Determining the Effect of Leisure Time Management on Psychological Well-Being: The Case of Anadolu University Students

Sanaz Tamimzadeh; Çağıl Hale Özel

doi:10.53601/tourismandrecreation.1672866

TR EN

Boş Zaman Yönetiminin Psikolojik İyi Oluşa Etkisinin Belirlenmesi: Anadolu Üniversitesi Öğrencileri Örneği

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, psikolojik iyi oluş ve boş zaman yönetimi arasındaki ilişkiyi, Anadolu Üniversitesi Yunus Emre Kampüsünde öğrenim gören öğrenciler örnekleminde incelemektir. Çalışmada, nicel araştırma tasarımı benimsenmiş ve kolayda örnekleme yöntemi ile ulaşılan 296 öğrencinin boş zaman yönetimi ve psikolojik iyi oluş halleri ölçülmüştür. Yapılan açıklayıcı faktör analizi, boş zaman yönetiminin; hedef belirleme, değerlendirme, boş zaman tutumu ve planlama boyutlarını kapsayacak şekilde çok boyutlu bir yapı gösterdiğini ortaya koymuştur. Etkili bir hedef belirlemenin ve boş zamana karşı olumlu tutum sahibi olmanın, psikolojik iyi oluş halini etkileyen önemli faktörler olduğu, değerlendirme ve planlama boyutlarının ise anlamlı bir etkisinin olmadığı ise korelasyon ve regresyon analizleriyle belirlenmiştir. Demografik karşılaştırmalar, evli öğrencilerin evli olmayan öğrencilere kıyasla daha olumlu bir psikolojik iyi oluş haline sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu bulgular, üniversite öğrencileri arasında ruhsal iyi oluş durumunu iyileştirmede yapılandırılmış, amaçlı boş zaman etkinliklerinin önemini vurgulamakta, buna yönelik kampüs programları ve girişimler oluşturmak için pratik çıkarımlar sağlamaktadır. Gelecekteki araştırmaların, bu ilişkiyi yaşam boyu şekillendiren diğer faktörleri boylamsal araştırmalarla ve karma yöntem araştırmalarıyla incelemesi önerilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Boş Zaman Yönetimi, Psikolojik İyi Oluş, Üniversite Öğrencileri, Kampüste Rekreasyon, Anadolu Universitesi

Determining the Effect of Leisure Time Management on Psychological Well-Being: The Case of Anadolu University Students

Öz

This study aims to examine the correlation between students’ psychological well-being studying at Anadolu University Yunus Emre Campus and successfully managing their leisure time. A quantitative research design was employed in which 296 students completed self-report measures of leisure time management and psychological well-being using convenience sampling. Factor analysis demonstrated that leisure time management included a multidimensional structure: goal setting, evaluation, free time attitude, and scheduling. Correlation and regression analysis showed that effective goal setting and a positive attitude towards leisure are important factors reacting higher to psychological well-being; however, the evaluation and scheduling dimension did not significantly contribute. Demographic comparisons also showed married students had greater psychological well-being than those not married students. These findings highlight the significance of structured, purposeful leisure activities in improving mental well-being among university students and provide practical implications for establishing campus programs and targeted initiatives. Future investigations should examine other factors that shape this association over the life course, through longitudinal and mixed-methods methods.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Leisure Time Management, Psychological Well-being, University Students, Campus Recreation, Anadolu University

Kaynakça

Akgül, B. M., & Karaküçük, S. (2015). Free time management scale: Validity and reliability analysis Boş zaman yönetimi ölçeği: Geçerlik-güvenirlik çalışması. Journal of Human Sciences, 12(2), 1867-1880.
Biddle, S. J. H., & Asare, M. (2011). Physical activity and mental health in children and adolescents: A review of reviews. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(11), 886-895. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2011-090185
Caldwell, L. L., & Witt, P. A. (2011). Leisure, recreation, and play from a developmental context. New directions for youth development, 2011(130), 13-27.
Caldwell, L. L. (2005). Leisure and health: Why is leisure therapeutic? British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 33(1), 7-26.
Coleman, D., & Iso-Ahola, S. E. (1993). Leisure and health: The role of social support and self-determination. Journal of Leisure Research, 25(2), 111-128.
Cross, G. (1990). A social history of leisure since 1600. Venture Publishing.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975). Beyond boredom and anxiety: The experience of play in work and games. Jossey-Bass.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. Harper & Row.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227-268.
Diener, E., & Seligman, M. E. (2002). Very happy people. Psychological science, 13(1), 81-84. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00415

