Araştırma Makalesi
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SPOR YÖNETİMİNDE LİDERİN BEDEN DİLİ YANSIMALARI: T.C. GENÇLİK VE SPOR BAKANI ÖRNEĞİ

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 420 - 435, 01.04.2022

Öz

İletişimde beden dili çalışmaları nispeten yeni bir alan olmasına rağmen, uygulaması insanlığın evrimi ile birlikte gelişmiştir. Beden dilini eylem halinde görmek için harika bir fırsat sağlayan spor, evrensel bir dildir. Spor özelinde beden dili, yalnızca sporcular açısından değil ayrıca sporu yönetenler açısından da önemli bir konudur. Bu çalışma spor bağlamında etkili sözsüz liderliğe ve sözel olmayan davranışlara odaklanmaktadır. Bir ülkenin spor teşkilatını en üst kademede yöneten, uluslararası spor organizasyonlarında lider-yönetici olarak ülkemizi temsil eden bir spor bakanının kullandığı beden dili ve çevresine bu yolla nasıl mesajlar ilettiği araştırmaya konu olmuştur. Araştırma kapsamında, 2020 yılında Tokyo’ da yapılması planlanan ancak pandemi nedeniyle 2021 yılında gerçekleşen 2020 Yaz Olimpiyat Oyunları sürecinde, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Gençlik ve Spor Bakanı olarak görevde bulunan Dr. Muharrem Mehmet Kasapoğlu’nun, beden dili kodlarının belirlenmesi ve betimsel analizinin yapılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda öncelikle alan yazında yer alan kavramsal çerçeve ışığında beden dili kodları ve alt kodları oluşturulmuş, elde edilen veriler nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden betimsel analiz yaklaşımıyla incelenmiştir. Betimsel analiz, önceden elde edilen verilerin tematik bir çerçeve doğrultusunda düzenlenmesi, tanımlanması ve yorumlanmasına dayanır (Yıldırım ve Şimşek, 2018). Araştırma kapsamında yorumlanan beden dili kategorileri ve alt kategorileri oluşturulurken Güneş (2011)’ in çalışmasında yer verdiği kodlar ve Doğan (2020) tarafından oluşturulan beden dili unsurları incelenmiş ve araştırma amacına uygun olarak geliştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın ve sonuçlarının, spor yönetiminde önemli bir unsur olan iletişimde beden dili kullanımının, öneminin anlaşılması açısından alana katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Alibali, M. W., Kita, S., ve Young, A. J. (2000). Gesture and The Process of Speech Production: We Think, Therefore We Gesture. Language and Cognitive Processes, 15(6), 593-613.
  • Awamleh, R. (2003).Towards a Model of Charismatic Non-Verbal Impression Management. International Business & Economics Research Journal, 2(7), 27-38.
  • Baltaş, Z. ve Baltaş, A. (2004). Beden Dili. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Beattie, G. ve Shovelton, H. (2002). An Experimental Investigation of Some Properties of Individual Iconic Gestures That Mediate Their Communicative Power. British Journal of Psychology, 93(2), 179-192.
  • Burgoon, J. K., Burk, T., ve Pfau, M. (1990). Nonverbal Behaviors, Persuasion, and Credibility. Human Communication Research, 17(1), 140-169.
  • Cuddy, A. J. C. ve Glick, P. A. B. (2011). The Dynamics of Warmth and Competence Judgments, and Their Outcomes in Organization. Research in Organizational Behavior, 31, 73–98.
  • Danesi, M. (2004). Messages, Signs, and Meanings: A Basic Locutionary Actbook in Semiotics and Communication Theory. Toronto: Canadian Scholars’ Press Inc.
  • Darioly, A. ve Schmid Mast, M. S. (2014). The role of nonverbal behavior in leadership: An integrative review. Leader Interpersonal and Influence Skills: The Soft Skills of Leadership, 1771-2335. Doi: 10.4324/9780203760536
  • DePaulo, B. M. (1992). Non-Verbal Behavior and Self-Presentation. Psychological Bulletin, 111(2), 203-243.
  • Doğan, Ş. (2020). Siyasal Pazarlama İletişiminde Beden Dili: 31 Mart 2019 Türkiye Yerel Seçimleri’ ne Yönelik Bir Çözümleme. The Turkish Online Journal of Design, Art and Communication, 10(2), 204-220.
  • Efron, D. (1941). Gesture and Environment. New York: King’s Crown Press.
  • Ekman, P., Davidson, R. ve Frisen, W. V. (1990). Duchenne’s Smile: Emotional Expression and Brain Physiology. II. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 342-353.
  • Ekman, P. ve Friesen, W. V. (1968). Nonverbal Behavior in Psychotherapy Research. In J.M. Shield (Ed.), Research in Psychotherapy, 179-216. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Ekman, P. ve Friesen, W. V. (1969). The Repertoire of Nonverbal Behavior: Categories, Origins, Usage, and Coding. Semiotica, 1, 49-98.
  • Ekman, P. ve Friesen, W. V. (1974). Detecting Deception from The Body or Face. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 29, 288-298.
  • Gabbott, M. ve Hogg, G. (2000). An Empirical Investigation of the Impact of Non‐verbal Communication on Service Evaluation. European Journal of Marketing, 34(3/4), 384-398. Doi: 10.1108/03090560010311911
  • Gardner, W. L. ve Martinko, M. J. (1988). Impression Management in Organizations. Journal of Management, 14(2), 321-338.
