Araştırma Makalesi
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Social Disintegration Scale: Development Process and an Analysis on Recreational Activity Participation

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2 , 143 - 151 , 30.04.2026
https://doi.org/10.22282/tojras.1778459
https://izlik.org/JA64GZ83JX

Öz

The aim of this research is to develop a valid and reliable psychometric tool to measure the levels of social disintegration experienced by individuals in their social lives. To this end, the Social Disintegration Scale (SDS) was developed, and its psychometric properties were tested. The sample consisted of a total of 321 university students studying at various universities in Turkey. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and internal consistency coefficients were examined in the study. The scale consisted of 25 items and four factors: social alienation, lack of social support, social belonging/connection, and societal alienation. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis showed that the four-factor model provided an acceptable level of fit with the data (χ²/df=2.99; CFI=.86; RMSEA=.079). Cronbach’s Alpha values ranged from .80 to .88 across all dimensions of the scale. Furthermore, it was found that male participants had higher levels of social disintegration, and those who did not participate in recreational activities had higher social disintegration scores compared to those who did. The findings reveal that social disintegration is a multidimensional construct shaped by an individual’s interaction with psychological, social, and environmental resources. A high score on the scale indicates a high level of social disintegration, while a low score suggests that the individual is more socially connected, supported, and integrated into society. This developed scale is proposed as a functional and applicable tool for identifying social integration problems in various social groups, particularly university students.

Etik Beyan

This study was conducted with the approval of the Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Hitit University (Decision No: 2025-11). Informed consent was obtained from all participants on a voluntary basis. The study was carried out in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.

Destekleyen Kurum

This research was supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) under the 2209-A Program for Supporting Undergraduate Research Projects.

Proje Numarası

1919B012424849

Teşekkür

The authors would like to thank all participants who contributed to this study, as well as the academic advisors who provided guidance throughout the research process. Special thanks are also extended to TÜBİTAK 2209-A for its valuable support.

