIC COMMUNICATION MANAGEMENT MODEL PROPOSAL IN THE CONTEXT of SYSTEM THEORY for NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENTABSTRACT

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 3, 829 - 846, 01.07.2021

Öz

Disasters carry an uncertainty as of the consequences that it will cause to be. In addition to this, limited resources are used in the fight against disasters. For this reason, the coordinative and effective usage of the resources of all institutions and organizations, are located and responsible at risk of disaster, is necessitated. This process also necessitates an effective information and resource sharing among institutions during the studies that are carried out for the fighting against disasters. Within this context, the primary goals of the research are, how much the Emergency Management Presidency (AFAD) meets those requirements. Within the scope of this research, firstly, a comprehensive literature review has been conducted. After this literature review, semi-structured interviews were conducted with the representatives of the institutions and organizations determined in line with the sample and limitations of the research. The current situation has been tried to be revealed through these interviews. In the conclusion, a strategic communication model based on a proactive and two-way symmetric model has been developed for the management of the communication between the current and the potential institutions who are responsible for disaster management in Turkey.

Kaynakça

  • KAYNAKÇA Ackoff, R. L. (1964). Views on General Systems Theory. (Edited by Mihajlo D. Mesarovıc) New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  • Ackoff, R. L. (1971). Towards a System of Systems Concepts. Management Science, Volume – 17 (11: 661 – 671).
  • Arabacı, İ. B. (2010). Stratejik Planlamada Çevre Analiz Tekniği Olarak PEST Analiz: Fırat Üniversitesi Eğitim Fkültesi Örneği. E-Journal of New World Sciences Academy, Volume – 5 (3: 38 – 49).
  • Austin, E., Weintraub, B. E. (2008). Strategic Public Relations Management: Planning and Managing Effective Communication Programs. (2nd Edition) New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Baines, P., Egan, J., Jefkins, F. (2004). Public Relations Contemporary Issues and Techniques. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.
  • Başok, N., Coşkun Değirmen, G. (2014). Tepriden Pratiğe Halkla İlişkiler Projeleri, Ödüllü Örnek Uygulamalar. (5. Baskı), Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Broom, G. M., Smith, G. D. (1978). Toward an Understanding of Public Relations Roles: An Empirical Test of Five Role Models' Impact on Clients. Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism, Seattle, 3 – 16 August, U.S.A.
  • Can, B. (2015). Niklas Luhmann’ın Genel Sistem Teorisinde Din ve Toplum. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Isparta: T.C. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Felsefe ve Din Bilimleri Anabilim Dalı.
  • Carter, W. N. (2008). Disaster Management A Disaster Manager’s Handbook. Mandaluyong City: Asian Development Bank Published.
  • Chermack, T. J. (2011). Scenario Planning in Organizations: How to Create use and Assess Scenarios. (Edited by Richard A. Swanson, Barbara L. Swanson). California: Berrett -Koehler Publishers.
  • Coombs, W. T. (2008). The Development of the Situation Crisis Communication Theory. (Edited by Tricia Hanson-Horn, Bonita Dostal Neff), Public Relations: From Theory to Practice, Boston: Allyn-Bacon, (book chapter: 262-277).
  • Crable, R. E., Vibbert, S. L. (1985). Managing Issues and Influencing Public Policy. Public Relations Review, Volume – 11 (2: 3 – 16).
  • Cutlip, S. M., Center, A. H., Broom, G. M. (2010). Effective Public Relations, (11th edition), New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc.
  • Çetin, M. (2003). Örgüt Kuramları Perspektifinden Halkla İlişkilerin Gelişimi. İletişim Dergisi, Sayı – 18 (31 – 58). Çınarlı, İ. (2009). Stratejik İletişim Yönetimi. İstanbul: Beta Yayıncılık.
  • Dozier, D. M. (1992). The Organizational Roles of Communications and Public Relations Practitioners. (Edited by Grunig, James. E. Dozier, David. M. Ehling, William. P. Grunig, Larissa. A. Repper, Fred. C. White, Jon.), Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, (book chapter: 327 – 356).
  • Duncan, R. B. (1972). Characteristics of Organizational Environments and Perceived Environmental Uncertainty, Administrative Science Quarterly, Volume – 17 (3: 313 – 327).
  • Falkheimer, J. (2014). The Power of Strategic Communication in Organizational Development. International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences, Volume – 6 (2/3: 124 – 133).
  • Gausemeier, J., Fink, A., Schlake, O. (1998). Scenario Management: An Approach to Develop Future Potentials. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Volume – 59 (2: 111 – 130).