Erkan, S., Özbay, Y., Çankaya, Z. C., & Terzi, S. (2012). University students’ problem areas and psychological help-seeking willingness. Egitim ve Bilim, 37(164), 94.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218-226. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218
Glover, T. D. (2004). The “community” center and the social construction of citizenship. Leisure Sciences, 26(1), 63-83.
Goodin, R. E., Rice, J. M., Parpo, A., & Eriksson, L. (2008). Discretionary Time: A New Measure of Freedom. Cambridge University Press.
Hall, P. A., & Fong, G. T. (2007). Temporal self-regulation theory: A model for individual health behavior. Health Psychology Review, 1(1), 6-52.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Cengage Learning.
Helliwell, J. F., Layard, R., & Sachs, J. (Eds.). (2019). World happiness report 2019. Sustainable Development Solutions Network.
Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Witt, A. A., & Oh, D. (2010). The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(2), 169-183. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018555
Huang, H., & Humphreys, B. R. (2012). Sports participation and happiness: Evidence from US microdata. Journal of Economic Psychology, 33(4), 776-793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2012.02.007
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Iso-Ahola, S. E., & Baumeister, R. F. (2023). Journal of Leisure and meaning in life. Frontiers in psychology, 14, 1074649.
Iwasaki, Y., & Mannell, R. C. (2000). Hierarchical dimensions of leisure stress coping. Leisure sciences, 22(3), 163-181.
Iwasaki, Y. (2006). Counteracting stress through leisure coping: A prospective health study. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 11(2), 209-220. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548500500203425
Iwasaki, Y. (2007). Leisure and quality of life in an international and multicultural context: What are major pathways linking leisure to quality of life? Social Indicators Research, 82(2), 233-264.
Jex, S. M., & Elacqua, T. C. (1999). Time management as a moderator of relations between stressors and employee strain. Work & Stress, 13(2), 182-191.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(2), 144-156.
Kara, F. M., & Sarol, H. (2021). Level up the life!! Leisure involvement, basic psychological need satisfaction and life satisfaction among university students. Higher Education Studies, 11(4), 91–101.
Kaas, E. T., & İçigen, E. (2022). The relationship between Leisure satisfaction and life satisfaction: A meta-analysis study of years 1999-2019. Advances in Hospitality and Tourism Research (AHTR), 10 (4) 671-690. DOI: 10.30519/ahtr.952797
Kelly, J. R. (1983). Leisure identities and interactions. George Allen & Unwin.
Keyes, C. L. M., Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. D. (2002). Optimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 1007-1022.
Kleiber, D. A., Hutchinson, S. L., & Williams, R. (2002). Leisure as a resource in transcending negative life events: Self-protection, self-restoration, and personal transformation. Leisure Sciences, 24(2), 219-235.
Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Publications.
Kotrlik, J. & Higgins, C. (2001). Organizational research: Determining appropriate sample size in survey research. Information technology, learning, and performance journal, 19(1), 43.
Kuykendall, L., Tay, L., & Ng, V. (2015). Leisure engagement and subjective well-being: A meta-analysis. Psychological bulletin, 141(2), 364. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038508
Kubey, R. W., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Television and the quality of life: How viewing shapes everyday experience. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Köksal, B., & Topkaya, N. (2021). Üniversite öğrencilerinin yaşadığı sorunlar ve sorun alanlarının depresyon, anksiyete ve stresle ilişkisi [The relationship between problems and problem areas experienced by university students and depression, anxiety, and stress]. Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(2), 926-949.
Lykken, D., & Tellegen, A. (1996). Happiness is a stochastic phenomenon. Psychological Science, 7(3), 186-189.
Misra, R., & McKean, M. (2000). College students’ academic stress and its relation to their anxiety, time management, and leisure satisfaction. American Journal of Health Studies, 16(1), 41-51.
Molina-García, J., Castillo, I., & Queralt, A. (2011). Leisure-time physical activity and psychological well-being in university students. Psychological reports, 109(2), 453-460.
Neulinger, J. (1981). The psychology of leisure. Charles C. Thomas.
Newman, D. B., Tay, L., & Diener, E. (2014). Leisure and subjective well-being: A model of psychological mechanisms as mediating factors. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15(3), 555-578. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-013-9435-x