Kaynakça

  • Arslan, G. (2021). School belongingness, well-being, and mental health among adolescents: Exploring the role of loneliness. Australian Journal of Psychology, 73(1), 70-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2021.1904499
  • Bauman, Z. (2000). Liquid modernity. Polity. Press.
  • Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (2007). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Interpersonal development, 57-89.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2018). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı (12. baskı). Pegem Akademi.
  • Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. W. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 10(7), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.7275/jyj1-4868
  • Çelikkaleli, Ö., & Tümtaş, M. S. (2017). Üniversite öğrencilerinde sosyal dışlanma ıle saldırganlık arasındaki ilişkide sosyal yabancılaşmanın aracı rolü. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, (43), 156-175. https://doi.org/10.21764/efd.14945
  • Çetinkaya, F. F., & Korkmaz, F. (2019). Algılanan sosyal destek ile stres düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi: Üniversite öğrencileri üzerine bir araştırma. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 20(1), 91-103.
  • Doğru, N. (2018). Üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik iyi oluş düzeylerinin stres, stresle başa çıkma tarzları ve sosyal destek değişkenleri bakımından incelenmesi (Doctoral Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi).
  • Durkheim, E. (1897). Le Suicide: Étude de sociologie. Paris: Félix Alcan. [Translated: Suicide: A Study in Sociology. Routledge, 2002]
  • Ernst, M., Niederer, D., Werner, A. M., Czaja, S. J., Mikton, C., Ong, A. D., Rosen, T., Brähler, E., & Beutel, M. E. (2022). Loneliness before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review with meta-analysis.American Psychologist, 77(5), 660–677. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0001005
  • Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272–299. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.4.3.272
  • Haber, M. G., Cohen, J. L., Lucas, T., & Baltes, B. B. (2007). The relationship between self-reported received and perceived social support: A meta-analytic review. American journal of community psychology, 39(1), 133-144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-007-9100-9
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Exploratory factor analysis. Multivariate data analysis, 7, 100-100.
  • Henson, R. K., & Roberts, J. K. (2006). Use of exploratory factor analysis in published research: Common Errors and Some Comment on Improved Practice. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(3), 393–416. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164405282485
  • Hinkin, T. R. (1998). A brief tutorial on the development of measures for use in survey questionnaires. Organizational Research Methods, 1(1), 104–121. https://doi.org/10.1177/109442819800100106
  • Hirschi, T. (1969). Causes of delinquency. University of California Press.
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Huang, Y., Li, M., & Sun, M. (2025). Exploring the structural links between peer support, psychological resilience, and exercise adherence in adolescents: A multigroup model across gender and age. BMC Public Health, 25, Article 23308. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-23308-9
  • Leary, M. R. (2021). Emotional reactions to threats to acceptance and belonging: A retrospective look at the big picture. Australian Journal of Psychology, 73(1), 4-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2021.1883410
  • Morgado, F. F., Meireles, J. F., Neves, C. M., Amaral, A., & Ferreira, M. E. (2017). Scale development: ten main limitations and recommendations to improve future research practices. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 30(3), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41155-016-0057-1
  • Nettler, G. (1957). A measure of alienation. American Sociological Review, 22(6), 670-677. https://doi.org/10.2307/2089196
  • Nicolaisen, M., & Thorsen, K. (2017). Who are lonely? Loneliness in different age groups (18–81 years old), using two measures of loneliness. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 84(3), 229–257. https://doi.org/10.2190/ag.78.3.b
  • Øversveen, E. (2022). Capitalism and alienation: Towards a Marxist theory of alienation for the 21st century. European Journal of Social Theory, 25(3), 440-457. https://doi.org/10.1177/13684310211021579
  • Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling Alone: The collapse and revival of american community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
  • Seeman, M. (1959). On the meaning of alienation. American Sociological Review, 24(6), 783–791. https://doi.org/10.2307/2088565
  • Seeman, M. (1991). Alienation and anomie. Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes, 1, 291-371.
  • Shaw, C. R., & McKay, H. D. (1942). Juvenile delinquency and urban areas.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2019). Using multivariate statistics (7th ed.). Pearson.Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
  • Teh, J. K., & Tey, N. P. (2019). Effects of selected leisure activities on preventing loneliness among older Chinese. SSM-population health, 9, 100479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100479
  • Topci, D. (2021). Nuri Pakdil ve toplumsal yabancılaşma. Din Sosyolojisi Araştırmaları, 1(1), 29-42.
  • Twenge, J. M., Spitzberg, B. H., & Campbell, W. K. (2019). Less in-person social interaction with peers among US adolescents in the 21st century and links to loneliness. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(6), 1892–1913. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407519836170
  • van Kessel, G., Ryan, C., Paras, L., Johnson, N., Zariff, R. Z., & Stallman, H. M. (2025). Relationship between university belonging and student outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Australian Educational Researcher, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13384-025-00822-8
  • Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1729. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729
  • Xu, H., Liu, X., & Zeng, P. (2022). The mediating role of social support in the relationship between psychological capital and depression among Chinese emergency physicians. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 977-990. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S360611
  • Yalçın, Ö., & Dönmez, A. (2017). Sosyal psikolojik açıdan yabancılaşma: Dean’in yabancılaşma ölçegi’nin Türkçeye uyarlanması. Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8(2), 150-175. https://doi.org/10.1501/sbeder_0000000143
  • Yuan, Y., Tu, Y., Su, Y., Jin, L., Tian, Y., Chang, X., ... & Wu, D. (2025). The mediating effect of self-efficacy and physical activity with the moderating effect of social support on the relationship between negative body image and depression among Chinese college students: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 25(1), 285. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-21350-1

Sosyal Bozulma Ölçeği: Geliştirme Süreci ve Rekreatif Etkinlik Katılımı Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2 , 143 - 151 , 30.04.2026
https://doi.org/10.22282/tojras.1778459
https://izlik.org/JA64GZ83JX