  • Gitter, A. G., Black, H. ve Fishman, J. E. (1975). Effects of Race, Sex, Non-Verbal Communication and Verbal Communication of Perception of Leadership. Sociology and Social Research, 60(1), 46-57.
  • Güneş, A. (2011). Kişilerarası İletişim Sürecinde Beden Dili Kavramı ve Rolü Üzerine Kuramsal Bir Çalışma. E-Journal New World Sciences Academy, 6(4), 706-730.
  • Hadar, U., ve Butterworth, B. (1997). Iconic Gestures, Imagery and Word Retrieval in Speech. Semiotica, 115, 147-172.
  • Hagen, S. (2018). Beden Dili Hakkında Her Şey, Eda Pak (Çev.). İstanbul: Olimpos Yayınları.
  • Hall, J. A., Horgan, T. G., ve Carter, J. D. (2002). Assigned and Felt Status in Relation to Observer-Coded and Participant-Reported Smiling. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 26(2), 63-81.
  • Hartley, G. ve Karinch, M. (2007). I Can Read You Like A Book: How To Spot The Messages and Emotions People Are Really Sending With Their Body Language. Franklin Lakes, NJ: Career Press.
  • Hogan, R. ve Kaiser, R.B. (2005). What We Know About Leadership. Review of General Psychology, 9(2), 169-180.
  • Holladay, S. J. ve Coombs, W. T. (1993). Communicating Visions: An Exploration of The Role of Delivery in The Creation of Leader Charisma. Management Communication Quarterly, 6(4), 405-427.
  • Işık, M. (2000). İletişimden Kitle İletişimine. Konya: Mikro Yayınları.
  • İpek, O. (2017). Beden Dili Çalışmalarında Unutulan Bir Eser: “Yüz İfadelerinin Tefsiri Hakkında Tecrübi Bir Tektik”. Ana Dili Eğitimi Dergisi, 5(3), 485-492.
  • İzgören, A. Ş. (2003). Dikkat Vücudumuz Konuşuyor /Türkiye’de Beden Dili, İş Yaşamı ve Renkler). Ankara: Elma Yayınevi.
  • Kelly, S. D. ve Church, R. B. (1998). A Comparison between Childrens and Adults Ability to Detect Conceptual Information Conveyed Through Representational Gestures. Child Development, 69(1), 85. Doi:10.2307/1132072
  • Kendon, A. (2004). Gesture: Visible Action as Utterance. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Korbjitti, C. (2012). Language in India. Strenght for Today and Bright Hope for Tomorrow. Pisutpong Endoo, 12(6), 249-270.
  • Knapp, M. L. ve Hall, J. A. (2002). Nonverbal Communication in Human Interaction. Wadsworth: Thomas Learning.
  • Knapp, M. L., Hall, J. A. ve Horgan, T. G. (2012). Nonverbal Communication in Human İnteraction. U.S.A.: Cengage Learning.
  • Krauss, R. M., Chen, Y., ve Chawla, P. (1996). Nonverbal Behavior and Nonverbal Communication: What Do Conversational Hand Gestures Tell Us? Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 28, 389-450.
  • Lauk, M. (2019). The Influence of Leaders’ Verbal and Nonverbal Behavior on Perceived Leadership Effectiveness. (A Thesis Presented In Partial Fulfillment) University of Twente Enschede, Netherlands.
  • Matthews, P. H. (2005). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • McAdams, D. P., Jackson, R. J. ve Kirsshnit, C. (1984). Looking, Language, and Smiling in Dyads as A Function of Intimacy Motivation and Reciprocity. Journal of Personality, 52, 261-273.
  • Nayır, E. D., Gökalp, A. ve Bilgiç, R. (2020). Algılanan En Etkin Liderlik: Lidere ve Çalışana Bağlı Özelliklerin Rolünü Anlamak. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 35(86), 99-114.
  • Noureddine, D. (2015). The Problem of Effective Leadership from The Perspective of Corporate Management Development. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 181, 62-71. Doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.866
  • Richards, J. C. ve Schmidt, R. W. (2002). Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics. New York: An imprint Pearson Education Inc.
  • Sullivan, D.G. ve Masters, R.D. (1988). Happy Warriors: Leaders’ Facial Displays, Viewers Emotions, and Political Supports. American Journal of Political Science, 32(2), 345-368. Doi:10.2307/2111127
  • Talley, L., ve Temple, S. (2015). How Leaders Influence Followers Through The Use of Nonverbal Communication. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 36(1), 69-80. Doi: 10.1108/LODJ-07-2013-0107
  • Trask, R. L. (2005). Key Concepts in Language and Linguistics. Taylor&Francis e-Library. New York: NY Press.
  • Tutar, H. (2018). Davranış Bilimleri. İstanbul: Seçkin Yayınevi.
  • Uzun Öneri, G. (2020). A Review of Communication, Body Language and Communication Conflict. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 24(09), 2833-2844.
  • Yıldırım, A. ve Şimşek, H. (2018). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Yılmaz, T. (2014). Lider Etkinliği Ölçeğinin Türkçeye Uyarlanması Çalışması. KSÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(2), 1-24.
  • Yukl, G. (2012). Effective Leadership Behavior: What We Know and What Questions Need More Attention. Academy of Management Perspectives, 26(4), 66-85. Doi: 10.5465/amp.2012.0088
  • ELEKTRONİK KAYNAKLAR URL-1: Durkal A. (2017, 05 Eylül). Dilleri Susuyor Bedenleri Konuşuyor. Hürriyet Gazetesi, https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dilleri-susuyor-bedenleri-konusuyor-22928623, Son Erişim Tarihi: 13.10.2021

