Yıl 2018,
, 214 - 227, 01.10.2018
Savita Gupta
Liyaqat Bashır
Kaynakça
- Abdulahi, A., Samadi, B., & Gharleghi, B. (2014). A study on the negative effects of social
networking sites such as Facebook among Asia pacific university scholars in
Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 5(10), 133-145.
Ahn, J. (2011). The effect of social network sites on adolescents' social and academic
development: Current theories and controversies. Journal of the Association for
Information Science and Technology, 62(8), 1435-1445.
American Psychological Association (APA) (2011). Social networking’s good and bad
impacts onkids. Retrieved from
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/1108062038.
Andreassen, C. S., Torsheim, T., Brunborg, G. S., & Pallesen, S. (2012). Development of a
Facebook addiction scale. Psych
224
Bove, L. L., Pervan, S. J., Beatty, S. E., & Shiu, E. (2009). Service worker role in
encouraging customer organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Business
Research, 62(7), 698-705.
Boyd, D. M. (2008). Taken out of context: American teen sociality in networked publics.
University of California, Berkeley.
Child, D. (1990). The essentials of factor analysis, second edition. London: Cassel
Educational Limited.
Churchill, G.A. Jr (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing
constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 16, 64-73.
Deng, L., & Tavares, N. J. (2013). From Moodle to Facebook: Exploring students'
motivation and experiences in online communities. Computers & Education, 68,
167-176.
DeVellis, R. F. (2016). Scale development: Theory and application (2nd Ed.). Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Dron, J. & Anderson, T. (2007). Collectives, networks and groups in social software for ELearning.
In T. Bastiaens & S. Carliner (Eds.), Proceedings of E-Learn 2007--
World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and
Higher Education (pp. 2460-2467). Quebec City, Canada: Association for the
Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).
Eid, M. I., & Al-Jabri, I. M. (2016). Social networking, knowledge sharing, and student
learning: The case of university students. Computers & Education, 99, 14-27.
Ellison, N. B. (2007). Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of
Computer‐Mediated Communication, 13(1), 210-230.
Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook “friends:” Social
capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. Journal of
Computer‐Mediated Communication, 12(4), 1143-1168.
English, R. M., & Duncan-Howell, J. A. (2008). Facebook© goes to college: Using social
networking tools to support students undertaking teaching practicum. Journal of
Online Learning and Teaching, 4(4), 596-601.
George, D. R., & Dellasega, C. (2011). Use of social media in graduate-level medical
humanities education: two pilot studies from Penn State College of
Medicine. Medical Teacher, 33(8), 429-434.
George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). Reliability analysis. SPSS for Windows, step by step: a
simple guide and reference, 14th edn. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 222-232.
Gliem, J. A. & Gilem, R. R. (2003). Paper Presented at the Midwest Research-to-Practice
Conference in Adult, Continuing, and Community Education, The Ohio State
University, Columbus, OH, October 8-10, 2003.
Griffiths, M. D. (2002). The educational benefits of videogames. Education and
health, 20(3), 47-51.
Hair, J. F. J., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis
Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall. [Links].
Hinkin, T.R. (1995). A brief tutorial on the development of measures for use in survey
questionnaires. Organizational Research Methods, 1, 104-121.
Hunter, J. E., & Gerbing, D. W. (1982). Unidimensional measurement, second order factor
analysis, and causal models. Research in Organizational Behavior, 4, 267-320.
Ito, M., Baumer, S., Bittanti, M., Cody, R., Stephenson, B. H., Horst, H. A., & Perkel, D.
(2009). Hanging out, messing around, and geeking out: Kids living and learning
with new media. MIT press.
225
Jenkins-Guarnieri, M. A., Wright, S. L., & Johnson, B. (2013). Development and validation
of a social media use integration scale. Psychology of Popular Media
Culture, 2(1), 38.
Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (2006). “LISRELS 8.80. Scientific Software
International”. Inc, Copyright.
Kio, S. I. (2016). Extending social networking into the secondary education sector. British
Journal of Educational Technology, 47(4), 721-733.
Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2011). Addiction to social networks on the internet: A
literature review of empirical research. International Journal of Environment and
Public Health, 8(9), 3528-3552.
Lampe, C., Ellison, N., & Steinfield, C. (2007). A Face(book) in the crowd: Social searching
vs. social browsing. Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in
computing systems, 434-444.
Leung, L. (2002). Loneliness, self-disclosure, and ICQ (" I seek you") use. Cyber
Psychology & Behavior, 5(3), 241-251.
Likert, R. A. (1932). A Technique for the Measurement of Attitudes. Archives of
Psychology. 22(140): 55. Retrieved from, http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1933-
01885-001.