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı, bireylerin toplumsal yaşantılarında maruz kaldıkları sosyal çözülme durumlarını ölçmeye yönelik geçerli ve güvenilir bir psikometrik araç geliştirmektir. Bu doğrultuda Sosyal Bozulma Ölçeği (SBÖ) geliştirilmiş ve psikometrik özellikleri test edilmiştir. Çalışmanın örneklemini, Türkiye’de çeşitli üniversitelerde öğrenim görmekte olan toplam 321 üniversite öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizleri, iç tutarlılık katsayıları incelenmiştir. Ölçek; sosyal yabancılaşma, sosyal destek eksikliği, sosyal bağlılık/aidiyet ve toplumsal yabancılaşma olmak üzere dört faktör ve 25 maddeden oluşmuştur. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonuçları, dört faktörlü modelin veriyle kabul edilebilir düzeyde uyum sağladığını göstermiştir (χ²/df=2.99; CFI=.86; RMSEA=.079). Ölçeğin tüm boyutlarında Cronbach’s Alpha değerleri .80 ile .88 arasında değişmektedir. Ayrıca, erkek katılımcıların sosyal bozulma düzeylerinin daha yüksek olduğu, rekreatif etkinliklere katılmayanların ise sosyal bozulma düzeyi puanlarının katılanlara oranla daha yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bulgular, sosyal çözülmenin çok boyutlu bir yapı olduğunu ve bireyin psikolojik, sosyal ve çevresel kaynaklarla olan etkileşimiyle şekillendiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Ölçekten alınan yüksek puan, bireyin sosyal bozulma düzeyinin yüksek olduğunu; düşük puan ise sosyal olarak daha bağlı, desteklenen ve topluma entegre olduğunu gösterir. Geliştirilen bu ölçek, başta üniversite öğrencileri olmak üzere farklı sosyal gruplarda sosyal bütünleşme sorunlarını tespit etmeye yönelik işlevsel ve uygulanabilir bir araç olarak önerilmektedir.

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma, Hitit Üniversitesi Girişimsel Olmayan Klinik Araştırmalar Etik Kurulu'nun 2025-11 sayılı kararıyla etik onay alarak yürütülmüştür. Araştırmaya katılan tüm bireylerden gönüllülük esasına dayalı olarak aydınlatılmış onam alınmıştır. Çalışma, Helsinki Bildirgesi'nde belirtilen etik ilkeler doğrultusunda gerçekleştirilmiştir.

Destekleyen Kurum

Bu araştırma, Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu (TÜBİTAK) 2209-A Üniversite Öğrencileri Araştırma Projeleri Destekleme Programı kapsamında desteklenmiştir.

Proje Numarası

1919B012424849

Teşekkür

Yazarlar, bu araştırmanın gerçekleştirilmesine katkı sağlayan tüm katılımcılara ve çalışmanın her aşamasında destek sunan akademik danışmanlara teşekkür eder. Ayrıca, TÜBİTAK 2209-A programı kapsamında sağlanan destek için minnettarlık ifade edilir.

