Reticulum Cells

Abstract

Reticular cells are fibroblast-like cells that synthesize reticular fibers. They are stellate in shape. Elongated cytoplasmic processes of these cells wrap around the bundles of reticular fibers, effectively isolating these structural components from the parenchma of the lymphatic tissue and organs. Besides their supporting role, they express surface molecules and produce substances that attract T cells, B cells and dendritic cells. Reticular cells have been subdivided on the basis of their location and phenotype into 3 major subsets: fibroblastic reticular cells, dendritic reticulum cells and interdigitating reticulum cells. Fibroblastic reticulum cells have many ultrastructural characteristics of fibroblasts but differ from them in containing prominent bundles of microfilaments and in reacting strongly with antibodies to smooth muscle type myosin and actin. Dendritic reticulum cells are present in lymph follicules of lymph nodes, spleen, and tonsils. These antigen presenting cells are characterized by numerous cytoplasmic processes extending (dendrits) between adjacent lymphoid cells. Dendritic retikulum cells are known as a key cell of the germinal center microenvironment. These cells acquire and maintain antigen-antibody complexes and can stimulate memory B cells that can, in turn, stimulate further T cell activity. Interdigitating reticulum cells are arachnoid nonlymphoid accessory cells found in the T-cell areas of peripheral lymphoid tissue. They are potent antigen-presenting cells responsible for initiating primary T-lymphocyte immune responses Six types of epithelial reticular cells were observed in thymus: type I (subcapsular-perivascular), type II (pale), type III (intermediate), type IV (dark), type V (undifferentiated) and type VI (large-medullary). In this review, the microscopic and functional characteristics of reticulum cells are summarized. Key words: Antigenic Stimulation; Lenfoid Tissue; Reticulum Cells.

Keywords

• Antigenic Stimulation; Lenfoid Tissue; Reticulum Cells.

Retikulum Hücreleri

Öz

Retikulum hücreleri, retikulum liflerini sentezleyen fibroblast benzeri hücrelerdir. Yıldız şeklindedirler. Bu hücrelerin sitoplazmik uzantıları retikulum lif demetlerini sararak yapısal elemanları lenfatik doku ve organların parankimasından etkin şekilde izole eder. Bu destekleyici rollerinin yanısıra T ve B lenfositleri ve dendritik hücreleri cezbeden yüzey moleküllerine sahiplerdir ve bu tür maddeler üretirler. Retikulum hücreleri lokalizasyon ve dış görünüşleri bakımından üç gruba ayırmıştır: fibroblastik retikulum hücreleri, dendritik retikulum hücreleri ve interdijitasyon gösteren retikulum hücreleri. Fibroblastik retikulum hücreleri fibroblastlara özgü birçok karakteristik elektron mikroskopik özelliğe sahiptir fakat yoğun mikrofilament demetleri içermesi ve düz kastaki aktin ve miyozine karşı antikorlarla kuvvetli reaksiyon vermesi yönünden fibroblastlardan farklıdır. Dendritik retikulum hücreleri lenf düğümleri, dalak ve tonsillalardaki lenf foliküllerinde bulunurlar. Antijen sunan bu hücreler komşu lenfoid hücrelerin arasına uzanan çok sayıda sitoplazmik uzantılar (dendrit) ile karekterizedirler. Dendritik retikulm hücreleri germinal merkez mikroçevresinin bir anahtar hücresi olarak bilinmektedir. Bu hücreler antijen antikor kompleksini elde edip korur, hafıza B hücrelerini uyarabilir ve sonra daha ileri T hücre aktivitesini uyarabilirler. İnterdijitasyon gösteren retikulum hücreleri periferal lenfoid dokuda T hücre alanlarında bulunan lenfoid olmayan yardımcı hücrelerdir. Bu hücrelerin primer T lenfosit immun yanıtlarının başlaması için antijen sunan hücreler gibi fonksiyon yapma potansiyelleri vardır. Ayrıca timusda altı tip epitelyal retikulum hücre tipi tanımlanmıştır. Tip I (subkapsüler-perivasküler hücre), tip II (soluk hücre), tip III (intermediate hücre), tip IV (koyu hücre), tip V (farklılaşmamış hücre), tip VI (büyük medüller hücre) epitelial retikuler hücrelerdir. Bu derlemede retikulum hücrelerinin mikroskopik ve fonksiyonel özelliklerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır Anahtar kelimeler: Antijenik Uyarım; Lenfoid Doku; Retikulum Hücreleri.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Antijenik Uyarım; Lenfoid Doku; Retikulum Hücreleri.

