Ekorekreatif Tutum Ölçeği Geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve Güvenilirlik Çalışması

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 34 - 54, 30.06.2021

Üzeyir Kement , Suat Karaküçük , Sinan Çavuşoğlu

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı ekorekreasyon alanında bireylerin tutumlarını açıklamakta kullanılmak üzere ekorekreatif tutum ölçeğinin geliştirilmesidir. Ölçek geliştirme sürecinde delfi formu, odak grup görüşmeleri, madde sadeleştirme (test) ve madde doğrulama (tekrar test) aşamaları kullanılmıştır. Madde sadeleştirme sürecinde 391 katılımcıya anket formu uygulanmış ve elde edilen veriler yardımıyla SPSS istatistik programında yapı, uyum ve ayrım geçerliği ile güvenirlik testleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Madde doğrulama sürecinde çevresel kaygı, çevresel bilgi, çevresel farkındalık ve çevresel inanç değişkenleri kullanılarak araştırma modeli geliştirilmiştir. Araştırma modeli Smart (PLS-SEM) istatistik programında analize tabi tutulmuştur. Ölçeklerin yapısı doğrulayıcı tetrad analizi ile reflektif olarak belirlenmiş ve bu bağlamda kovaryans bazlı (CB-SEM) analiz yöntemlerinden cPLS-SEM kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada kullanılan değişkenler ölçüm modeli ve yapısal değerlendirmeye tabi tutulduktan sonra yapısal eşitlik modellemesi yardımıyla analiz edilmiştir. Ekorekreatif tutum ölçeği duyuşsal, bilişsel ve davranışsal olmak üzere üç alt faktöre ayrılmıştır. Duyuşsal tutum 5, bilişsel tutum 7 ve davranışsal tutum ise 10 ifadeden oluşmaktadır. Yapısal eşitlik modellemesi sonuçlarına göre; çevresel bilgi, çevresel farkındalık ve çevresel inancın duyuşsal, bilişsel ve davranışsal tutumu olumlu yönde etkilemektedir. Diğer yandan çevresel kaygı bilişsel ve davranışsal tutumu olumlu yönde etkilerken, duyuşsal tutumu olumlu yönde etkilememektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ekorekreatif tutum, Ekorekreasyon, Ekolojik rekreasyon, Ekoloji, Ölçek geliştirme

Destekleyen Kurum

Bingöl Üniversitesi

Proje Numarası

BAP-SBMYO.2018.00.00

Ecorecreative Attitude Scale Development: Validity and Reliability Study

Öz

The aim of this research is to develop an ecorecreative attitude scale to explain the attitudes of individuals in the field of eco-recreation. During the scale development process, the Delphi form, focus group interviews, item simplification (test) and item verification (re-test) stages were used. In the item simplification process, a questionnaire form was applied to 391 participants, and with the help of the data obtained, the structure, convergent, discrimination validity and reliability tests were performed in the SPSS statistics program. In the item verification process, a research model was developed by using the variables of environmental concern, environmental knowledge, environmental awareness and environmental belief. The research model was analyzed in the Smart (PLS-SEM) statistics program. The structure of the scales was determined reflectively by confirmatory tetrad analysis, and in this context, cPLS-SEM, one of the covariance-based (CB-SEM) analysis methods, was used. After the variables used in the study were subjected to measurement model and structural evaluation, they were analyzed with the help of structural equation modeling. The ecorecreative attitude scale is divided into three sub-factors: affective, cognitive and behavioral. Affective attitude consists of 5 items, cognitive attitude 7 and behavioral attitude consists of 10 items. When structural equation modeling examines the results; environmental knowledge, environmental awareness and environmental belief affect affective, cognitive and behavioral attitudes positively. On the other hand, it was concluded that while environmental concern positively affected cognitive and behavioral attitude, it did not have a significant positive effect on affective attitude.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ecorecreative attitude, Eco-recreation, Ecological recreation, Ecology, scale development