  • Göksel, A. B. (2013) Stratejik Halkla İlişkiler Yönetimi. (2. Baskı), Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Gregory, A. (2010). Planning and Managing Public Relations Campaigns A Strategic Approach. (3rd Edition), Philadelphia: Kogan Page Limited.
  • Grunig, J. E. (1989). Publics, Audiences, and Market Segments: Segmentation Principles for Campaigns. (Edited by Charles T. Salmon), Information Campaigns: Balancing Social Values and Social Change, California: Sage Publications, (book chapter:199 – 228).
  • Grunig, J. E., Hunt, T. (1984). Managing Public Relations. New York: CBS College Publishing.
  • Grunig, J. E., Repper, F. C. (1992). Strategic Management, Publics and Issues. (Edited by Grunig, James. E. Dozier, David. M. Ehling, William. P. Grunig, Larissa. A. Repper, Fred. C. White, Jon.), Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, (book chapter: 117 – 158).
  • Grunig, L. A., Grunig, J. E., Dozier, D. M. (2002). Excellent Public Relations and Effective Organizations A Study of Communication Management in Three Countries. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Güler, B. A. (2005). Yeni Sağ ve Devletin Değişimi. Ankara: İmge Kitapevi.
  • Hallahan, K. (2000). Inactive Publics: The Forgotten Publics in Public Relations. Public Relations Review, Volume – 26 (4: 499 – 515).
  • Hallahan, K., Holtzhausen, D., Van Ruler. B., Verčič, D., Sriramesh, K. (2007). Defining Strategic Communication. International Journal of Strategic Communication, Volume – 1 (1: 3 -35).
  • Halloran, R. (2007). Strategic Communication. Parameters, Volume – 37 (3: 4 – 14).
  • Heath, R. L. (2002). Issues Management Its Past, Present, and Future. Journal of Public Affairs, Volume – 2 (4: 209 – 214).
  • Herting, S., Stein, L. (2007) The evolution of Luhmann's Systems Theory With Focus on the Constructivist Influence, International Journal of General Systems, Volume – 36 (1: 1 – 17).
  • Hicks, H. G., Gullet, R. C. (1981) Organizasyonlar: Teori ve Davranış. (Çev. Besim Baykal) İstanbul: İ.İ.T.İ.A. Yayınları. Holtzhausen, D. R. (2000). Postmodern Values in Public Relations. Journal of Public Relations Research, Volume – 12 (1: 93 – 114).
  • Holtzhausen, D., Zerfass, A. (2015). Strategic Communication Opportunities and Challenges of the Research Area. (Edited by Derina Holtzhausen and Ansgar Zerfass), The Routledge Handbook of Strategic Communication. New York: Routledge, (book chapter: 3 – 17).
  • Işık, M. (2013). Madde Kullanımı ve Stratejik İletişim. Ankara: Sage Yayıncılık.
  • Jefkins, F. (1994). Public Relations Techniques, (2nd edition) Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
  • Johnston, K. A., Everett, J. L. (2015). Cultural Influences on Strategic Communication. (Edited by Derina Holtzhausen and Ansgar Zerfass), The Routledge Handbook of Strategic Communication. New York: Routledge, (book chapter: 157 – 171).
  • Kaban, Y. Z. (1994). Genel Sistem Teorisi ve Sibernetik. Marmara İletişim Dergisi, Cilt – 8 (8: 219 – 226).
  • Kadıoğlu, M., Özdamar, E. (2008). Afet Zararlarını Azaltmanın Temel İlkeleri. Ankara: JICA Türkiye Ofisi Yayınları. Kahn, H., Wiener, A. J. (1967). The Year 2000: A Framework for Speculation on the Next Thirty-Three Years. New York: Macmillan.
  • Kim, N. J. (2006). Communicant Activeness, Cognitive Entrepreneurship, and A Situational Theory Of Problem Solving. PhD Thesis, College Park: University of Maryland, Faculty of the Graduate School.
  • Lindenmann, W. K. (1993). An `Effectiveness Yardstick' to Measure Public Relations Success. Public Relations Quarterly, Volume – 38 (1: 7 – 9).
  • Luhmann, N. (1990). The Autopoiesis of Social Systems. Essays on Self-Reference. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Macnamara, J. (2015). PR Metrics: How to Measure Public Relations and Corporate Communication. Research Gate, https://www.researchgate. net/publication/265317712, (Erişim Tarihi: 15 Aralık 2019).
  • Macnamara, J., Likely, F. (2017). Revisiting the Disciplinary Home of Evaluation: New Perspectives to Inform PR Evaluation Standards. Research Journal of the Institute for Public Relations, Volume – 3 (2: 1 – 21).
  • Mattessich, R. (1982). The Systems Approach: Its Variety of Aspects, Journal of the American Society For Information Science, Volume – 33 (6: 383 – 394).
  • Mintzberg, H. (1980). The Nature of Managerial Work. (Edited by Esther S. Koehn) New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc. Mitchell, R. K., Agle, B. R., Wood, D. J. (1997). Toward a Theory of Stakeholder Identification and Salience: Defining the Principle of Who and What Really Counts. The Academy of Management Review, Volume – 22 (4: 853 – 886).
  • Moss, D., Newman, A., Desanto, B. (2005). What do Communication Managers Do? Defining and Refining the Core Elements of Management in a Public Relations/Corporate Communication Context. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, Volume – 82 (4: 873 – 890).
