Afet Sonrası Sosyal Hizmet Uygulamalarında Etik Hususlar

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 97 - 120

Burak Küsmez

Öz

Afetler, akut bir şekilde ortaya çıkabilen, maruz kalan insanların ve toplumların iyilik hallerini olumsuz etkileyen olaylardır. Sosyal hizmet meslek ve disiplini, afet sonrası uygulamalar yürütebilen ve bunu afetzedelerle doğrudan yapabilen ender meslek ve disiplinlerden biridir. Bu makale, afet sonrası uygulamaların niteliğini ve işlerliğini etkileyen, acil durumlarda göz ardı edilebilen etik hususları incelemektedir. Sosyal hizmet mesleğinin afetle olan ilişkisi açıklanmış ve sosyal hizmet uzmanlarının afet sonrası süreçte önemli görevlere sahip meslek elemanları oldukları vurgulanmıştır. Amerikan-Ulusal Sosyal Hizmet Uzmanları Derneği tarafından belirlenen etik sorumluluklar, sosyal hizmet meslek ve disiplininin uygulamalarında sıkça gündeme geldiği için bu çalışmada da etik çerçeve olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu çerçevede, afet sonrası durumda, afetzedelere sunulacak destekler ve yürütülecek mesleki uygulamalara ilişkin tartışmalarda bulunulmuştur. İnsanın onur ve değerinin gözetilmesi açısından oldukça önemli olan etik sorumluluklar, uygulamaya ilişkin nitelikleriyle de ön plana çıkarılmıştır. Bu makale, afet alanlarında görev yapan/yapacak sosyal hizmet uzmanlarının sahip oldukları bilgileri tazelemeleri ve hizmet alanlara yönelik korunması gereken değerlere ilişkin rehberlik etmesi amacıyla, uygulama-kuramın birbirinden ayrılmaz odağında kaleme alınmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

afet, sosyal hizmet, etik, afetzede

Ethical Issues in Post-Disaster Social Work Practices

Öz

Disasters are events that can occur acutely and negatively affect the well-being of exposed people and societies. Social work profession and discipline is one of the rare professions and disciplines that can carry out post-disaster practices and do this directly with disaster victims. This article examines ethical issues that may be overlooked in emergency situations, affecting the quality and operability of post-disaster practices. The relationship of the social work profession with the disaster is explained and it is emphasized that social workers are professionals who have important duties in the post-disaster process. Ethical responsibilities determined by the National Association of Social Workers were determined as the framework in this study as they are frequently brought up in the practices of the social work profession and discipline. In this context, discussions have been held regarding the support to be provided to disaster victims and the professional practices to be carried out in the post-disaster situation. Ethical responsibilities, which are very important in terms of protecting human dignity and value, have also been brought to the fore with their practical qualities. This article was written in the inseparable focus of practice and theory, in order to refresh the knowledge of social workers who are/will be working in disaster areas and to provide guidance regarding the values that need to be protected for those service-users.

