Pediatric conjunctivitis

Abstract

Pediatric conjunctivitis is a common condition in childhood It has often benign etiology and a self limited course Conjunctivitis may occur due to infectious and non infectious causes Infectious causes include bacterial and viral conjunctivitis; noninfectious causes include allergic and chemical conjunctivitis The diagnosis should be done according to clinical symptoms and findings Also the treatment should be applied according to causes In this review; the etiology diagnosis course and treatment of pediatric conjunctivitis will be described Turk Arch Ped 2012; 47: 240 6

Keywords

• -

Çocuklarda konjonktivitler

Öz

Konjonktivitler çocuklukta sık karşılaşılan bir durumdur Genellikle selim etiolojiye ve kendiliğinden iyileşen bir seyre sahiptirler Konjonktivitler enfeksiyon veya enfeksiyon dışı nedenlerle oluşmaktadır Enfeksiyona bağlı olanlar bakteriyel ve viral konjonktivitler; enfeksiyon dışı olanlar alerjik ve kimyasal konjonktivitlerdir Tanı klinik belirti ve bulgulara göre konulmalıdır Etkene göre de tedavi uygulanmalıdır Bu derlemede çocuklarda konjonktivitlerin etiolojisi tanısı seyri ve tedavisi anlatılacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Alerjik konjonktivit
• bakteriyel konjonktivit
• çocuk
• viral konjonktivit

Kaynakça

1. Buznach N, Dagan R, Greenberg D. Clinical and bacterial characteristics of acute bacterial conjunctivitis in children in the antibiotic resistance era. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005; 24(9): 823-8.
2. Yen KG, Steinkuller PG, Chilakopati MC, et al. Ocular infections. In: Feigin RD, Cherry JD (eds). Textbook of pediatric infectious diseases. 6thedition. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2009: 817-21.
3. Morrow GL, Abbott RL. Conjunctivitis. Am Fam Physician 1998; 57(4): 735-46.
4. Hara JH. The red eye: diagnosis and treatment. Am Fam Physician 1996; 54(8): 2423-30.
5. Weiss A. Acute conjunctivitis in childhood. Curr Probl Pediatr 1994; 24(1): 4-11.
6. Meltzer JA, Kunkov S, Crain EF. Identifying children at low risk for bacterial conjunctivitis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2010; 164(3): 263-7.
7. O’Hara MA. Ophthalmia neonatorum. Pediatr Clin North Am 1993; 40(4): 715-25.
8. Hammerschlag MR. Neonatal conjunctivitis. Pediatr Ann 1993; 22(6): 346-51.

