YAPAY ZEKANIN KAVRAMSAL İNCELENMESİ; İNSAN VE MAKİNE ÖĞRENİMİ ARASINDAKİ FARKLAR

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 3, 648 - 659, 01.07.2024

Büşra Sarıkaya

https://doi.org/10.7456/tojdac.1464262

Öz

Makine öğrenimi ve yapay zeka, insanlarınkine benzer "akıllı" kararlar verebiliyor gibi görünen, ancak insan düşüncesinden farklı işleyen algoritmalar üretmektedir. İnsanların makine önerilerine dayalı kararlar verebilmesi için bu önerilerin arka planını anlayabilmesi önem arz etmektedir. İnsanlar, insan zekasını anlamaya yönelik olduklarından, makine öğrenimi tarafından yaratılan "düşünmeyi" gerçekten anlayıp anlayamayacakları ya da yalnızca insan benzeri bilişsel süreçleri makinelere yansıtıp yansıtmadıkları henüz tam anlaşılmamıştır. Ayrıca yapay zekanın medya temsilleri, yapay zekayı gerçekte sahip olduğundan daha yüksek yetenekler ve insan benzerliği varmış gibi lanse etmektedir. Günlük hayatta, akıllı algoritmalar temelinde insan görevlerini ve kararlarını kolaylaştırmak için tasarlanmış yardım sistemleriyle giderek daha fazla karşılaşılmaktadır. Bu algoritmalar ağırlıklı olarak, büyük miktarda veriyi analiz ederek önceden bilinmeyen korelasyonları keşfetmeyi mümkün kılan makine öğrenimi teknolojilerine dayanmaktadır. Örnek olarak, hasta ve sağlıklı insanlara ait binlerce röntgen görüntüsünün makine tarafından analiz edilmesi gösterilebilmektedir. Bu sistemi çalışır hale getirmek için, "sağlıklı" olarak not düşülen görüntülerin hangi kalıplarla "hasta" olarak not düşülenlerden ayırt edilebileceğini belirlemek ve ikincisini tanımlayan bir algoritma bulmak gerekmektedir. Bu şekilde oluşturulan "eğitilmiş" algoritmalar, yalnızca tıbbi teşhisler için değil, aynı zamanda bir iş ilanı için başvuranların ön seçiminde veya iletişimde de sesli asistanlar yardımıyla olmak üzere çeşitli uygulama alanlarında kullanılmaktadır. Çalışmanın ilk bölümünde yapay zekâ kavramsal olarak açıklandıktan sonra, zayıf ve güçlü yapay zekâ kavramları irdelenecektir. Daha sonra, yapay zekânın alt kategorileri açıklandıktan sonra, insan öğrenmesi ve makine öğrenmesi arasındaki ayrımlar ele alınacaktır. Makine öğrenmesi ve derin öğrenme kavramlarının incelenmesinin ardından, sonuç bölümünde makine öğrenmesinin yarattığı potansiyel riskler ve fırsatlar tartışılacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Communication, Interaction, Virtuality

CONCEPTUAL REVIEW OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE; DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HUMAN AND MACHINE LEARNING

Öz

Machine learning and artificial intelligence produce algorithms that appear to be able to make "intelligent" decisions similar to those of humans but function differently from human thinking. To make decisions based on machine suggestions, humans should be able to understand the background of these suggestions. However, since humans are oriented to understand human intelligence, it is not yet fully clear whether humans can truly understand the "thinking" generated by machine learning, or whether they merely transfer human-like cognitive processes to machines. In addition, media representations of artificial intelligence show higher capabilities and greater human likeness than they currently have. In our daily lives, we increasingly encounter assistance systems that are designed to facilitate human tasks and decisions based on intelligent algorithms. These algorithms are predominantly based on machine learning technologies, which make it possible to discover previously unknown correlations and patterns by analyzing large amounts of data. One example is the machine analysis of thousands of X-ray images of sick and healthy people. This requires identifying the patterns by which images labeled as "healthy" can be distinguished from those labeled as "sick" and to find an algorithm that identifies the latter. In the meantime, "trained" algorithms created in this way are used in various fields of application, not only for medical diagnoses but also in the pre-selection of applicants for a job advertisement or in communication with the help of voice assistants. These voice assistants are enabled by intelligent algorithms to offer internet services through short commands. Harald Lesch, referring to his book Unpredictable, written together with Thomas Schwarz, says the development of artificial intelligence can be compared to bringing aliens to Earth. With machine learning, a previously unknown form of non-human intelligence has been created. This chapter discusses whether forms of artificial intelligence, as they are currently being publicly discussed, differ substantially from human thinking. Furthermore, it will be discussed to what extent humans can comprehend the functioning of artificial intelligence that has been created through machine learning when interacting with them. Finally, the risks and opportunities will be weighed and discussed..

Anahtar Kelimeler

Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Communication, Interaction

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