  • Okada, N. (2004). Urban Diagnosis and Integrated Disaster Risk Management, Journal of Natural Disaster Science, Volume – 26 (2: 49 – 54).
  • Okay, A., Okay, A. (2005). Halkla İlişkiler Kuram Strateji ve Uygulamaları, (Genişletilmiş 2. Baskı) İstanbul: Der Yayınları. Palese, M., Crane, T. Y. (2002). Building an Integrated Issue Management Process as A Source of Sustainable Competitive Advantage. Journal of Public Affairs, Volume – 2 (4: 284 – 292).
  • Parsons, T. (1991). The Social System. London: Routledge.
  • Peltekoğlu Balta, F. (2007). Halkla İlişkiler Nedir? (3. Baskı), İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
  • Regester, M., Larkin, J. (2005). Risk Issues and Crisis Management A Casebook of Best Practice. (3rd Edition), London: Kogan Page.
  • Renn, O. (2008). Risk Governance, Coping With Uncertainty in A Complex World. Earthscan: TJ International.
  • Ritzer, G. (2008). Sociological Theory, (Eighth Edition) New York: McGraw-Hill Published.
  • Sandhu, S. (2009). Strategic Communication: An Institutional Perspective. International Journal of Strategic Communication, Volume – 3 (2: 72 – 9).
  • Skyttner, L. (2005). General Systems Theory Problems Perspectives Practice. London: World Scientific Publishing.
  • Smith, R. D. (2005). Strategic Planning for Public Relations. (2nd Edition), New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Starkey, K., Crane, A. (2003). Toward Green Narrative: Management and the Evolutionary Epic. Academy of Management Review, Volume – 28 (2: 220 – 237).
  • Steyn, B. (2000). Strategic Management Roles of the Corporate Communication Function. Pretoria: University of Pretoria.
  • Suárez, E., Roldán, J. L., Calvo-Mora, A. (2014). A Structural Analysis of the EFQM Model: An Assessment of the Mediating Role of Process Management. Journal of Business Economics and Management, Volume – 15 (5: 862 – 885).
  • Sung, M. (2004). Toward A Model of Strategic Management of Public Relations: Scenario Building From A Public Relations Perspective. PhD Thesis, College Park: University of Maryland, Faculty of the Graduate School.
  • Swerling, J., Sen, C. (2009). The Institutionalization of the Strategic Communication Function in the United States. International Journal of Strategic Communication, Volume – 3 (2: 131 – 146).
  • Tible, Steve. (1997). Developing Communications Strategy. Journal of Communication Management, Volume – 1(4: 356 – 361).
  • Tortop, N., İşbir, E. G., Aykaç, B., Yayman, H., Özer, M. A. (2016). Yönetim Bilimi. Ankara: Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Toth, E. L., Serini, S. A., Wright, D. K., Emig, A. G. (1998). Trends in Public Relations Roles: 1990–1995. Public Relations Review, Volume – 24 (2: 145 – 163).
  • Ural, D. (2014). Acil Durum Hazırlık Kapasitesinin Artırılması. İstanbul: İstanbul Proje Koordinasyon Birimi Yayını.
  • Varol, N., Buluş Kırıkkaya, E. (2017). Afetler Karşısında Toplum Dirençliliği. Journal of Resilience, Cilt – 1 (1: 1 – 9). Von Bertalanffy, L. (1969). General System Theory Foundations, Development, Applications. New York: George Braziller, lnc.
  • Von Bertalanffy, L. (1972). The History and Status of General Systems Theory, The Academy of Management Journal, Volume – 15 (4: 407 – 426).
  • Von Reibnitz, U. H. (1992). Szenario Technik: Instrumente für die Unternehmerische und Persönliche Erfolgsplanung. (2. Auflage), Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien.
  • Von Reibnitz, U. H. (1999). Managing and Planning in Turbulent Times How Scenario Techniques Help you Plotting a Successful Path into the Future. Canes: Scenarios + Vision.
  • Watson, T. (2001). Integrating Planning and Evaluation: Evaluating the Public Relations Practice and Public Relations Programs. (Edited by Robert L. Heath), Handbook of Public Relations, California: Sage Publications, (book chapter: 259 – 268).
  • Yavaş, H. (2005). Türkiye’de Doğal Afetlerin Merkez – Yerel İlişkiler Açısından Yönetim Sorunları. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. Cilt – 7 (3: 280 – 301).
  • Yılmaz, S. (2019). Afet İçerikli Haberlerin Afetlere Karşı Toplumsal Kapasite Geliştirmeye Etkisi, Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Doğal Afetler ve Çevre Dergisi, Cilt – 5 (2: 257 – 271).
  • Yoldaş, Y. (2013). Sistem Kuramı. İstanbul: Der Yayınları.
Toplam 72 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Serhat Yılmaz 0000-0003-4438-9866

Deniz Akbulut 0000-0003-0236-525X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Temmuz 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 12 Nisan 2021
Kabul Tarihi 2 Mayıs 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Yılmaz, S., & Akbulut, D. (2021). ULUSAL AFET YÖNETİMİ İÇİN SİSTEM TEORİSİ BAĞLAMINDA STRATEJİK İLETİŞİM YÖNETİMİ MODEL ÖNERİSİ. Turkish Online Journal of Design Art and Communication, 11(3), 829-846.


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