Mahajan, R., & Bakhshi.A. (2016). Personality and subjective well-being of social network
site users. Shodganga Thesis. Retrieved from
http://hdl.handle.net/10603/84856.
Morahan-Martin, J., & Schumacher, P. (2003). Loneliness and social uses of the
Internet. Computers in Human Behavior, 19(6), 659-671.htt
O'Keeffe, G. S., & Clarke-Pearson, K. (2011). The impact of social media on children,
adolescents, and families. Pediatrics, 127(4), 800-804.
Park, C. S. (2015). Pathways to Expressive and Collective Participation: Usage Patterns,
Political Efficacy, and Political Participation in Social Networking Sites. Journal of
Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 59(4), 698-716.
Pastor, L. (2012). Breaking boundaries in entertainment and learning. eLearn Center
Research Paper Series, (5), 06-13.
Pempek, T. A., Yermolayeva, Y. A., & Calvert, S. L. (2009). College students' social
networking experiences on Facebook. Journal of applied developmental
psychology, 30(3), 227-238.
Pornsakulvanich, V., & Dumrongsiri, N. (2013). Internal and external influences on social
networking site usage in Thailand. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(6), 2788-
2795.
Prensky, M. (2001). Digital natives, digital immigrants part 1. On the horizon, 9(5), 1-6.
Ross, C., Orr, E. S., Sisic, M., Arseneault, J. M., Simmering, M. G., & Orr, R. R. (2009).
Personality and motivations associated with Facebook use. Computers in human
behavior, 25(2), 578-586.
Salvation, M., & Adzharuddin, N. A. (2014). The influence of social network sites (SNS)
upon academic performance of Malaysian students. International Journal of
Humanities and Social Sciences, 4(10), 131-137.
Shi, Y., Luo, Y. L., Yang, Z., Liu, Y., & Cai, H. (2014). The Development and Validation of
the Social Network Sites (SNSs) Usage Questionnaire. In International
Conference on Social Computing and Social Media (pp. 113-124). Springer, Cham.
Shin, N. Y., & Lim, Y. J. (2017). Development and Validation of a Social Network Site Use
Motives Scale for College Students in South Korea. Journal of Psychoeducational
Assessment, 35(3), 1-8.
226
Sridhar, P., & Vizhi, T.K. (2016).A study on advertising in social networking sites and its
implications on consumer buying behavior. Indian journal of research parafix,
5(8), 200-203.
Srivastava, P. (2012). Social Networking & Its Impact on Education-System in
Contemporary Era. International Journal of Information Technology
Infrastructure, 1(2).
Subrahmanyam, K., Reich, S. M., Waechter, N., & Espinoza, G. (2008). Online and Offline
Social Networks: Use of Social Networking Sites by Emerging Adults. Journal of
Applied Developmental Psychology, 29 (6), 420-433.
Suhr, D. D. (2006). Exploratory or confirmatory factor analysis? (pp. 1-17). Cary: SAS
Institute.
Tabachnick, B.G. and Fidell, L.S. (1996). Using Multivariate Statistics 3rd ed. HarperCollins
College, New York, NY.
U.S. Department of Education. (2009). Evaluation of evidence-based practices in online
learning: A meta-analysis and review of online learning studies. Washington,
D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Planning, Evaluation, and Policy
Development.
Unachukwu, G. O., & Emenike, C. B. (2016). Online social network usage and influence on
academic achievement of secondary school students in anambra state, Nigeria.
Implications for school administrators. International Educational Scientific
Research Journal, 2(8), 10-12.
Wiberg, M. (2007). Netlearning and learning through networks. Journal of Educational
Technology & Society, 10(4), 49-61.
Wijesundara, T. R. (2013). Motivations and usage patterns of social networking sites:
Exploring cultural differences between United States & Sri Lanka (Master's
thesis, University of Agder).
Wilson, S. M., & Peterson, L. C. (2002). The anthropology of online communities. Annual
review of anthropology, 31(1), 449-467.
Yunus, M. M., Nordin, N., Salehi, H., Embi, M. A., & Salehi, Z. (2013). The use of
information and communication technology (ICT) in teaching ESL writing
skills. English Language Teaching, 6(7), 1-8.