Nurlena, N., Taufiq, R., & Musadad, M. (2021). The socio-cultural impacts of rural tourism development: A case study of Tanjung Tourist Village in Sleman Regency. Jurnal Kawistara, 11(1), 62-74.
Özel, Y., Türkleş, S., & Erdoğan, S. (2020). Investigation of mental state in university students. Jaren, 6(2), 220-228.
Özavcı, R., & Özdayı, N. (2023). The mediating role of happiness in the effect of leisure boredom perception on life satisfaction. Research on Leisure, 11(2), 45–62.
Purrington, A., & Hickerson, B. (2013). Leisure as a cross-cultural concept. World Leisure Journal, 55(2), 125-137.
Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. Simon & Schuster.
Ragheb, M. G., & Beard, J. G. (1982). Measuring leisure attitude. Journal of leisure Research, 14(2), 155-167.
Beard, J. G., & Ragheb, M. G. (1980). Measuring leisure satisfaction. Journal of leisure Research, 12(1), 20-33.
Deci, E. L., Olafsen, A. H., & Ryan, R. M. (2017). Self-determination theory in work organizations: The state of a science. Annual review of organizational psychology and organizational behavior, 4, 19-43.
Ryan, R. M., Rigby, C. S., & Przybylski, A. (2006). The motivational pull of video games: A self-determination theory approach. Motivation and emotion, 30(4), 344-360.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68-78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual review of psychology, 52(1), 141-166.
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069-1081. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069
Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719-727. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719
Sarıkan, S. (2023). Üniversite öğrencilerinin duygusal zekâ, bilişsel esneklik ve psikolojik iyi oluş düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi (Master’s thesis, Necmettin Erbakan University (Turkey)).
Schwartz, B. (2004). The paradox of choice: Why more is less. Harper Collins.
Seligman, M. E. P., Steen, T. A., Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2005). Positive psychology progress: Empirical validation of interventions. American Psychologist, 60(5), 410-421. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.60.5.410
Sheldon, K. M., & Elliot, A. J. (1999). Goal striving, need satisfaction, and longitudinal well-being: The self-concordance model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(3), 482-497. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.3.482
Stebbins, R. A. (1997). Serious leisure and well-being. University of Calgary Press.
Stebbins, R. A. (2007). Serious leisure: A perspective for our time. Transaction Publishers.
Telef, B. B. (2013). The adaptation of psychological well-being into Turkish: A validity and reliability study. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 28(3), 374-384.
Terzi, E., Isik, U., Inan, B. C., Akyildiz, C., & Ustun, U. D. (2024). University students’ free time management and quality of life: the mediating role of leisure satisfaction. BMC psychology, 12(1), 239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-010-9217-6
Tinsley, H. E. A., & Tinsley, D. J. (1986). A theory of the attributes, benefits, and causes of leisure experience. Leisure Sciences, 8(1), 1-45.
Trainor, S., Delfabbro, P., Anderson, S., & Winefield, A. H. (2010). Leisure activities and adolescent psychological well-being. Journal of Adolescence, 33(1), 173-186.
Tyack, A., & Mekler, E. D. (2024). Self-determination theory and HCI games research: Unfulfilled promises and unquestioned paradigms. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 31(3), 1-74.
Veblen, T. (1899). The theory of the leisure class: An economic study of institutions. Macmillan.
Wang, W. C., Kao, C. H., Huan, T. C., & Wu, C. C. (2011). Free time management contributes to better quality of life: A study of undergraduate students in Taiwan. Journal of happiness studies, 12, 561-573.
Yaşartürk, F., Elçi, G., Kural, S., & Keskin, Y. (2024). Analysis of the relationship between leisure satisfaction and life satisfaction among students participating in outdoor recreational activities. Physical Education of Students, 28(6), 371–381.
Zawadzki, M. J., Smyth, J. M., & Costigan, H. J. (2015). Real-time associations between engaging in leisure and daily health and well-being. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 49(4), 605-615. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-014-9654-3
Zhong, T. (2024). Physical activity motivations and psychological well-being among university students: a canonical correlation analysis. Frontiers in Public Health, 12, 1442632. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1442632