Kaynakça

1. Kwang W. Jeon. International Review of Cytology. A Survey of Cell Biology. San Diego: Academic Press. 2009.
2. Ross MH, Powlina W. Histology Text and Atlas. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Williams&Wilkins. 2006.
3. Eşrefoğlu M. Özel Histoloji. Malatya: Medipres Matbaacılık Ltd. 2009.
4. Güzel E, Atilla P, Dağdeviren A. Fibroblast T and Fibroblast Lıke Cells. Türkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci 2006; 26-4.
5. http://www.kanbilim.com/Kemikiligimorf.htm
6. Müller-Hermelink HK, Schwarting H. Functional Studies on Histiocytic and Interdigitating Reticulum Cells from Human Lymphoid Tissue. Virchows Archiv B Cell Pathology Zell-Patholoy 2008; 37: 217-24.
7. Martel M, Sarli D, Colecchia M, et. al. Fibroblastic Reticular Cell Tumor of the Spleen: Report of A Case and Review of the Entity. Human Pathology 2003; 34(9): 954-7. DOI: 8177(03)00399-X 10.1016/S0046
8. Bajénoff M, Glaichenhaus N, Germain NR. Fibroblastic Reticular Cells Guide T Lymphocyte Entry Into and Migration with in the Splenic T Cell Zone. J Immunol 2008; 181(6): 3947-54.