9. Prentiss KA, Dorfman DH. Pediatric ophthalmology in the emergency department. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2008; 26(1): 181-98.
10. 1998 guidelines for treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR Recomm Rep 1998; 47: 1-111.
11. Levin A. Ophthalmic emergencies. In: Fleisher G, Ludwig S, Henretig F, (eds). Textbook of pediatric emergency medicine. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2006: 1653-62.
12. American Academy of Pediatrics. Gonococcal infections. In: Pickering LK, (ed). 2000 Red Book: 2000 Report of the committee on infectious diseases. 25thedtion. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics, 2000: 254-60.
13. Fransen L, Van der Berghe P, Mertens A, Van Brussel K, Clara R, Piot P. Incidence and bacterial aetiology of neonatal conjunctivitis. Eur J Pediatr 1987; 146(2): 152-5.
14. Sandström KI, Bell TA, Chandler JW, et al. Microbial causes of neonatal conjunctivitis. J Pediatr 1984; 105: 706-11.
15. Olitsky SE, Nelson LB. Disorders of the conjunctiva. In: Behrman RE, Kliegman RM, Jenson HB, (eds). Nelson textbook of pediatrics, 16th edition. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2000: 1911-3.
16. Cole GF, Davies DP, Austin DJ. Pseudomonas ophthalmia neonatorum: a cause of blindness. Br Med J 1980; 281(6237): 440-1.
17. Traboulsi EI, Shammas IV, Ratl HE, Jarudi NI. Pseudomonas aeruginosa ophthalmia neonatorum. Am J Ophthalmol 1984; 98(6): 801-2.
18. American Academy of Pediatrics. Chlamydial infections. In: Pickering LK, (ed). 2000: Red Book: Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, 25th edition. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics, 2000: 208-11.
19. Chen JY. Prophylaxis of ophthalmia neonatorum: comparison of silver nitrate, tetracycline, erythromycin and no prophylaxis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992; 11:(12) 1026-30.
20. Erogul M, Shah B. Ophthalmology. In: Shah B, (ed). Atlas of pediatric emergency medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000: 361-84.
21. American Academy of Pediatrics. Herpes simplex. In: Pickering LK, Baker CJ, Long SS, et al, (eds). Red book: 2006 report of the committee on infectious diseases. 27thedition. Elk Grove Village (IL): American Academy of Pediatrics, 2006: 364-5.
22. Şener EC. Çocuk göz hastalıkları ve şaşılık “soruna yönelik”, kırmızı göz. Bölüm 6. Ankara: Güneş Tıp Kitabevleri, 2009: 75-104.
23. Zuppa AA, D'Andrea V, Catenazzi P, Scorrano A, Romagnoli C. Ophthalmia neonatorum: what kind of prophylaxis? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2011; 24(6): 769-73.
24. Eser I, Bozaci M. A nationwide survey of prophylaxis against ophthalmia neonatorum in Turkey. Turk J Med Sci 2009; 39: 771-4.
25. Weiss A, Brinser JH, Nazor-Stewart V. Acute conjunctivitis in childhood. J Pediatr 1993; 122(1): 10-4.
26. Gigliotti F. Acute conjunctivitis of childhood. Pediatr Ann 1993; 22(6): 353-6.
27. Lohr JA. Treatment of conjunctivitis in infants and children. Pediatr Ann 1993; 22(6): 359-64.
28. Gigliotti F, Hendley JO, Morgan J, Michaels R, Dickens M, Lohr J. Efficacy of topical antibiotic therapy in acute conjunctivitis in children. J Pediatr 1984; 104(4): 623-6.
29. Lewis LS, Glauser TA, Joffe MD. Gonococcal conjunctivitis in prepubertal children. Am J Dis Child 1990; 144(5): 546-8.
30. Comstock TL, Paterno MR, Usner DW, Pichichero ME. Efficacy and safety of besifloxacin ophthalmic suspension 0.6% in children and adolescents with bacterial conjunctivitis: a post hoc, subgroup analysis of three randomized, double-masked, parallel-group, multicenter clinical trials. Paediatr Drugs 2010; 12(2): 105-12.
31. Bremond-Gignac D, Mariani-Kurkdjian P, Beresniak A, et al. Efficacy and safety of azithromycin 1.5% eye drops for purulent bacterial conjunctivitis in pediatric patients. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2010; 29(3): 222-6.
32. Wagner RS, Aquino M. Pediatric ocular inflammation . Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2008; 28(1): 169-88.
33. David SP. Should we prescribe antibiotics for acute conjunctivitis? Am Fam Physician 2002; 66(9): 1649-50.
34. Sheikh A, Hurwitz B. Antibiotics versus placebo for acute bacterial conjunctivitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 19(2): CD001211.
35. Alverez-Elcoro S, Enzler MJ. The macrolides: erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin. Mayo Clin Proc 1999; 74(6): 613-34.
36. Wagner RS. Pediatric concerns of ocular inflammation. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 1997; 17: 161-72.
