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Changes in chilhood ITP treatment and follow up in 2011

Yıl 2012, , 8 - 16, 01.03.2012
https://doi.org/10.4274/tpa.1659

Öz

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura ITP is the most frequent hemorrhagic disease in children The shortened life of platelets because of immunologic damage antibodies absorbed by platelets and insufficient nbsp; compensatory increased function of the bone marrow result with reduced number of platelets in the peripheral blood nbsp; There are three forms of ITP: acute chronic and persistent The acute form occurs in 80 90 of cases with bleeding episodes lasting a few days or weeks but no longer than 6 months the new 2011 American Society of Hematology guideline increased this period to one year It is typical for the phenomenon of bleeding that it starts suddenly and without any other sign of illness The most frequent acute form appears between the second and fourth year and is occurrence usually after acute viral infections Children older than 10 years of age like adults often have the chronic form associated with other immunologic disorders Hemorrhagic manifestations include: petechiae purpura epistaxis gastrointestinal and genitourinary bleeding They depend on the grade of thrombocytopenia although there is no strict correlation between the number of platelets and volume of bleeding nbsp; In cases of acute ITP in children usually there are two therapeutic options or therapies of choice: corticosteroids and high doses of intravenous immunoglobulin There are also immunosupressive therapy nbsp; anti Rh D immunoglobulin cyclosporine cytostatics danazol rituximab and thrombopoietin receptor agonists In cases of distinctive hemorrhagic syndrome there are also indications for platelet transfusion Nowadays splenectomy is more restricted because one third of cases is unsuccessful Turk Arch Ped 2012; 47: 8 16