Social Networking Usage Questionnaire: Development and Validation in an Indian Higher Education Context
Yıl 2018,
, 214 - 227, 01.10.2018
Savita Gupta
Liyaqat Bashır
Öz
The concept of social networking has received much attention from academia over the last decade in India. Widespread research has conceptualized the term social networking with almost all of the studies either conceptual or based on case studies. This paper is an attempt to clarify the construct of social networking by developing a reliable and valid questionnaire measuring social networking usage. 420 university students from 6 universities in Jammu and Kashmir were surveyed via a random sampling technique and factor analysis carried out on their responses. The findings revealed that social networking usage can be decomposed into four factors: academic; socialization; entertainment and informativeness. The internal consistency indices, Cronbach’s alpha of social networking usage (α= .830) indicates good internal reliability. The findings revealed that the newly developed questionnaire has significant psychometric features.
Kaynakça
- Abdulahi, A., Samadi, B., & Gharleghi, B. (2014). A study on the negative effects of social
networking sites such as Facebook among Asia pacific university scholars in
Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 5(10), 133-145.
Ahn, J. (2011). The effect of social network sites on adolescents' social and academic
development: Current theories and controversies. Journal of the Association for
Information Science and Technology, 62(8), 1435-1445.
American Psychological Association (APA) (2011). Social networking’s good and bad
impacts onkids. Retrieved from
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/1108062038.
Andreassen, C. S., Torsheim, T., Brunborg, G. S., & Pallesen, S. (2012). Development of a
Facebook addiction scale. Psych
224
Bove, L. L., Pervan, S. J., Beatty, S. E., & Shiu, E. (2009). Service worker role in
encouraging customer organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Business
Research, 62(7), 698-705.
Boyd, D. M. (2008). Taken out of context: American teen sociality in networked publics.
University of California, Berkeley.
Child, D. (1990). The essentials of factor analysis, second edition. London: Cassel
Educational Limited.
Churchill, G.A. Jr (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing
constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 16, 64-73.
Deng, L., & Tavares, N. J. (2013). From Moodle to Facebook: Exploring students'
motivation and experiences in online communities. Computers & Education, 68,
167-176.
DeVellis, R. F. (2016). Scale development: Theory and application (2nd Ed.). Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Dron, J. & Anderson, T. (2007). Collectives, networks and groups in social software for ELearning.
In T. Bastiaens & S. Carliner (Eds.), Proceedings of E-Learn 2007--
World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and
Higher Education (pp. 2460-2467). Quebec City, Canada: Association for the
Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).
Eid, M. I., & Al-Jabri, I. M. (2016). Social networking, knowledge sharing, and student
learning: The case of university students. Computers & Education, 99, 14-27.
Ellison, N. B. (2007). Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of
Computer‐Mediated Communication, 13(1), 210-230.
Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook “friends:” Social
capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. Journal of
Computer‐Mediated Communication, 12(4), 1143-1168.
English, R. M., & Duncan-Howell, J. A. (2008). Facebook© goes to college: Using social
networking tools to support students undertaking teaching practicum. Journal of
Online Learning and Teaching, 4(4), 596-601.
George, D. R., & Dellasega, C. (2011). Use of social media in graduate-level medical
humanities education: two pilot studies from Penn State College of
Medicine. Medical Teacher, 33(8), 429-434.
George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). Reliability analysis. SPSS for Windows, step by step: a
simple guide and reference, 14th edn. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 222-232.
Gliem, J. A. & Gilem, R. R. (2003). Paper Presented at the Midwest Research-to-Practice
Conference in Adult, Continuing, and Community Education, The Ohio State
University, Columbus, OH, October 8-10, 2003.
Griffiths, M. D. (2002). The educational benefits of videogames. Education and
health, 20(3), 47-51.
Hair, J. F. J., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis
Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall. [Links].
Hinkin, T.R. (1995). A brief tutorial on the development of measures for use in survey
questionnaires. Organizational Research Methods, 1, 104-121.
Hunter, J. E., & Gerbing, D. W. (1982). Unidimensional measurement, second order factor
analysis, and causal models. Research in Organizational Behavior, 4, 267-320.
Ito, M., Baumer, S., Bittanti, M., Cody, R., Stephenson, B. H., Horst, H. A., & Perkel, D.
(2009). Hanging out, messing around, and geeking out: Kids living and learning
with new media. MIT press.
225
Jenkins-Guarnieri, M. A., Wright, S. L., & Johnson, B. (2013). Development and validation
of a social media use integration scale. Psychology of Popular Media
Culture, 2(1), 38.
Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (2006). “LISRELS 8.80. Scientific Software
International”. Inc, Copyright.
Kio, S. I. (2016). Extending social networking into the secondary education sector. British
Journal of Educational Technology, 47(4), 721-733.
Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2011). Addiction to social networks on the internet: A
literature review of empirical research. International Journal of Environment and
Public Health, 8(9), 3528-3552.