BODY LANGUAGE REFLECTIONS OF THE LEADER IN SPORTS MANAGEMENT: EXAMPLE OF THE MINISTER OF YOUTH AND SPORTS OF T.R.

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 420 - 435, 01.04.2022

Öz

Although body language studies in communication is a relatively new field, its practice has evolved with the evolution of humanity. Sport is a universal language, providing a great opportunity to see body language in action. Body language in sports is an important issue not only for athletes but also for those who manage sports. This study focuses on effective nonverbal leadership and nonverbal behaviors in the context of sports. The body language used by a sports minister, who manages a country's sports organization at the highest level and represents our country as a leader-manager in international sports organizations, and how he conveys messages to his environment in this way has been the subject of research. Within the scope of the research, it was aimed to determine the body language codes and to make a descriptive analysis of Dr. Muharrem Mehmet Kasapoğlu, who was on duty as the Minister of Youth and Sports of the Republic of Turkey, during the 2020 Summer Olympic Games, which was planned to be held in Tokyo in 2020 but took place in 2021 due to the pandemic. For this purpose, first of all, body language codes and sub-codes were created in the light of the conceptual framework in the literature, and the obtained data were analyzed with a descriptive analysis approach, one of the qualitative research methods. Descriptive analysis is based on the organization, definition and interpretation of previously obtained data in line with a thematic framework (Yıldırım & Şimşek, 2018). While creating the body language categories and subcategories interpreted within the scope of the research, the body language elements that Güneş (2011) included in his work and created by Doğan (2020) were examined and developed in accordance with the research purpose. It is thought that this study and its results will contribute to the field in terms of understanding the importance of the use of body language in communication, which is an important element in sports management.