Kaynakça

  • Bussel J. Disorders of platelets. In: Lanzkowsky P (ed). Manual of pediatric hematology and oncology. 5th edt. San Diego: Elsevier Academic Press, 2011: 321-77.
  • Pamuk GE, Pamuk ÖN, Başlar Z, et al. Overview of 321 patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Retrospective analysis of the clinical features and response to therapy. Ann Hematol 2002; 81: 436-40.
  • Roganovic J, Letica-Crepulja M. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: A 15 year natural history study at the Children’s Hospital Rijeka, Croatia. Pediatr Blood and Cancer 2006; 47: 662-4.
  • Rodeghiero F, Stasi R, Gernsheimer T, et al. Standardization of terminology, definitions and outcome criteria in immune thrombocytopenic purpura of adults and children: report from an international working group. Blood 2009; 113: 2386-93.
  • Provan D, Stasi R, Newland AC, et al. International consensus report on the investigation and management of primary immune thrombocytopenia. Blood 2010; 115: 168-86.
  • Guidelines for the investigation and management of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in adults, children and in pregnancy. British Committee for Standarts in Haematology General Haematology Task Force. Br J Haematol 2003; 120: 574-96.
  • Bussel J. Therapeutic approaches to secondary immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Semin Hematol 2009; 46: 44-58.
  • Neunert C, Lim W, Crowther M, Cohen A, Solberg L Jr, Crowther MA. The American Society of Hematology 2011 evidence-based practice guideline for immune thrombocytopenia. Blood 2011; 117: 4190-207.
  • Beardsley DS. ITP in the 21st century. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2006: 402-7.
  • Kurata Y, Fujimura K, Kuwana M, Tomiyama Y, Murata M. Epidemiology of primary immune thrombocytopenia in children and adults in Japan: a population-based study and literature review. Int J Hematol 2011; 93: 329-35.
  • Shirahata A, Fujisawa K, Ishii E, et al. A nationwide survey of newly diagnosed childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in Japan. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2009; 31: 27-32.
  • Yıldız İ, Özdemir G, Soylu S, ve ark. Çocukluk çağında immün trombositopenik purpura: 32 yıllık deneyim sonuçları. Türk Hematoloji Derneği kongresi 2011, Ankara, sözlü bildiri: 0074, SO18: 49.
  • Blanchette M, Freedman J. The history of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Transfus Sci 1998; 19: 231-6.
  • Bansal D, Bhamare TA, Trehan A, Ahluwalia J, Varma N, Marwaha RK. Outcome of chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in children. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010; 54: 403-7.
  • Gernsheimer TB. The pathophysiology of ITP revisited: ineffective thrombopoiesis and the emerging role of thrombopoietin receptor agonists in the management of chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2008: 219-26.
  • Hsieh YL, Lin LH. Thrombocytopenic purpura following vaccination in early childhood: experience of a medical center in the past 2 decades. J Chin Med Assoc 2010; 73: 634-7.
  • Walter AO, Larry KP. Immunizaiton practices: Vaccines reccomended in special circumstances. Nelson textbook of pediatrics. 19th edition; 165: 891.
  • American Academy of Pediatrics. Immunization in special clinical circumstances. In: Pickering LK, Baker CJ, Long SS, McMillan J, (eds). Red Book: 2006 report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 27th ed. Elk Grove Village IL: American Academy of Pediatrics, 2006.
  • Del Vecchio GC, De Santis A, Giordano P, et al. Management of acute childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura according to AIEOP consensus guidelines: assessment of Italian experience. Acta Haematol 2008; 119: 1-7.
  • Elalfy M, Elbarbary N, Khaddah N, et al. Intracranial hemorrhage in acute and chronic childhood immune thrombocytopenic purpura over a ten-year period: an Egyptian multicenter study. Acta Haematol 2010;123: 59-63.
  • Choudhary DR, Naithani R, Mahapatra M, Kumar R, Mishra P, Saxena R. Intracranial hemorrhage in childhood immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009; 52: 529-31.
  • Koçak U, Aral YZ, Kaya Z, Oztürk G, Gürsel T. Evaluation of clinical characteristics, diagnosis and management in childhood immune thrombocytopenic purpura: a single center's experience. Turk J Pediatr 2007; 49: 250-5.
  • Cuker A, Cines DB. Immune thrombocytopenia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2010: 377-84.
  • Moulis G, Sommet A, Sailler L, et al The French Association of Regional Pharmacovigilance Centers.Drug-induced immune thrombocytopenia: a descriptive survey in the French PharmacoVigilance database. Platelets 2011. [Epub ahead of print].
  • Franchini M, Plebani M, Montagnana M, Veneri D, Lippi G. Pathogenesis, laboratory, and clinical characteristics of Helicobacter pylori-associated immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Adv Clin Chem 2010; 52: 131-44.
  • Jaing TH, Yang CP, Hung IJ, Chiu CH, Chang KW. Efficacy of Helicobacter pylori eradication on platelet recovery in children with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Acta Paediatr 2003; 92: 1153-7.
  • Russo G, Miraglia V, Branciforte F, et al. AIEOP-ITP study group. Effect of eradication of Helicobacter pylori in children with chronic immune thrombocytopenia: a prospective, controlled, multicenter study. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 56: 273-8.