Proje Numarası

BAP-SBMYO.2018.00.00

Kaynakça

• Abdi, H. (2003). Partial least square regression (PLS regression). Encyclopedia for research methods for the social sciences, 6(4), 792-795.
• Ajzen, I. (1991). The Theory Of Planned Behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211.
• Ajzen, I. (1985). From Intentions to Actions: A Theory of Planned Behavior. İçinde, J. Kuhl & J. Beckman (Eds.), Action Control, From Cognition to Behaviour, Springer- Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, ss. 11-39.
• Ajzen, I. & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding Attitude and Predicting Social Behavior. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
• Alwitt, L., & Berger, I. (1993). Understanding the Link between Environmental Attitudes and Consumer Product Usage: Measuring the Moderating Role of Attitude Strength, İçinde: L. McAlister ve M. Rothschild (eds.) Advances in Consumer Research, cilt, 20. Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research, ss. 189-194.
• Argan, M., (2016). Boş Zaman ve Rereasyon Pazarlaması. İçinde, S. Karaküçük (Ed.), Rekreasyon Bilimi (ss. 201-240). Ankara: Gazi Kitap Evi.
• Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological bulletin, 103(3), 411.
• Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 16(1), 74-94.
• Banerjee, B., & McKeage, K. (1994). How green is my value: exploring the relationship between environmentalism and materialism. İçinde: C. T. Allen, ve D. R. John (Eds.), Advances in consumer research (ss. 147–152). Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research.
• Bayram, A. (2017). Rekreasyonel yerel parkların sahip olması gereken özelliklerin uzman görüşlerine göre belirlenmesi: Eskişehir ili örneği (yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi), Anadolu Üniversitesi.
• Berns, G. N. & Simpson, S. (2009). Outdoor Recreation Participation and Environmental Concern: A Research Summary. Journal of Experiential Education, 32(1), 79-91.
• Blake, D. E., Guppy, N., & Urmetzer, P. (1997). Canadian public opinion and environmental action. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 30, 451–472.
• Brown, P. (2016). The Benefits of Leisure and Recreation. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 34(4), 103-105.
• Burdge, R. (1961). The development of a leisure orientation scale. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University.
• Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2002). Faktör analizi: Temel kavramlar ve ölçek geliştirmede kullanımı. Kuram ve uygulamada eğitim yönetimi, 32(32), 470-483.
• Byers, P. Y., & Wilcox, J. R. (1991). Focus groups: A qualitative opportunity for researchers. The Journal of Business Communication, 28(1), 63-78.
• Byrne, B. M. (1994). Structural equation modeling with EQS and EQS/Windows: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Sage Yayıncılık.
• Campbell, L. K., Svendsen, E. S., Sonti, N. F. & Johnson, M. L. (2016). A social assessment of urban parkland: Analyzing park use and meaning to inform management and resilience planning. Environmental Science and Policy, 62, 34-44.
• Chen, M., & Tung, P., 2014. Developing an extended theory of planned behavior modelto predict consumers’ intention to visit green hotels. IJHM 36, 221–230.
• Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. Modern methods for business research, 295(2), 295-336.
• Chin, W. W., & Todd, P. A. (1995). On the use, usefulness, and ease of use of structural equation modeling in MIS research: A note of caution. MIS quarterly, 237-246.
• Chiu, Y.H., Lee, W., & Chen, T. (2014). Environmentally responsible behavior in eco-tourism: exploring the role of destination image and value perception. AsiaPacific J. Tourism Res. 19(8), 876–889.