37. Wallace DK, Steinkuller PG. Ocular medications in children. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1998; 37(11): 645-52.
38. No authors listed. Adverse systemic effects from ophthalmic drugs. Med Lett Drugs Ther 1982; 24(610): 53-4.
39. Alexandrakis G, Alfonso EC, Miller D. Shifting trends in bacterial keratitis in south Florida and emerging resistance to fluoroquinolones. Ophthalmology 2000; 107(8): 1497-502.
40. Eser İ, Akçalı A, Çömez AT, Kömür B, Nilgün Ö, Otkun MT. Bakteriyel konjonktivit tedavisinde antibiyotik tercihi ne olmalıdır? Turk J Ophthalmol 2010; 40: 354-8.
41. Isenberg SJ, Apt L, Valenton M, et al. A controlled trial of povidone- iodine to treat infectious conjuncitivitis in children. Am J Ophthalmol 2002; 134(5): 681-8.
42. Trottier S, Sternberg K, Von Rosen IA, Svanborg C. Haemophilus influenzae causing conjunctivitis in day-care children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1991; 10(8): 578-84.
43. Gigliotti F. Management of the child with conjunctivitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1994; 13(12): 1161-2.
44. Bodor FF. Conjunctivitis-otitis syndrome. Pediatrics 1982; 69(6): 695-8.
45. Harrison CJ, Hedrick JA, Block SL, Gilchrist MJ. Relation of the outcome of conjunctivitis and the conjunctivitis-otitis syndrome to identifiable risk factors and oral antimicrobial therapy. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1987; 6(6): 536-40.
46. Bodor FF. Systemic antibiotics for treatment of the conjunctivitis-otitis media syndrome. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1989; 8(5): 287-90.
47. Gigliotti F. Acute conjunctivitis. Pediatr Rev 1995; 16(6): 203-7.
48. Weber CM, Eichenbaum JW. Acute red eye. Differentiating viral conjunctivitis from other, less common causes. Postgrad Med 1997; 101(5): 185-96.
49. Ivey J. Differential diagnosis of red eye. Pediatric Nursing 2010; 36: 213-5.
50. Syed NA, Hyundiuk RA. Infectious conjunctivitis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1992; 6(4): 789-805.
51. Sönmez B, Öztürk H, Beden Ü, Fışkın N, Erkan D. Adenoviral keratokonjonktivit epidemisinde klinik özellikler ve salgınla mücadele. MN Oftalmoloji 2007; 14: 197-200.
52. Shiuey Y, Ambati BK, Adamis AP. A randomized, double-masked trial of topical ketorolac versus artificial tears for treatment of viral conjunctivitis. Ophthalmology 2000; 107(8): 1512-7.
53. Ward JB, Siojo LG, Waller SG. A prospective, masked clinical trial of trifluridine, dexamethasone, and artificial tears in the treatment of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. Cornea 1993; 12(3): 216-21.
54. Romanowski EG, Roba LA, Wiley L, Araullo-Cruz T, Gordon YJ. The effects of corticosteroids on adenoviral replication. Arch Ophthalmol 1996; 114(5): 581-5.
55. Leibowitz HM. The red eye. N Engl J Med 2000; 343(5): 345-51.
56. Dawson C, Sheppard J. Follicular conjunctivitis. In: Tasman W, Jaeger E, (eds). Duane’s clinical opthalmology. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1991.
57. Wright PW, Strauss GH, Langford MP. Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis. Am Fam Physician 1992; 45(1): 173-8.
58. Uchio E, Takeuchi S, Itoh N, Matsuura N, Ohno S, Aoki K. Clinical and epidemiological features of acute follicular conjunctivitis with special reference to that caused by herpes simples virus type 1. Br J Ophthalmol 2000; 84(9): 968-72.
59. American Academy of Pediatrics. Herpes simplex. In: Pickering LK, (ed). Red Book 2000: Report of the committee on infectious diseases. 25th edition. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics, 2000: 309-18.
60. Gradman J, Wolthers OD. Allergic conjunctivitis in children with asthma, rhinitis and eczema in a secondary outpatient clinic. Pediatr Allergy and Immunol 2006; 17(7): 524-6.
61. No authors listed. New drugs for allergic conjunctivitis. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2000; 42(1077): 39-40.
62. No authors listed. Lodoxamide for vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Med Lett Drugs Ther 1994; 36(918): 26.
63. Bielory L, Lien KW, Bigelsen S. Efficacy and tolerability of newer antihistamines in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis. Drugs 2005; 65(2): 215-28.
64. No authors listed. Olopatadine for allergic conjunctivitis. Med Lett Drugs Ther 1997; 39(1014): 108-9.
65. Joss JD, Craiq TJ. Seasonal allergic conjuncitivitis: overview and treatment update. J Am Osteopath Assoc 1999; 99(7 Suppl): S13-8.