  • Treepongkaruna S, Sirachainan N, Kanjanapongkul S, et al. Absence of platelet recovery following Helicobacter pylori eradication in childhood chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: a multi-center randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009; 53: 72-7.
  • Bekker E, Rosthİj S. Successful implementation of a watchful waiting strategy for children with immune thrombocytopenia. Dan Med Bull 2011; 58: A4252.
  • Edslev PW, Rosthİj S, Treutiger I, et al. A clinical score predicting a brief and uneventful course of newly diagnosed idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in children. Br J Haematol 2007; 138: 513-6.
  • Rosthİj S, Hedlund-Treutiger I, Rajantie J, et al. Duration and morbidity of newly diagnosed idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in children: A prospective Nordic study of an unselected cohort. J Pediatr 2003; 143: 302-7.
  • Kühne T, Buchanan GR, Zimmerman S, et al. A prospective comparative study of 2540 infants and children with newly diagnosed idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) from the Intercontinental Childhood ITP Study Group. J Pediatr 2003; 143: 605-8.
  • Donato H, Picón A, Martinez M, et al. Demographic data, natural history, and prognostic factors of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in children: a multicentered study from Argentina. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009; 52: 491-6.
  • Duru F, Fisgin T, Yarali N, Kara A. Clinical course of children with immune thrombocytopenic purpura treated with intravenous immunoglobulin G or megadose methylprednisolone or observed without therapy. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2002; 19: 219-25.
  • Fujisawa K, Iyori H, Ohkawa H, et al. A prospective, randomized trial of conventional, dose-accelerated corticosteroids and intravenous immunoglobulin in children with newly diagnosed idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Int J Hematol 2000; 72: 376-83.
  • Neunert CE, Buchanan GR, Imbach P, et al. Severe hemorrhage in children with newly diagnosed immune thrombocytopenic purpura Blood 2008; 112: 4003-8.
  • Kalyoncu D, Yildirmak Y, Cetinkaya F. Comparison of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in children between 3 months and 2 years versus 2-5 years. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009; 52: 656-8.
  • Pels SG. Current therapies in primary immune thrombocytopenia. Semin Thromb Hemost 2011; 37: 621-30.
  • Blanchette V, Imbach P, Andrew M, et al. Randomised trial of intravenous immunoglobulin G, intravenous anti-D, and oral prednisone in childhood acute immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Lancet 1994; 344: 703-7.
  • Tarantino MD, Madden RM, Fennewald DL, Patel CC, Bertolone SJ. Treatment of childhood acute immune thrombocytopenic purpura with anti-D immune globulin or pooled immune globulin. J Pediatr 1999;134: 21-6.
  • Newman GC, Novoa MV, Fodero EM, Lesser ML, Woloski BMR, Bussel JB. A dose of 75 µg/kg/d of i.v. anti-D increases the platelet count more rapidly and for a longer period of time than 50 µg/kg/d in adults with immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Br J Haematol 2001; 112: 1076-8.
  • Kumar M, Vik TA, Johnson CS, Southwood ME, Croop JM. Treatment, outcome, and cost of care in children with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Am J Hematol 2005: 78: 181-7.
  • Albayrak D, Işlek I, Kalaycí AG, Gürses N. Acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: A comparative study of very high oral doses of methylprednisolone and intravenously administered immune globulin. J Pediatr 1994; 125: 1004-7.
  • Ozsoylu S, SaylTR, Ozturk G. Oral megadose menthylprednisolone versus intravenous immunoglobulin for acute childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1993; 10: 317-21.
  • Türk hematoloji derneği İTP el kitapçığı.
  • Wu Z, Zhou J, Pankaj P, Peng B. Laparoscopic splenectomy for immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) patients with platelet counts lower than 1 × 109/L. Int J Hematol 2011. [Epub ahead of print].
  • Kattamis AC, Shankar S, Cohen AR. Neurologic complications of treatment of childhood immune thrombocytopenic purpura with intravenously administered immunoglobulin G. J Pediatr 1997; 130: 281-3.
  • Despotovic JM, Lambert MP, Herman JH, et al. RhIG for the treatment of immune thrombocytopenia: consensus and controversy. Transfusion 2011. doi: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03384.x. [Epub ahead of print].
  • Brah S, Chiche L, Fanciullino R, et al. Efficacy of rituximab in immune thrombocytopenic purpura: a retrospective survey. Ann Hematol 2011. [Epub ahead of print].
  • Arnold DM, Dentali F, Crowther MA, et al. Systematic review: efficacy and safety of rituximab for adults with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Ann Intern Med 2007; 146(1): 25-33.
  • Khellaf M, Michel M, Quittet P, et al. Romiplostim safety and efficacy for immune thrombocytopenia in clinical practice: 2-year results of 72 adults in a romiplostim compassionate-use program. Blood 2011; 118: 4338-45.
  • Bredlau AL, Semple JW, Segel GB. Management of immune thrombocytopenic purpura in children: potential role of novel agents. Paediatr Drugs 2011; 13: 213-23.
  • Grainger JD, Rees JL, Reeves M, et al. Changing trends in the UK management of childhood ITP. Arch Dis Child 2011. Doi: 10.1106 /adc 2010 184234.