Kaynakça

• Aacharya, R. P., Tiwari, S. ve Shrestha, T. M. (2017). Ethics in humanitarian services: report on the earthquake in Nepal. Indian Journal of Medical Ethics, 2(1), 25-29.
• Adams, R. (2003). Social Work and Empowerment (3. Ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
• Akabayashi, A. ve Hayashi, Y. (2012). Mandatory evacuation of residents during the Fukushima nuclear disaster: an ethical analysis. Journal of Public Health, 34(3), 348-351. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdr114
• Bauwens, J. ve Naturale, A. (2017). The role of social work in the aftermath of disasters and traumatic events. Clinical Social Work Journal, 45, 99-101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-017-0623-8
• Berkman, C. S., Turner, S. G., Cooper, M., Polnerow, D. ve Swartz, M. (2000). Sexual contact with clients: Assessment of social workers' attitudes and educational preparation. Social Work, 45(3), 223-235. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/45.3.223
• Bliss, D. L. ve Meehan, J. (2008). Blueprint for creating a social work-centered disaster relief initiative. Journal of Social Service Research, 34(3), 73-85. https://doi.org/10.1080/01488370802086401
• Breton, M. (1994). On the meaning of empowerment and empowerment-oriented social work practice. Social Work With Groups, 17(3), 23-37. https://doi.org/10.1300/J009v17n03_03
• Canda, E. R., Nakashima, M. ve Furman, L. D. (2004). Ethical considerations about spirituality in social work: Insights from a national qualitative survey. Families in Society, 85(1), 27-35. https://doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.256
• Cevizci, A. (2012). Felsefeye giriş. Say Yayınları.
• Civaner, M. M., Vatansever, K. ve Pala, K. (2017). Ethical problems in an era where disasters have become a part of daily life: A qualitative study of healthcare workers in Turkey. PLoS one, 12(3), e0174162. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174162
• Collingridge, M., Miller, S. ve Bowles, W. (2001). Privacy and confidentiality in social work. Australian Social Work, 54(2), 3-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/03124070108414319
• Collogan, L. K., Tuma, F., Dolan-Sewell, R., Borja, S. ve Fleischman, A. R. (2004). Ethical issues pertaining to research in the aftermath of disaster. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17, 363-372. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOTS.0000048949.43570.6a
• Commers, M. J., Morival, M. ve Devries, M. W. (2014). Toward best-practice post-disaster mental health promotion for children: Sri Lanka. Health Promotion International, 29(1), 165-170. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/das047
• Cooper, L., Briggs, L. ve Bagshaw, S. (2018). Postdisaster counselling: Personal, professional, and ethical issues. Australian Social Work, 71(4), 430-443. https://doi.org/10.1080/0312407X.2018.1492622
• Das, A. (2020). Social work, disasters and communities—challenging the boundaries of the profession. The British Journal of Social Work, 50(8), 2452-2465. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcaa214
• Dominelli, L. ve Ioakimidis, V. (2015). Social work on the frontline in addressing disasters, social problems and marginalization. International Social Work, 58(1), 3-6. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872814561402
• Ellis, K. (2007). Direct payments and social work practice: The significance of ‘street-level bureaucracy’in determining eligibility. British Journal of Social Work, 37(3), 405-422. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcm013
• Ezell, M. (1994). Advocacy practice of social workers. Families in Society, 75(1), 36-46. https://doi.org/10.1177/104438949407500104
• Fortune, A. E., Pearlingi, B. ve Rochelle, C. D. (1992). Reactions to termination of individual treatment. Social Work, 37(2), 171-178. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/37.2.171
• Freddolino, P. P., Moxley, D. P. ve Hyduk, C. A. (2004). A differential model of advocacy in social work practice. Families in Society, 85(1), 119-128. https://doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.241
• Geale, K. S. (2012). The ethics of disaster management. Disaster Prevention and Management: an International Journal, 21(4), 445-462. https://doi.org/10.1108/09653561211256152
• Gelman, S. R. (1992). Risk management through client access to case records. Social Work, 37(1), 73-79. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/37.1.73
• González, P. A., ve Gan, R. K. (2024). The evolution of humanitarian aid in disasters: Ethical implications and future challenges. Philosophies, 9(3), 62-72. https://doi.org/10.3390/philosophies9030062