• Choi, H. C., & Sirakaya, E. (2005). Measuring residents’ attitude toward sustainable tourism: Development of sustainable tourism attitude scale. Journal of Travel Research, 43(4), 380–394.
• Churchill Jr, G. A. (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of marketing research, 16(1), 64-73.
• Coan, R. W. (1959). A comparison of oblique and orthogonal factor solutions. The Journal of Experimental Education, 27(3), 151-166.
• Cohen, J. (1988). Set correlation and contingency tables. Applied psychological measurement, 12(4), 425-434.
• Cornwell, T., ve Schwepker, C. (1995). Ecologically Concerned Consumers and their Product Purchases . In: M. Polonsky and A. Mintu-Wimsatt (eds.) Environmental Marketing: Strategies, Practice, Theory and Research . New York: The Haworth Press, pp. 119-153.
• Cotgrove S. (1982). Catastrophe or cornucopia: the environment, politics, and thefuture. New York: Wiley.
• Crandall, R., & Slivken, K. (1980). Leisure attitudes and their measurement. In S. E. Iso-Ahoda (Ed.), Social psychological perspectives and recreation (pp. 261–284). Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
• Çetinkaya, G. (2011). Türkiye’de Rerkreasyon Alanında Yapılan Lisansüstü Tezlerin İncelenmesi; 1985–2010 Dönemi. Sport Sciences, 6(1), 13-24.
• Çokluk, Ö., YILMAZ, K., & Ebru, O. Ğ. U. Z. (2011). Nitel bir görüşme yöntemi: Odak grup görüşmesi. Kuramsal Eğitimbilim Dergisi, 4(1), 95-107.
• Demo, G., Neiva, E. R., Nunes, I., & Rozzett, K. (2012). Human resources management policies and practices scale (HRMPPS): Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. BAR-Brazilian Administration Review, 9(4), 395-420.
• Dietz, T., Stern, P. C., & Guagnano, G. A. (1998). Social structural and social psychological bases of environmental concern. Environment and behavior, 30(4), 450-471.
• Dijkstra, T. K., & Henseler, J. (2015). Consistent partial least squares path modeling. MIS quarterly, 39(2), 297-316.
• Dunlap, Riley & Van Liere, Kent (1978). The ‘new environmental paradigm’: A proposed measuring instrument and preliminary results. Journal o f Environmental Education, 9(4), 10-19.
• Dunlap, R. E., Van Liere, K. D., Mertig, A. G., & Jones, R. E. (2000). New trends in measuring environmental attitudes: measuring endorsement of the new ecological paradigm: a revised NEP scale. Journal of social issues, 56(3), 425-442.
• Ebreo, A., Hershey, J.,&Vining, J. (1999). Reducing solid waste. Linking recycling to environmentally responsible consumerism. Environment and Behavior, 31, 107–135.
• Edginton, C. R., DeGraaf, D. G., Dieser, D.B. ve Edginton, S. R. (2006). Leisure and LifeSatisfaction: Foundational Perspectives. Fourht Edition.
• Edmunds, H. 2000, “The Focus Group Research Handbook”, New York: McGraw-Hill.
• Eisen, M., Ware Jr, J. E., Donald, C. A., & Brook, R. H. (1979). Measuring components of children’s health status. Medical Care, 902-921.
• Fietkau, H. J. and Kessel, H. (1981). Umweltlernen: Veraenderungsmoeglichkeiten des Umweltbewusstseins. Modell-Erfahrungen (Koenigstein, Hain).
• Fishbein, M., and Ajzen I. (1975). Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.
• Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of marketing research, 18(1), 39-50.
• Fujii, S. (2006). Environmental concern, attitude toward frugality, and ease of behavior as determinants of pro-environmental behavior intentions. Journal of environmental psychology, 26(4), 262-268.
• Gibbs, A. (1997). Focus groups. Social research update, 19(8), 1-8.
• Gorsuch, R. L. (1990). Common factor analysis versus component analysis: Some well and little known facts. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25(1), 33-39.
• Goss, J. D., & Leinbach, T. R. (1996). Focus groups as alternative research practice: experience with transmigrants in Indonesia. Area, 115-123.
• Gudergan, S. P., Ringle, C. M., Wende, S., & Will, A. (2008). Confirmatory tetrad analysis in PLS path modeling. Journal of business research, 61(12), 1238-1249.
• Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & William, C. (1998). Black (1998). Multivariate data analysis, 5, 87-135.
• Hair, J. F. J., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis Seventh Edition Prentice Hall.
• Hair Jr, J. F., Matthews, L. M., Matthews, R. L., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). PLS-SEM or CB-SEM: updated guidelines on which method to use. International Journal of Multivariate Data Analysis, 1(2), 107-123.
• Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European business review.
• Han, H., Hsu, L. T. J., & Sheu, C. (2010). Application of the theory of planned behavior to green hotel choice: Testing the effect of environmental friendly activities. Tourism management, 31(3), 325-334.
• Han, H., & Yoon, H. J. (2015). Hotel customers’ environmentally responsible behavioral intention: Impact of key constructs on decision in green consumerism. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 45, 22-33.
• Hartmann, P., & Apaolaza-Ibáñez, V. (2012). Consumer attitude and purchase intention toward green energy brands: The roles of psychological benefits and environmental concern. Journal of business Research, 65(9), 1254-1263.
• Henseler, J., Dijkstra, T. K., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., Diamantopoulos, A., Straub, D. W., ... & Calantone, R. J. (2014). Common beliefs and reality about PLS: Comments on Rönkkö and Evermann (2013). Organizational research methods, 17(2), 182-209.
• Hines, J. M., Hungerford, H. R., ve Tomera, A. N. (1986). Analysis and Synthesis of Research on Responsible Environmental Behavior: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Environmental Education, 18(2), 1-8.
• Hung, K., Sirakaya-Turk, E., & Ingram, L. J. (2011). Testing the efficacy of an integrative model for community participation. Journal of Travel Research, 50(3), 276–288.
• İslamoğlu, A. (2011). Hamdi: Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri, 2. Bs., İstanbul, Beta Basım AŞ.
• İslamoğlu, A. H., & Alnıaçık, Ü. (2016). Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri: Beta Yayıncılık.
• Johnson, R. A., & Wichern, D. W. (2002). Applied multivariate statistical analysis (Vol. 5, No. 8). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice hall. Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31-36.
• Kaiser, F. G. ve Fuhrer, U. (2003). Ecological behavior's dependency on different forms of knowledge. Applied Psychology, 52(4), 598-613.
• Kaiser, F. G., Ranney, M., Hartig, T. ve Bowler, P. A. (1999). Ecological Behavior, Environmental Attitude, and Feelings of Responsibility for the Environment. European Psychologist, 4(2), 59-74.
• Kalafatis, S. P., Pollard, M., East, R., & Tsogas, M. H. (1999). Green marketing and Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior: a cross-market examination. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 16(5), 441–460.
• Karaküçük, S. (1999), Rekreasyon-Boş Zaman Değerlendirme, Üçüncü Basım, Ankara: Bağırgan Yayınevi.
• Karaküçük, S. ve Akgül, B. M. (2016). Ekorekreasyon- Rekreasyon ve Çevre, Gazi Kitap Evi, Ankara, 1. Baskı.
• Karaman, A. 1996, “Sürdürülebilir Turizm Planlaması İçin Ekolojik Bir Çerçeve, Sürdürülebilir Turizm; Turizm Planlamasına Ekolojik Yaklaşım”, 19. Dünya Şehircilik Günü Kolokyumu, Mimar Sinan Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
• Kaypak, Ş. 2010, “Ekolojik Turizmin Sürdürülebilirliği”, Uluslararası Alanya İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(2).
• Kellert, S. R. (1984). Urban American perceptions of animals and the natural environment. Urban Ecology, 8, 209-228.
• Kement, Ü. (2019). Ecorecreation, İçinde, İ. Yazıcıoğlu, Ö. Yayla, & A. Solunoğlu (Edt). Current Issues in Tourism and Hospitality Management.(ss. 238-241). SRA Academic Publishing, Litvanya.