Kaynakça

  • Arslan, G. (2021). School belongingness, well-being, and mental health among adolescents: Exploring the role of loneliness. Australian Journal of Psychology, 73(1), 70-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2021.1904499
  • Bauman, Z. (2000). Liquid modernity. Polity. Press.
  • Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (2007). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Interpersonal development, 57-89.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2018). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı (12. baskı). Pegem Akademi.
  • Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. W. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 10(7), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.7275/jyj1-4868
  • Çelikkaleli, Ö., & Tümtaş, M. S. (2017). Üniversite öğrencilerinde sosyal dışlanma ıle saldırganlık arasındaki ilişkide sosyal yabancılaşmanın aracı rolü. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, (43), 156-175. https://doi.org/10.21764/efd.14945
  • Çetinkaya, F. F., & Korkmaz, F. (2019). Algılanan sosyal destek ile stres düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi: Üniversite öğrencileri üzerine bir araştırma. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 20(1), 91-103.
  • Doğru, N. (2018). Üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik iyi oluş düzeylerinin stres, stresle başa çıkma tarzları ve sosyal destek değişkenleri bakımından incelenmesi (Doctoral Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi).
  • Durkheim, E. (1897). Le Suicide: Étude de sociologie. Paris: Félix Alcan. [Translated: Suicide: A Study in Sociology. Routledge, 2002]
  • Ernst, M., Niederer, D., Werner, A. M., Czaja, S. J., Mikton, C., Ong, A. D., Rosen, T., Brähler, E., & Beutel, M. E. (2022). Loneliness before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review with meta-analysis.American Psychologist, 77(5), 660–677. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0001005
  • Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272–299. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.4.3.272
  • Haber, M. G., Cohen, J. L., Lucas, T., & Baltes, B. B. (2007). The relationship between self-reported received and perceived social support: A meta-analytic review. American journal of community psychology, 39(1), 133-144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-007-9100-9
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Exploratory factor analysis. Multivariate data analysis, 7, 100-100.
  • Henson, R. K., & Roberts, J. K. (2006). Use of exploratory factor analysis in published research: Common Errors and Some Comment on Improved Practice. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(3), 393–416. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164405282485
  • Hinkin, T. R. (1998). A brief tutorial on the development of measures for use in survey questionnaires. Organizational Research Methods, 1(1), 104–121. https://doi.org/10.1177/109442819800100106
  • Hirschi, T. (1969). Causes of delinquency. University of California Press.
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Huang, Y., Li, M., & Sun, M. (2025). Exploring the structural links between peer support, psychological resilience, and exercise adherence in adolescents: A multigroup model across gender and age. BMC Public Health, 25, Article 23308. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-23308-9
  • Leary, M. R. (2021). Emotional reactions to threats to acceptance and belonging: A retrospective look at the big picture. Australian Journal of Psychology, 73(1), 4-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2021.1883410
  • Morgado, F. F., Meireles, J. F., Neves, C. M., Amaral, A., & Ferreira, M. E. (2017). Scale development: ten main limitations and recommendations to improve future research practices. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 30(3), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41155-016-0057-1
  • Nettler, G. (1957). A measure of alienation. American Sociological Review, 22(6), 670-677. https://doi.org/10.2307/2089196
  • Nicolaisen, M., & Thorsen, K. (2017). Who are lonely? Loneliness in different age groups (18–81 years old), using two measures of loneliness. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 84(3), 229–257. https://doi.org/10.2190/ag.78.3.b
  • Øversveen, E. (2022). Capitalism and alienation: Towards a Marxist theory of alienation for the 21st century. European Journal of Social Theory, 25(3), 440-457. https://doi.org/10.1177/13684310211021579
  • Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling Alone: The collapse and revival of american community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
  • Seeman, M. (1959). On the meaning of alienation. American Sociological Review, 24(6), 783–791. https://doi.org/10.2307/2088565
  • Seeman, M. (1991). Alienation and anomie. Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes, 1, 291-371.
  • Shaw, C. R., & McKay, H. D. (1942). Juvenile delinquency and urban areas.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2019). Using multivariate statistics (7th ed.). Pearson.Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
  • Teh, J. K., & Tey, N. P. (2019). Effects of selected leisure activities on preventing loneliness among older Chinese. SSM-population health, 9, 100479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100479
  • Topci, D. (2021). Nuri Pakdil ve toplumsal yabancılaşma. Din Sosyolojisi Araştırmaları, 1(1), 29-42.
  • Twenge, J. M., Spitzberg, B. H., & Campbell, W. K. (2019). Less in-person social interaction with peers among US adolescents in the 21st century and links to loneliness. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(6), 1892–1913. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407519836170
  • van Kessel, G., Ryan, C., Paras, L., Johnson, N., Zariff, R. Z., & Stallman, H. M. (2025). Relationship between university belonging and student outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Australian Educational Researcher, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13384-025-00822-8
  • Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1729. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729
  • Xu, H., Liu, X., & Zeng, P. (2022). The mediating role of social support in the relationship between psychological capital and depression among Chinese emergency physicians. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 977-990. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S360611
  • Yalçın, Ö., & Dönmez, A. (2017). Sosyal psikolojik açıdan yabancılaşma: Dean’in yabancılaşma ölçegi’nin Türkçeye uyarlanması. Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8(2), 150-175. https://doi.org/10.1501/sbeder_0000000143
  • Yuan, Y., Tu, Y., Su, Y., Jin, L., Tian, Y., Chang, X., ... & Wu, D. (2025). The mediating effect of self-efficacy and physical activity with the moderating effect of social support on the relationship between negative body image and depression among Chinese college students: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 25(1), 285. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-21350-1
Toplam 36 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Spor Sosyolojisi, Egzersiz ve Spor Psikolojisi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

İlkay Kavalcı 0009-0008-6638-551X

Mert Ayrancı 0000-0003-4289-3049

Proje Numarası 1919B012424849
Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Eylül 2025
Kabul Tarihi 17 Ocak 2026
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.22282/tojras.1778459
IZ https://izlik.org/JA64GZ83JX
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver 1.İlkay Kavalcı, Mert Ayrancı. Sosyal Bozulma Ölçeği: Geliştirme Süreci ve Rekreatif Etkinlik Katılımı Üzerine Bir İnceleme. TOJRAS. 01 Nisan 2026;15(2):143-51. doi:10.22282/tojras.1778459