• Gutheil, I. A. (1993). Rituals and termination procedures. Smith College Studies in Social Work, 63(2), 163-176. https://doi.org/10.1080/00377319309517384
• Harris, S. (2006). Disasters and dilemmas: aid agency recruitment and HRD in post-tsunami Sri Lanka. Human Resource Development International, 9(2), 291-298. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678860500522876
• Have, H. (2018). Disasters, vulnerability and human rights. D. P. O’Mathuna, V. Dranseika ve B. Gordijn (Ed.). Disasters: Core concepts and ethical theories içinde (ss. 157-174). Springer.
• Hossain, M. A. (2012). Community participation in disaster management: role of social work to enhance participation. Antrocom Online Journal of Anthropology, 9, 159-171. https://web.archive.org/web/20180422072225id_/http://www.antrocom.net/upload/sub/antrocom/090113/16-Antrocom.pdf
• Hunt, M., Pal, N. E., Schwartz, L. ve O’Mathúna, D. (2018). Ethical challenges in the provision of mental health services for children and families during disasters. Current Psychiatry Reports, 20, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-018-0917-8 International Committee of the Red Cross (1996). Code of conduct for the international red cross and red crescent movement and ngos in disaster relief. Erişim adresi: http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/misc/code-of-conduct-290296.htm.
• Javadian, R. (2007). Social work responses to earthquake disasters: A social work intervention in Bam, Iran. International Social Work, 50(3), 334-346. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872807076047
• Jang, L. J. ve LaMendola, W. F. (2007). Social work in natural disasters: The case of spirituality and post-traumatic growth. Advances in Social Work, 8(2), 305-316. https://doi.org/10.18060/208
• Joshi, P. T., Dalton, M. E. ve O'donnell, D. A. (2008). Ethical issues in local, national, and international disaster psychiatry. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 17(1), 165-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2007.07.010
• Khaji, A., Larijani, B., Ghodsi, S. M., Mohagheghi, M. A., Khankeh, H. R., Saadat, S., & Tabatabaei, S. M. (2019). Ethical considerations for living in temporary shelters (ie, camps) following a natural disaster. Archives of Bone and Joint Surgery, 7(5), 445-452.
• Ku, H. B., Ip, D. ve Xiong, Y. G. (2009). Social work in disaster intervention: Accounts from the grounds of Sichuan. China Journal of Social Work, 2(3), 145-149. https://doi.org/10.1080/17525090903211408
• La Cour, A. ve Højlund, H. (2008). Voluntary social work as a paradox. Acta Sociologica, 51(1), 41-54. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001699307086817
• Lateef, F. (2011). Ethical issues in disasters. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 26(4), 289-292. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X1100642X
• Lin, J. Y. ve Anderson-Shaw, L. (2009). Rationing of resources: Ethical issues in disasters and epidemic situations. Prehospital Disasters Medicine, 24(3), 215-221. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X00061331
• Lusk, M., Terrazas, S. ve Salcido, R. (2017). Critical cultural competence in social work supervision. Human Service Organizations: Management, Leadership & Governance, 41(5), 464-476. https://doi.org/10.1080/23303131.2017.1313801
• Mariaselvam, S. ve Gopichandran, V. (2016). The Chennai floods of 2015: Urgent need for ethical disaster management guidelines. Indian Journal of Medical Ethics, 1(2), 91-95. https://doi.org/10.20529/IJME.2016.025
• Mathbor, G. M. (2007). Enhancement of community preparedness for natural disasters: The role of social work in building social capital for sustainable disaster relief and management. International Social Work, 50(3), 357-369. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872807076049
• Maypole, D. E. (1986). Sexual harassment of social workers at work: Injustice within?. Social Work, 31(1), 29-34. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/31.1.29
• McGee, R. W. (2008). An economic and ethical analysis of the Katrina disaster. International Journal of Social Economics, 35(7), 546-557.
• Mhlanga, C., Muzingili, T. ve Mpambela, M. (2019). Natural disasters in Zimbabwe: The primer for social work intervention. African Journal of Social Work, 9(1), 46-54. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajsw/article/view/184232
• Mittendorf, S. H. ve Schroeder, J. (2004). Boundaries in social work: The ethical dilemma of social worker-client sexual relationships. Journal of Social Work Values and Ethics, 1(1), 2-9. 10.55521/10-001-100