• Kement, Ü. 2015, “Doğaya yönelik gerçekleştirilen rekreatif etkinliklerde tüketicilerin çevre dostu rekreasyon davranışlarının incelenmesi: kamping örneği”, Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü; Rekreasyon Yönetimi Ana Bilim Dalı.
• Keskin, U. ve Bayram, A. (2019). Aylak Birey Davranışlarının Çağdaş Biçimi: Elektronik Aylaklık. Anadolu Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(1), 1-24.
• Keskin, U. ve Bayram, A. (2018). Rekreatif Aktivitelerin Tüketim Ürünleri Sınıflandırması Bağlamında Değerlendirilmesi. Sportif Bakış: Spor ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 1-13.
• Kilbourne, W. E., Beckmann, S. C., & Thelen, E. (2002). The role of the dominant social paradigm in environmental attitudes: A multinational examination. Journal of business Research, 55(3), 193-204.
• Kilbourne, W., & Pickett, G. (2008). How materialism affects environmental beliefs, concern, and environmentally responsible behavior. Journal of Business Research, 61(9), 885-893.
• Kim, Y., ve Han, H. (2010). Intention to pay conventional-hotel prices at a green hotel– a modification of the theory of planned behavior. J. Sustain. Tourism 18 (8),997–1014.
• Kinnear, T., Taylor, J., ve Ahmed, S. (1974). Ecologically concerned consumers: Who are they?. Journal of Marketing, 38(2), 20-24.
• Kitzinger, J. (1995). Qualitative research: introducing focus groups. Bmj, 311(7000), 299-302.
• Kollmuss, A. ve Agyeman, J. (2002). Mind the Gap: Why Do People Act Environmentally and What Are the Barriers to Pro-Environmental Behavior? Environmental Education Research, 8(3), 239-260.
• Kruk, J. (2007). Lifetime physical activity and the risk of breast cancer: A case–control study. Cancer detection and prevention, 31(1), 18-28
• Kurtuluş, K. (2010). Araştırma yöntemleri. Türkmen Kitabevi.
• Kvasova, O. (2011). Socio-demographic determinants of eco-friendly tourist attitudes and behaviour. Tourism Today, 11, 73–95.
• Laroche, M., Bergeron, J., & Barbaro-Forleo, G. (2001). Targeting consumers who are willing to pay more for environmentally friendly products. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 18(6), 503–520.
• Latif, S. A., Omar, M. S., Bidin, Y. H. ve Awang, Z. (2013). Role of Environmental Knowledge in Creating Pro-Environmental Residents. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 105, 866-874.
• Lee, M.-J., Kim, M.-L., & Kim, D.-J. (2006). An examination of the factor structure of the leisure attitude scale with sports-leisure participants. The Korean Journal of Physical Education, 45(2), 77–86.
• Leiserowitz, A., Maibach, E., Roser-Renouf, C., & Smith, N. (2011). Global warming’s six Americas, May 2011. NewHaven, CT: Yale University and GeorgeMason University. Yale Project on Climate Change Communication. https://www.climatechangecommunication.org/
• Leitner, M. J. ve Leitner, S. F. (2004). Leisure enhancement (3. Edition). New York: The Haworth Press.
• Lewin, K. (1939). Field theory and experiment in Social Psychology: Concepts and Methods, American Journal of Sociology, 44(6), 868-896.
• MacCallum, R. C., Roznowski, M., & Necowitz, L. B. (1992). Model modifications in covariance structure analysis: the problem of capitalization on chance. Psychological bulletin, 111(3), 490.
• MacIntosh, J. A. (1993). Focus groups in distance nursing education. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 18(12), 1981-1985.
• Maloney, M. P., & Ward, M. P. (1973). Ecology: let’s hear it from the people. An objective scale for measurement of ecological attitudes and knowledge. American Psychologist, 28, 583–586.
• Maloney, M. P., Ward, M. P., & Braucht, G. N. (1975). Psychology in action: a revised scale for the measurement of ecological attitudes and knowledge. American Psychologist, 30, 787–790.