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Rekreasyon, Tatil ve Turizm Coğrafyası, Turizm Sosyolojisi

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yazarlar

Sanaz Tamimzadeh ^*
0009-0005-4471-3031
Türkiye

Çağıl Hale Özel
0000-0002-4898-0867
Türkiye

Yayımlanma Tarihi

1 Temmuz 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

9 Nisan 2025

Kabul Tarihi

19 Mayıs 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1

DOI

https://doi.org/10.53601/tourismandrecreation.1672866

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA74SK98YK

APA

Tamimzadeh, S., & Özel, Ç. H. (2026). Determining the Effect of Leisure Time Management on Psychological Well-Being: The Case of Anadolu University Students. Tourism and Recreation, 8(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.53601/tourismandrecreation.1672866

AMA

1.Tamimzadeh S, Özel ÇH. Determining the Effect of Leisure Time Management on Psychological Well-Being: The Case of Anadolu University Students. TO&RE. 2026;8(1):1-13. doi:10.53601/tourismandrecreation.1672866

Chicago

Tamimzadeh, Sanaz, ve Çağıl Hale Özel. 2026. “Determining the Effect of Leisure Time Management on Psychological Well-Being: The Case of Anadolu University Students”. Tourism and Recreation 8 (1): 1-13. https://doi.org/10.53601/tourismandrecreation.1672866.

EndNote

Tamimzadeh S, Özel ÇH (01 Temmuz 2026) Determining the Effect of Leisure Time Management on Psychological Well-Being: The Case of Anadolu University Students. Tourism and Recreation 8 1 1–13.

IEEE

[1]S. Tamimzadeh ve Ç. H. Özel, “Determining the Effect of Leisure Time Management on Psychological Well-Being: The Case of Anadolu University Students”, TO&RE, c. 8, sy 1, ss. 1–13, Tem. 2026, doi: 10.53601/tourismandrecreation.1672866.

ISNAD

Tamimzadeh, Sanaz - Özel, Çağıl Hale. “Determining the Effect of Leisure Time Management on Psychological Well-Being: The Case of Anadolu University Students”. Tourism and Recreation 8/1 (01 Temmuz 2026): 1-13. https://doi.org/10.53601/tourismandrecreation.1672866.

JAMA

1.Tamimzadeh S, Özel ÇH. Determining the Effect of Leisure Time Management on Psychological Well-Being: The Case of Anadolu University Students. TO&RE. 2026;8:1–13.

MLA

Tamimzadeh, Sanaz, ve Çağıl Hale Özel. “Determining the Effect of Leisure Time Management on Psychological Well-Being: The Case of Anadolu University Students”. Tourism and Recreation, c. 8, sy 1, Temmuz 2026, ss. 1-13, doi:10.53601/tourismandrecreation.1672866.

Vancouver

1.Sanaz Tamimzadeh, Çağıl Hale Özel. Determining the Effect of Leisure Time Management on Psychological Well-Being: The Case of Anadolu University Students. TO&RE. 01 Temmuz 2026;8(1):1-13. doi:10.53601/tourismandrecreation.1672866

24661

Tourism and Recreation tarafından yayınlanan eserler Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Lisence ile lisanslanmaktadır.

Boş Zaman Yönetiminin Psikolojik İyi Oluşa Etkisinin Belirlenmesi: Anadolu Üniversitesi Öğrencileri Örneği

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

Determining the Effect of Leisure Time Management on Psychological Well-Being: The Case of Anadolu University Students

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

Konular

Bölüm

Yazarlar

Yayımlanma Tarihi

Gönderilme Tarihi

Kabul Tarihi

Yayımlandığı Sayı

DOI

IZ

Kaynak Göster