Lampe, C., Ellison, N., & Steinfield, C. (2007). A Face(book) in the crowd: Social searching
vs. social browsing. Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in
computing systems, 434-444.
Leung, L. (2002). Loneliness, self-disclosure, and ICQ (" I seek you") use. Cyber
Psychology & Behavior, 5(3), 241-251.
Likert, R. A. (1932). A Technique for the Measurement of Attitudes. Archives of
Psychology. 22(140): 55. Retrieved from, http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1933-
01885-001.
Mahajan, R., & Bakhshi.A. (2016). Personality and subjective well-being of social network
site users. Shodganga Thesis. Retrieved from
http://hdl.handle.net/10603/84856.
Morahan-Martin, J., & Schumacher, P. (2003). Loneliness and social uses of the
Internet. Computers in Human Behavior, 19(6), 659-671.htt
O'Keeffe, G. S., & Clarke-Pearson, K. (2011). The impact of social media on children,
adolescents, and families. Pediatrics, 127(4), 800-804.
Park, C. S. (2015). Pathways to Expressive and Collective Participation: Usage Patterns,
Political Efficacy, and Political Participation in Social Networking Sites. Journal of
Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 59(4), 698-716.
Pastor, L. (2012). Breaking boundaries in entertainment and learning. eLearn Center
Research Paper Series, (5), 06-13.
Pempek, T. A., Yermolayeva, Y. A., & Calvert, S. L. (2009). College students' social
networking experiences on Facebook. Journal of applied developmental
psychology, 30(3), 227-238.
Pornsakulvanich, V., & Dumrongsiri, N. (2013). Internal and external influences on social
networking site usage in Thailand. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(6), 2788-
2795.
Prensky, M. (2001). Digital natives, digital immigrants part 1. On the horizon, 9(5), 1-6.
Ross, C., Orr, E. S., Sisic, M., Arseneault, J. M., Simmering, M. G., & Orr, R. R. (2009).
Personality and motivations associated with Facebook use. Computers in human
behavior, 25(2), 578-586.
Salvation, M., & Adzharuddin, N. A. (2014). The influence of social network sites (SNS)
upon academic performance of Malaysian students. International Journal of
Humanities and Social Sciences, 4(10), 131-137.
Shi, Y., Luo, Y. L., Yang, Z., Liu, Y., & Cai, H. (2014). The Development and Validation of
the Social Network Sites (SNSs) Usage Questionnaire. In International
Conference on Social Computing and Social Media (pp. 113-124). Springer, Cham.
Shin, N. Y., & Lim, Y. J. (2017). Development and Validation of a Social Network Site Use
Motives Scale for College Students in South Korea. Journal of Psychoeducational
Assessment, 35(3), 1-8.
226
Sridhar, P., & Vizhi, T.K. (2016).A study on advertising in social networking sites and its
implications on consumer buying behavior. Indian journal of research parafix,
5(8), 200-203.
Srivastava, P. (2012). Social Networking & Its Impact on Education-System in
Contemporary Era. International Journal of Information Technology
Infrastructure, 1(2).
Subrahmanyam, K., Reich, S. M., Waechter, N., & Espinoza, G. (2008). Online and Offline
Social Networks: Use of Social Networking Sites by Emerging Adults. Journal of
Applied Developmental Psychology, 29 (6), 420-433.
Suhr, D. D. (2006). Exploratory or confirmatory factor analysis? (pp. 1-17). Cary: SAS
Institute.
Tabachnick, B.G. and Fidell, L.S. (1996). Using Multivariate Statistics 3rd ed. HarperCollins
College, New York, NY.
U.S. Department of Education. (2009). Evaluation of evidence-based practices in online
learning: A meta-analysis and review of online learning studies. Washington,
D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Planning, Evaluation, and Policy
Development.
Unachukwu, G. O., & Emenike, C. B. (2016). Online social network usage and influence on
academic achievement of secondary school students in anambra state, Nigeria.
Implications for school administrators. International Educational Scientific
Research Journal, 2(8), 10-12.
Wiberg, M. (2007). Netlearning and learning through networks. Journal of Educational
Technology & Society, 10(4), 49-61.
Wijesundara, T. R. (2013). Motivations and usage patterns of social networking sites:
Exploring cultural differences between United States & Sri Lanka (Master's
thesis, University of Agder).
Wilson, S. M., & Peterson, L. C. (2002). The anthropology of online communities. Annual
review of anthropology, 31(1), 449-467.
Yunus, M. M., Nordin, N., Salehi, H., Embi, M. A., & Salehi, Z. (2013). The use of
information and communication technology (ICT) in teaching ESL writing
skills. English Language Teaching, 6(7), 1-8.