9. Tavassoli M. Handbook of the Hematopoietic Microenvironment. Clifton: Humana Press. 1989.
10. Fornusek L, Vetvicka V. Immune System Accessory Cells. Florida: CRC Press. 1992.
11. Müller-Hermelink HK, Von Gaudecker B, Drenckhahn D, et. al. Fibroblastic and Dendritic Reticulum Cells of Lymphoid Tissue. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1981; 101: 149-64. DOI: 10.1007/BF00405075
12. Jones D, Amin M, Ordonez NG, et. al. Reticulum Cell Sarcoma of Lymph Node with Mixed Dendritic and Fibroblastic Features. Mod Pathol 2001; 14(10): 1059-67. DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3880436
13. Link A, Vogt TK, Favre S, et. al. Fibroblastic Reticular Cells in Lymph Nodes Regulate the Homeostasis of Naive T cells. Nature Immunology 2007; 8: 1255-65. DOI: 10.1038/ni1513
14. Radoux D, Heinen E, Kinet-Denoel C, et. al. Precise Localization of Antigens on Follicular Dendritic Cells. Cell Tissue Res 1984; 235(2): 267- 74. DOI: 10.1007/BF00217850
15. Nossal GJ, Abbot A, Mitchell J, et. al. Antigens in Immunity XV. Ultrastructural Features of Antigen Capture in Primary and Secondary Lymphoid Follicles. J Exp Med 1968; 1127(2): 277- 90. DOI: 10.1084/jem.127.2.277
16. Schnizlein CT, Kosco MH, Szakal AK, et. al. Follicular Dendritic Cells in Suspension: Identification, Enrichment, and Initial Characterization Indicating Immune Complex Trapping and Lack of Adherence and Phagocytic Activity. J Immunol 1985; 134(3): 1360-68.
17. Kapasi ZF, Qin D, Kerr WG, et. al. Follicular Dendritic Cell (FDC) Precusors in Primary Lymphoid Tissues. J Immunol 1998; 160: 1078-84.
18. Schriever F, Freeman G, Nadler LM. Follicular Dendritic Cells Contain Unique Gene Repertoire Demonstrated by Single-Cell Polymerase Chain Reaction. Blood 1991; 77: 787-91.
19. Heusermann U, Stutte H, Müller-Hermelink HK. Interdigitating Cells in the White Pulp of the Human Spleen. Cell Tissue Res 2004; 153: 415-7.
20. Knight SC, Stagg AJ. Antigen-Presenting Cell Types. Curr Opin in Immunol 1993; 5: 374-82. DOI: 10.1016/0952-7915(93)90056-X
21. Groscurth P. Non-lymphatic Cells in the Lymph Node Cortex of the Mouse. II. Postnatal Development of the Interdigitating Cells and the Dendritic Reticular Cells. Pathol Res Pract 1980; 169: 235- 54. DOI: 10.1016/S0344-0338(80)80003-3
22. Heusermann U, Zurborn KH, Schroeder L, et. al. The Origin of the Dendritic Reticulum Cell. An Experimental Enzyme-Histochemical and Electron Microscopic Study on the Rabbit Spleen. Cell Tissue Res 1980; 209: 279-94.
23. Dijkstra CD, Kamperdijk EWA, Döpp EA. The Ontogenetic Development of the Follicular Dendritic Cell. An Ultrastructural Study by Means of Intravenously Injected Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP)-Anti-HRP Complexes As Marker. Cell Tissue Res 1984; 236: 203-6. DOI: 10.1007/BF00216532
24. Villena A, Zapata A, Rivera-Pomar JM, et. al. Structure of the Non-Lymphoid Cells During the Postnatal Development of the Rat Lymph Nodes, Fibroblastic Reticulum Cells and Interdigitating Cells. Cell Tissue Res 1983; 229: 219-32. DOI: 10.1007/BF00217894
25. Gerdes J, Stein H, Mason DY, et. al. Human Dendritic Reticulum Cells of Lymphoid Follicles: Their Antigenic Profile and Their Identification As Multi-Nucleated Giant Cells. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol 1983; 42(2): 161-72.
26. Szakal AK, Kosco MH, Tew JG. A Novel In Vivo Follicular Dendritic Cell-Dependent Iccosome- Mediated Mechanism for Delivery of Antigen to Antigen Proccessing Cells. J Immunol 1988; 140: 341-53.
27. Young B, Heat JN. Wheather’s Functional Histology. Edinburg: CRC Press. 2000.
28. Hanna MG, Szakal AK. Localization of 125I- Labeled Antigen in Germinal Centers of Mouse Spleen: Histologic and Ultrastructural Autoradiographic Studies of the Secondary Immune Reaction. J Immunol 1968; 101(5): 949-62.
29. Klaus GG, Humphrey JH. The Generation of Memory Cells. I. The Role of C3 in the Generation of B Memory Cells. Immunology 1977; 33(1): 31-40.
30. Hall JG. Effector Mechanisms in Immunity. The Lancet 1969; 293: 25-8. DOI: 10.1016/S0140- 6736(69)90988-X
31. Lehrer RI, Ganz T. Biochemistry and Function of Monocytes and Macrophages. In: Lıchtman MA, Coller BS, Kıpps TJ, et. al. eds Williams Hematology. 6th ed. New York: Mc Graw Hill 2001: 865-9.
32. Park CS, Yoon SO, Armitage RJ, Choi YS. Follicular Dendritic Cells Produce IL-15 That Enhances Germinal Center B Cell Proliferation in Membrane-Bound Form. J Immunol 2004; 173(11): 6676-83.
33. Park CS, Choi YS. How Do Follicular Dendritic Cells Interact Intimately With B Cells in the Germinal Centre? Immunology 2005; 114(1): 2-10. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.02075.x
34. Orui H, Yamakawa M, Imai Y. Proliferation and Apoptosis of Follicular Lymphocytes: Relationship to Follicular Dendritic Cell- Associated Clusters. Immunology 1997; 90(4): 489-95. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1997.00203.x
35. Hur DY, Kim DJ, Kim S, et. al. Role of Follicular Dendritic Cells in the Aoptosis of Germinal Center B Cells. Immunol Lett 2000; 72(2): 107-11. DOI: 10.1016/S0165-2478(00)00166-8
36. Pinchuk G. Schaum’s Outline of Immunology. Hill. M, Blacklick OH. Schaum's Outline of Immunology. San Diego: Academic Press. 2001.
37. McGee JO, Isaacson PG, Wright NA, et. al. Oxford Textbook of Pathology. Glasgow: William Collins & Sons & Co 1992; 26: 142–57. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.75.9.4413-4419.2001
38. Fan Z, Huan XL, Borowski L, et. al. Restoration of Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Responses in CD8+ T Cells from Late- Stage Patients on Prolonged Antiretroviral Therapy by Stimulation In Vitro with HIV-1 Protein-Loaded Dendritic Cells. J Virol 2001; 75(9): 4413-19.
39. Caux C, Dezutter-Dambuyant C, Schmitt D, et. al. GM-CSF and TNF-Alpha Cooperate in the Generation of Dendritic Langerhans Cells. Nature 1992; 360: 258-61. DOI: 10.1038/360258a0
40. Kaiserling E, Stein H, Müller-Hermelink HK. Interdigitating Reticulum Cells in the Human Thymus. Cell Tissue Res 2004; 155: 47-55. DOI: 10.1007/BF00220283.
41. Kaiserling E, Wolburg H. Interdigitating Reticulum Cells in Dermatopathic Lymphadenitis: Freeze- Fracture and Ultrathin-Section Morphology. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol 1988; 55(1): 19-30.
42. Veerman AJ. On the Interdigitating Cells in the Thymus-Dependent Area of the Rat Spleen: A Relation Between the Mononuclear Phagocyte System and T-Lymphocytes. Cell Tissue Res 2004; 148: 247-57.
43. Santiago-Schwarz F. Positive and Negative Regulation of the Myeloid Dendritic Cell Lineage. J Leukoc Biol 1999; 66: 209-16.
44. Nakajima T, Watanabe S, Sato Y, et. al. S- 100 Protein in Langerhans Cells, Interdigitating Reticulum Cells and Histiocytosis X Cells. Gann 1982; 73(3): 429-32.
45. Hoshino T. Electron Microscopic Studies of the Epithelial Reticular Cells of the Mouse Thymus. Z Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat 1963; 59: 513-29. DOI: 10.1007/BF00368725
46. Van de Wijngaert FP, Kendall MD, Schuurman HJ, et. al. Heterogeneity of Epithelial Cells in the Human Thymus. An Ultrastructural Study. Cell Tissue Res 10.1007/BF00217140
47. Kaneshima H, Ito M, Asai J, et. al. Thymic Epithelial Reticular Cell Subpopulations in Mice Defined by Monoclonal Antibodies. Lab Invest 1987; 56(4):372-80.
48. Ovalle WK, Nahirney PC. Netter Temel Histoloji. İstanbul: Güneş Tıp Kitabevleri. 2009.
49. Bu derlemeye atıf yapmak için: Taşlıdere E,
50. Eşrefoğlu M. Retikulum Hücreleri. JIUMF 2012;
51. (3): 199-205. DOI: 10.7247/jiumf.19.3.14