2011 yılında çocukluk çağı immün trombositopenik purpura hastalığı izlem ve tedavisinde değişiklikler

Yıl 2012, , 8 - 16, 01.03.2012
https://doi.org/10.4274/tpa.1659

Öz

İmmün trombositopenik purpura İTP en sık çocukluk çağında görülen kanama nedenidir Trombositler etkileştikleri antikorlara bağlı olarak immünolojik yıkıma uğrar ve bunu dengelemesi gereken kemik iliği yetersiz kaldığında çevre kanında trombosit sayısı azalır Klinikte üç şekilde karşımıza çıkar: akut ya da yeni tanı kronik ve israrcı İTP Akut formu birkaç günle ndash;hafta süresinde düzelir genellikle altı aydan önce sonlanır 2011 yılında yayınlanan Amerikan Hematoloji Derneği kılavuzu bu süreyi bir yıla uzatmıştır Klinik olarak başka bulgusu olmayan çocukta ani başlangıç öyküsü vardır En sık nbsp;2 4 yaş ve viral enfeksiyonlardan sonra görülür On yaştan büyük çocuklarda kronikleşme ve diğer otoimmün olaylarla birlikte olma olasılığı fazladır Peteşi purpura burun kanaması bağırsak ve üriner sistem kanaması olabilir Bu kanamalar trombositopeni derecesine bağlı olarak gelişse de kanama miktar ve şiddeti ile trombosit sayısı arasında her zaman açık bir ilişki yoktur Tedavide çocukluk çağında iki seçenek en sık kullanılmaktadır: kortikosteroidler ve intravenöz immünoglobülin Tedavide immünosupresifler anti D siklosporin sitostatikler danazol rituksimab ve trombopoietin reseptör analogları da denenmektedir Çok nadiren hayatı tehdit eden kanamalarda tedavide trombosit süspansiyonu denenebilir Son zamanlarda splenektomi 1 3 olguda başarısız olunduğu ve tedavi seçenekleri arttığı için pek tercih edilmemektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Bussel J. Disorders of platelets. In: Lanzkowsky P (ed). Manual of pediatric hematology and oncology. 5th edt. San Diego: Elsevier Academic Press, 2011: 321-77.
  • Pamuk GE, Pamuk ÖN, Başlar Z, et al. Overview of 321 patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Retrospective analysis of the clinical features and response to therapy. Ann Hematol 2002; 81: 436-40.
  • Roganovic J, Letica-Crepulja M. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: A 15 year natural history study at the Children’s Hospital Rijeka, Croatia. Pediatr Blood and Cancer 2006; 47: 662-4.
  • Rodeghiero F, Stasi R, Gernsheimer T, et al. Standardization of terminology, definitions and outcome criteria in immune thrombocytopenic purpura of adults and children: report from an international working group. Blood 2009; 113: 2386-93.
  • Provan D, Stasi R, Newland AC, et al. International consensus report on the investigation and management of primary immune thrombocytopenia. Blood 2010; 115: 168-86.
  • Guidelines for the investigation and management of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in adults, children and in pregnancy. British Committee for Standarts in Haematology General Haematology Task Force. Br J Haematol 2003; 120: 574-96.
  • Bussel J. Therapeutic approaches to secondary immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Semin Hematol 2009; 46: 44-58.
  • Neunert C, Lim W, Crowther M, Cohen A, Solberg L Jr, Crowther MA. The American Society of Hematology 2011 evidence-based practice guideline for immune thrombocytopenia. Blood 2011; 117: 4190-207.
  • Beardsley DS. ITP in the 21st century. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2006: 402-7.
  • Kurata Y, Fujimura K, Kuwana M, Tomiyama Y, Murata M. Epidemiology of primary immune thrombocytopenia in children and adults in Japan: a population-based study and literature review. Int J Hematol 2011; 93: 329-35.
  • Shirahata A, Fujisawa K, Ishii E, et al. A nationwide survey of newly diagnosed childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in Japan. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2009; 31: 27-32.
  • Yıldız İ, Özdemir G, Soylu S, ve ark. Çocukluk çağında immün trombositopenik purpura: 32 yıllık deneyim sonuçları. Türk Hematoloji Derneği kongresi 2011, Ankara, sözlü bildiri: 0074, SO18: 49.
  • Blanchette M, Freedman J. The history of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Transfus Sci 1998; 19: 231-6.
  • Bansal D, Bhamare TA, Trehan A, Ahluwalia J, Varma N, Marwaha RK. Outcome of chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in children. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010; 54: 403-7.
  • Gernsheimer TB. The pathophysiology of ITP revisited: ineffective thrombopoiesis and the emerging role of thrombopoietin receptor agonists in the management of chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2008: 219-26.
  • Hsieh YL, Lin LH. Thrombocytopenic purpura following vaccination in early childhood: experience of a medical center in the past 2 decades. J Chin Med Assoc 2010; 73: 634-7.
  • Walter AO, Larry KP. Immunizaiton practices: Vaccines reccomended in special circumstances. Nelson textbook of pediatrics. 19th edition; 165: 891.