• Manaktola, K., & Jauhari, V. (2007). Exploring consumer attitude and behavior towards green practices in the lodging industry in India. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 19(5), 364–377.
• Mclean, D.D., Hurd, A.R. ve Rogers, N.B. (2005). Recreation and Leisure in Modern Society, USA:Johns and Bartlett Publishers.
• McLean. D.J., Yoder, D.G. (2005). Issues in Recreation and Leisure. Etnical Decision Making, USA: Human Kinetics.
• Milfont, T. L., & Duckitt, J. (2010). The environmental attitudes inventory: A valid and reliable measure to assess the structure of environmental attitudes. Journal of environmental psychology, 30(1), 80-94.
• Mobley, T. A. (2006). Yerel Yönetimlerin Halkın Rekreasyon ve Park İhtiyaç ve Hizmetlerini Karşılamadaki Rolü. Yerel Yönetimler ve Sağlıklı Kentler Sempozyumu. Eskişehir.
• Montano, D. E., and Kasprzyk, D. (2015). Theory of Reasoned Action, Theory of Planned Behavior, and the Integrated Behavioral Model. Health Behavior: Theory, Research And Practice, 4, 95-124.
• Morgan, D. L. (1997). Planning and research design for focus groups. Focus groups as qualitative research, 16.
• Mull, R. F., Bayless, K. G. ve Jamieson, L. M. (2005). Recreational sport management.
• Nakip, M. (2008). Pazarlama araştırmalarına giriş. Seçkin Yayınları, Ankara.
• Neulinger, J., & Breit, M. (1969). Attitude dimensions of leisure. Journal of Leisure Research, 1(3), 255–261.
• Nikolaeva, J. V., Bogoliubova, N. M., & Shirin, S. S. (2015). Ecological tourism in the state image policy structure. Experience and problems of modern Russia. Current Issues in Tourism. doi:10.1080/13683500.2015.1100588
• Nitzl, C. (2016). The use of partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) in management accounting research: Directions for future theory development. Journal of Accounting Literature, 37, 19-35.
• Nunnally, J. C. (1979). Psychometric rheory: 2nd edn. Appl Psychol Meas, 3, 279-280.
• O’Connor, R. E., Bord, R. J., & Fisher, A. (1999). Risk perceptions, general environmental beliefs, and willingness to address climate change. Risk Analysis, 19, 461–471.
• Orel, F. D. ve Yavuz, M. C. (2003). Rekreasyonel turizmde müşteri potansiyelinin belirlenmesine yönelik bir pilot çalışma. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 11(11).
• Özer, E. Z. ve Çavuşoğlu, F. (2014). Rekreasyonel Bir Faaliyet Olarak Yerel Etkinliklerin Kırsal Turizme Etkisi. International Journal of Science Culture and Sport. 2 (191-202).
• Paco, A., ve Raposo, M. (2009). Green segmentation: an application to the Portugueseconsumer market. Market. Intell. Plan. 27 (3), 364–379.
• Page, S. J. ve Connell, J. (2010). Leisure an intruduction. Edinburg: Prentice Hall.
• Parr, M. G. ve Lashua, B. D. (2004). What is leisure? The perceptions of recreation practitioners and others. Leisure Sciences, 26(1), 1-17.
• Paykoç, F., & Ok, A. (1990). Delfi tekniği ile Türk eğitim sistemindeki bazı problemlerin incelenmesi. Eğitim ve Bilim, 14(75).
• Prayag, G., Dookhony-Ramphul, K., & Maryeven, M. (2010). Hotel development and tourism impacts in Mauritius: Hoteliers' perspectives on sustainable tourism. Development Southern Africa, 27(5), 697–712.
• Ragheb, M. G., & Beard, J. G. (1982).Measuring leisure attitude. Journal of Leisure Research, 14(2), 155–167.
• Ravand, H., & Baghaei, P. (2016). Partial least squares structural equation modeling with R. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 21(1), 11.
• Roberts, J. A., & Bacon, D. R. (1997). Exploring the subtle relationships between environmental concern and ecologically conscious consumer behavior. Journal of Business Research, 40, 79–89.
• Ryan, A. M., & Spash, C. L. (2008). Measuring “awareness of environmental consequences”: Two scales and two interpretations.
• Schuhwerk, M. ve Lefkokk-Hagius, R. (1995). Green or nongreen? Does type of appeal matter when advertising a green product?. Journal of Advertising, 24, 45-55.