Kaynakça

  • Alibali, M. W., Kita, S., ve Young, A. J. (2000). Gesture and The Process of Speech Production: We Think, Therefore We Gesture. Language and Cognitive Processes, 15(6), 593-613.
  • Awamleh, R. (2003).Towards a Model of Charismatic Non-Verbal Impression Management. International Business & Economics Research Journal, 2(7), 27-38.
  • Baltaş, Z. ve Baltaş, A. (2004). Beden Dili. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Beattie, G. ve Shovelton, H. (2002). An Experimental Investigation of Some Properties of Individual Iconic Gestures That Mediate Their Communicative Power. British Journal of Psychology, 93(2), 179-192.
  • Burgoon, J. K., Burk, T., ve Pfau, M. (1990). Nonverbal Behaviors, Persuasion, and Credibility. Human Communication Research, 17(1), 140-169.
  • Cuddy, A. J. C. ve Glick, P. A. B. (2011). The Dynamics of Warmth and Competence Judgments, and Their Outcomes in Organization. Research in Organizational Behavior, 31, 73–98.
  • Danesi, M. (2004). Messages, Signs, and Meanings: A Basic Locutionary Actbook in Semiotics and Communication Theory. Toronto: Canadian Scholars’ Press Inc.
  • Darioly, A. ve Schmid Mast, M. S. (2014). The role of nonverbal behavior in leadership: An integrative review. Leader Interpersonal and Influence Skills: The Soft Skills of Leadership, 1771-2335. Doi: 10.4324/9780203760536
  • DePaulo, B. M. (1992). Non-Verbal Behavior and Self-Presentation. Psychological Bulletin, 111(2), 203-243.
  • Doğan, Ş. (2020). Siyasal Pazarlama İletişiminde Beden Dili: 31 Mart 2019 Türkiye Yerel Seçimleri’ ne Yönelik Bir Çözümleme. The Turkish Online Journal of Design, Art and Communication, 10(2), 204-220.
  • Efron, D. (1941). Gesture and Environment. New York: King’s Crown Press.
  • Ekman, P., Davidson, R. ve Frisen, W. V. (1990). Duchenne’s Smile: Emotional Expression and Brain Physiology. II. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 342-353.
  • Ekman, P. ve Friesen, W. V. (1968). Nonverbal Behavior in Psychotherapy Research. In J.M. Shield (Ed.), Research in Psychotherapy, 179-216. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Ekman, P. ve Friesen, W. V. (1969). The Repertoire of Nonverbal Behavior: Categories, Origins, Usage, and Coding. Semiotica, 1, 49-98.
  • Ekman, P. ve Friesen, W. V. (1974). Detecting Deception from The Body or Face. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 29, 288-298.
  • Gabbott, M. ve Hogg, G. (2000). An Empirical Investigation of the Impact of Non‐verbal Communication on Service Evaluation. European Journal of Marketing, 34(3/4), 384-398. Doi: 10.1108/03090560010311911
  • Gardner, W. L. ve Martinko, M. J. (1988). Impression Management in Organizations. Journal of Management, 14(2), 321-338.
  • Gitter, A. G., Black, H. ve Fishman, J. E. (1975). Effects of Race, Sex, Non-Verbal Communication and Verbal Communication of Perception of Leadership. Sociology and Social Research, 60(1), 46-57.
  • Güneş, A. (2011). Kişilerarası İletişim Sürecinde Beden Dili Kavramı ve Rolü Üzerine Kuramsal Bir Çalışma. E-Journal New World Sciences Academy, 6(4), 706-730.
  • Hadar, U., ve Butterworth, B. (1997). Iconic Gestures, Imagery and Word Retrieval in Speech. Semiotica, 115, 147-172.
  • Hagen, S. (2018). Beden Dili Hakkında Her Şey, Eda Pak (Çev.). İstanbul: Olimpos Yayınları.
  • Hall, J. A., Horgan, T. G., ve Carter, J. D. (2002). Assigned and Felt Status in Relation to Observer-Coded and Participant-Reported Smiling. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 26(2), 63-81.
  • Hartley, G. ve Karinch, M. (2007). I Can Read You Like A Book: How To Spot The Messages and Emotions People Are Really Sending With Their Body Language. Franklin Lakes, NJ: Career Press.
  • Hogan, R. ve Kaiser, R.B. (2005). What We Know About Leadership. Review of General Psychology, 9(2), 169-180.
  • Holladay, S. J. ve Coombs, W. T. (1993). Communicating Visions: An Exploration of The Role of Delivery in The Creation of Leader Charisma. Management Communication Quarterly, 6(4), 405-427.
  • Işık, M. (2000). İletişimden Kitle İletişimine. Konya: Mikro Yayınları.
  • İpek, O. (2017). Beden Dili Çalışmalarında Unutulan Bir Eser: “Yüz İfadelerinin Tefsiri Hakkında Tecrübi Bir Tektik”. Ana Dili Eğitimi Dergisi, 5(3), 485-492.