• Moreno, J. ve Shaw, D. (2018). Women’s empowerment following disaster: a longitudinal study of social change. Natural Hazards, 92, 205-224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-018-3204-4
• Morgenshtern, M. ve Yu, N. (2020). Who owns the case recor)d? Client access to case records in Canadian social work practice. International Social Work, 63(3), 337-350. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872818790690
• Moylan, C. A. ve Wood, L. (2016). Sexual harassment in social work field placements: Prevalence and characteristics. Affilia, 31(4), 405-417. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109916644643
• National Association of Social Workers. (2021). Code of Ethics of National Association of Social Workers. NASW.
• Nhamo, G. ve Chikodzi, D. (2021). Cyclones in southern Africa. Springer.
• Nikku, B. R. (2015). Living through and responding to disasters: Multiple roles for social work. Social Work Education, 34(6), 601-606. https://doi.org/10.1080/02615479.2015.1090942
• O’Reilly, A. ve Garrett, P. M. (2019). ‘Playing the Game?’: The sexual harassment of female social workers across professional workspaces. International Social Work, 62(1), 105-118. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872817706410
• Palmer, N. ve Kaufman, M. (2003). The ethics of informed consent: Implications for multicultural practice. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 12(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1300/J051v12n01_01
• Peters, K. M., Sadler, G., Miller, E. ve Radovic, A. (2018). An electronic referral and social work protocol to improve access to mental health services. Pediatrics, 142(5), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-2417
• Pyles, L. (2007). Community organizing for post-disaster social development: Locating social work. International Social Work, 50(3), 321-333. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872807076044
• Rapeli, M. (2017). The role of social work in disaster management in Finland. Jyväskylä Studies Education, Psychology and Social Research, (596), 19-30. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-39-7227-1
• Reamer, F. G. (1987). Informed consent in social work. Social Work, 32(5), 425-429. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/32.5.425
• Reamer, F. G. (2013). Social work in a digital age: Ethical and risk management challenges. Social Work, 58(2), 163-172. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/swt003
• Reamer, F. 2018). Sosyal Hizmet Etiği ve Değerleri (Çev. Ed.: Hakan Acar). Nika Yayınevi.
• Satkoske, V. B., Kappel, D. A. ve DeVita, M. A. (2019). Disaster ethics: shifting priorities in an unstable and dangerous environment. Critical Care Clinics, 35(4), 717-725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2019.06.006
• Sim, T. ve He, M. (2024). Social work competence in disaster management: An integrative review. European Journal of Social Work, 27(1), 83-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691457.2022.2092455
• Simmons, C. S., Diaz, L., Jackson, V. ve Takahashi, R. (2008). NASW cultural competence indicators: A new tool for the social work profession. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 17(1), 4-20. 10.1080/15313200801904869
• Soliman, H. H. ve Rogge, M. E. (2002). Ethical considerations in disaster services: A social work perspective. Electron. Journal of Social Work, 1, 1-21. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=7c3069afc4eb4303131fb747907562d73aab781c
• Sosin, M. ve Caulum, S. (1983). Advocacy: A conceptualization for social work practice. Social Work, 28(1), 12-17. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/28.1.12
• Van Voorhis, R. M. ve Hostetter, C. (2006). The impact of MSW education on social worker empowerment and commitment to client empowerment through social justice advocacy. Journal of Social Work Education, 42(1), 105-121. https://doi.org/10.5175/JSWE.2006.200303147
• Wu, H., Peek, L., Mathews, M. C. ve Mattson, N. (2022). Cultural competence for hazards and disaster researchers: Framework and training module. Natural Hazards Review, 23, 1-6.
• Yanay, U. ve Benjamin, S. (2005). The role of social workers in disasters: The Jerusalem experience. International Social Work, 48(3), 263-276. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872805051704
• Zakour, M. J. ve Harrell, E. B. (2003). Access to disaster services: Social work interventions for vulnerable populations. Journal of Social Service Research, 30(2), 27-54. https://doi.org/10.1300/J079v30n02_03