• Schultz, P. W. & Oskamp, S. (1996) Effort as a moderator of the attitude-behavior relationship: general environmental concern and recycling, Social Psychology Quarterly, 59, 375–383.
• Schultz, P. W.,& Zelezny, L. C. (1998). Values and proenvironmental behavior:Afive-country survey. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29, 540–558.
• Sirakaya-Turk, E., & Gursoy, D. (2013). Predictive validity of sustas. Tourism Analysis, 18(5), 601–605.
• Sönmez-Çakır, F. (2019). Kısmi En Küçük Kareler Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi (PLS-SEM) ve Bir Uygulama. Sosyal Araştırmalar ve Davranış Bilimleri, 5(9), 111-128.
• Stebbins, R.A. (2007). A perspective for our time serious leisure. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.
• Stern, P. C. (2000). New environmental theories: toward a coherent theory of environmentally significant behavior. Journal of social issues, 56(3), 407-424.
• Stern, P. C., Dietz, T., & Guagnano, G. A. (1995). The new ecological paradigm in social-psychological context. Environment and behavior, 27(6), 723-743.
• Tenenhaus, M., Vinzi, V. E., Chatelin, Y. M., & Lauro, C. (2005). PLS path modeling. Computational statistics & data analysis, 48(1), 159-205.
• Tez, Ö., Doğan, Ö., Yavaş, Ö., Erkaya, E., Tavazar, H. ve Güzel, P. (2014). Yerel Yönetimlerde Serbest Zaman ve Rekreasyon Hizmetleri (İzmir İli Örneği). International Journal of Science Culture and Sport. 1 (511-524).
• Torkildsen, G. (2005). Leisure and recreation management. Psychology Press.
• Torkildsen, G. (1992). Leisure and Recreation Management. London: E&FN.
• Ural, A., & Kiliç, İ. (2005). Bilimsel araştırma süreci ve SPSS ile veri analizi.
• Verloop, J., Rookus, M. A., van der Kooy, K. ve van Leeuwen, F. E. (2000). Physical activity and breast cancer risk in women aged 20-54 years. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 92(2), 128-135.
• Vlosky, R., Ozanne, L., ve Fontenot, R. (1999). A conceptual model of US consumer willingness-to-pay for environmental certifi ed wood products. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 16 (2), 122-140.
• Voorhees, C. M., Brady, M. K., Calantone, R., & Ramirez, E. (2016). Discriminant validity testing in marketing: an analysis, causes for concern, and proposed remedies. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 44(1), 119-134.
• Walker, G. J., Deng, J., & Chapman, R. (2007). Leisure attitudes: A follow-up study comparing Canadians, Chinese in Canada, and mainland Chinese. World Leisure Journal, 4(49), 207–215.
• Webster, F.E. (1975). Determining the characteristics of the socially conscious consumer. Journal of Consumer Research, 2(12), 188–196.
• Weigel, R., & Weigel, J. (1978). Environmental concern: the development of a measure. Environment and Behavior, 10, 3–15.
• Williams, S. (2003). Tourism and recreation. London: Prentice Hall.
• Wong, K. K. K. (2013). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) techniques using SmartPLS. Marketing Bulletin, 24(1), 1-32.
• Yaşlıoğlu, M. M. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde faktör analizi ve geçerlilik: Keşfedici ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizlerinin kullanılması. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 46, 74-85.
• Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2005). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
• Yu, C.-P. S., Chancellor, H. C., & Cole, S. T. (2009). Measuring residents’ attitudes toward sustainable tourism: A reexamination of the sustainable tourism attitude scale. Journal of Travel Research, 50(1), 57–63.
• Zhang, Y., Cole, S. T., & Chancellor, C. H. (2014). Facilitation of the SUS-TAS application with parsimony, predictive validity, and global interpretation examination. Journal of Travel Research, 54(6), 744–757.