  • İzgören, A. Ş. (2003). Dikkat Vücudumuz Konuşuyor /Türkiye’de Beden Dili, İş Yaşamı ve Renkler). Ankara: Elma Yayınevi.
  • Kelly, S. D. ve Church, R. B. (1998). A Comparison between Childrens and Adults Ability to Detect Conceptual Information Conveyed Through Representational Gestures. Child Development, 69(1), 85. Doi:10.2307/1132072
  • Kendon, A. (2004). Gesture: Visible Action as Utterance. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Korbjitti, C. (2012). Language in India. Strenght for Today and Bright Hope for Tomorrow. Pisutpong Endoo, 12(6), 249-270.
  • Knapp, M. L. ve Hall, J. A. (2002). Nonverbal Communication in Human Interaction. Wadsworth: Thomas Learning.
  • Knapp, M. L., Hall, J. A. ve Horgan, T. G. (2012). Nonverbal Communication in Human İnteraction. U.S.A.: Cengage Learning.
  • Krauss, R. M., Chen, Y., ve Chawla, P. (1996). Nonverbal Behavior and Nonverbal Communication: What Do Conversational Hand Gestures Tell Us? Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 28, 389-450.
  • Lauk, M. (2019). The Influence of Leaders’ Verbal and Nonverbal Behavior on Perceived Leadership Effectiveness. (A Thesis Presented In Partial Fulfillment) University of Twente Enschede, Netherlands.
  • Matthews, P. H. (2005). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • McAdams, D. P., Jackson, R. J. ve Kirsshnit, C. (1984). Looking, Language, and Smiling in Dyads as A Function of Intimacy Motivation and Reciprocity. Journal of Personality, 52, 261-273.
  • Nayır, E. D., Gökalp, A. ve Bilgiç, R. (2020). Algılanan En Etkin Liderlik: Lidere ve Çalışana Bağlı Özelliklerin Rolünü Anlamak. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 35(86), 99-114.
  • Noureddine, D. (2015). The Problem of Effective Leadership from The Perspective of Corporate Management Development. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 181, 62-71. Doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.866
  • Richards, J. C. ve Schmidt, R. W. (2002). Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics. New York: An imprint Pearson Education Inc.
  • Sullivan, D.G. ve Masters, R.D. (1988). Happy Warriors: Leaders’ Facial Displays, Viewers Emotions, and Political Supports. American Journal of Political Science, 32(2), 345-368. Doi:10.2307/2111127
  • Talley, L., ve Temple, S. (2015). How Leaders Influence Followers Through The Use of Nonverbal Communication. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 36(1), 69-80. Doi: 10.1108/LODJ-07-2013-0107
  • Trask, R. L. (2005). Key Concepts in Language and Linguistics. Taylor&Francis e-Library. New York: NY Press.
  • Tutar, H. (2018). Davranış Bilimleri. İstanbul: Seçkin Yayınevi.
  • Uzun Öneri, G. (2020). A Review of Communication, Body Language and Communication Conflict. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 24(09), 2833-2844.
  • Yıldırım, A. ve Şimşek, H. (2018). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Yılmaz, T. (2014). Lider Etkinliği Ölçeğinin Türkçeye Uyarlanması Çalışması. KSÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(2), 1-24.
  • Yukl, G. (2012). Effective Leadership Behavior: What We Know and What Questions Need More Attention. Academy of Management Perspectives, 26(4), 66-85. Doi: 10.5465/amp.2012.0088
  • ELEKTRONİK KAYNAKLAR URL-1: Durkal A. (2017, 05 Eylül). Dilleri Susuyor Bedenleri Konuşuyor. Hürriyet Gazetesi, https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dilleri-susuyor-bedenleri-konusuyor-22928623, Son Erişim Tarihi: 13.10.2021
Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Pero Duygu Dumangöz 0000-0002-2827-5538

Mehmet Ali Horozoğlu 0000-0002-8676-7274

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Nisan 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 4 Ocak 2022
Kabul Tarihi 10 Şubat 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Dumangöz, P. D., & Horozoğlu, M. A. (2022). SPOR YÖNETİMİNDE LİDERİN BEDEN DİLİ YANSIMALARI: T.C. GENÇLİK VE SPOR BAKANI ÖRNEĞİ. Turkish Online Journal of Design Art and Communication, 12(2), 420-435.


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