  • American Academy of Pediatrics. Immunization in special clinical circumstances. In: Pickering LK, Baker CJ, Long SS, McMillan J, (eds). Red Book: 2006 report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 27th ed. Elk Grove Village IL: American Academy of Pediatrics, 2006.
  • Del Vecchio GC, De Santis A, Giordano P, et al. Management of acute childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura according to AIEOP consensus guidelines: assessment of Italian experience. Acta Haematol 2008; 119: 1-7.
  • Elalfy M, Elbarbary N, Khaddah N, et al. Intracranial hemorrhage in acute and chronic childhood immune thrombocytopenic purpura over a ten-year period: an Egyptian multicenter study. Acta Haematol 2010;123: 59-63.
  • Choudhary DR, Naithani R, Mahapatra M, Kumar R, Mishra P, Saxena R. Intracranial hemorrhage in childhood immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009; 52: 529-31.
  • Koçak U, Aral YZ, Kaya Z, Oztürk G, Gürsel T. Evaluation of clinical characteristics, diagnosis and management in childhood immune thrombocytopenic purpura: a single center's experience. Turk J Pediatr 2007; 49: 250-5.
  • Cuker A, Cines DB. Immune thrombocytopenia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2010: 377-84.
  • Moulis G, Sommet A, Sailler L, et al The French Association of Regional Pharmacovigilance Centers.Drug-induced immune thrombocytopenia: a descriptive survey in the French PharmacoVigilance database. Platelets 2011. [Epub ahead of print].
  • Franchini M, Plebani M, Montagnana M, Veneri D, Lippi G. Pathogenesis, laboratory, and clinical characteristics of Helicobacter pylori-associated immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Adv Clin Chem 2010; 52: 131-44.
  • Jaing TH, Yang CP, Hung IJ, Chiu CH, Chang KW. Efficacy of Helicobacter pylori eradication on platelet recovery in children with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Acta Paediatr 2003; 92: 1153-7.
  • Russo G, Miraglia V, Branciforte F, et al. AIEOP-ITP study group. Effect of eradication of Helicobacter pylori in children with chronic immune thrombocytopenia: a prospective, controlled, multicenter study. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 56: 273-8.
  • Treepongkaruna S, Sirachainan N, Kanjanapongkul S, et al. Absence of platelet recovery following Helicobacter pylori eradication in childhood chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: a multi-center randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009; 53: 72-7.
  • Bekker E, Rosthİj S. Successful implementation of a watchful waiting strategy for children with immune thrombocytopenia. Dan Med Bull 2011; 58: A4252.
  • Edslev PW, Rosthİj S, Treutiger I, et al. A clinical score predicting a brief and uneventful course of newly diagnosed idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in children. Br J Haematol 2007; 138: 513-6.
  • Rosthİj S, Hedlund-Treutiger I, Rajantie J, et al. Duration and morbidity of newly diagnosed idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in children: A prospective Nordic study of an unselected cohort. J Pediatr 2003; 143: 302-7.
  • Kühne T, Buchanan GR, Zimmerman S, et al. A prospective comparative study of 2540 infants and children with newly diagnosed idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) from the Intercontinental Childhood ITP Study Group. J Pediatr 2003; 143: 605-8.
  • Donato H, Picón A, Martinez M, et al. Demographic data, natural history, and prognostic factors of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in children: a multicentered study from Argentina. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009; 52: 491-6.
  • Duru F, Fisgin T, Yarali N, Kara A. Clinical course of children with immune thrombocytopenic purpura treated with intravenous immunoglobulin G or megadose methylprednisolone or observed without therapy. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2002; 19: 219-25.
  • Fujisawa K, Iyori H, Ohkawa H, et al. A prospective, randomized trial of conventional, dose-accelerated corticosteroids and intravenous immunoglobulin in children with newly diagnosed idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Int J Hematol 2000; 72: 376-83.
  • Neunert CE, Buchanan GR, Imbach P, et al. Severe hemorrhage in children with newly diagnosed immune thrombocytopenic purpura Blood 2008; 112: 4003-8.
  • Kalyoncu D, Yildirmak Y, Cetinkaya F. Comparison of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in children between 3 months and 2 years versus 2-5 years. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009; 52: 656-8.
  • Pels SG. Current therapies in primary immune thrombocytopenia. Semin Thromb Hemost 2011; 37: 621-30.
  • Blanchette V, Imbach P, Andrew M, et al. Randomised trial of intravenous immunoglobulin G, intravenous anti-D, and oral prednisone in childhood acute immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Lancet 1994; 344: 703-7.
  • Tarantino MD, Madden RM, Fennewald DL, Patel CC, Bertolone SJ. Treatment of childhood acute immune thrombocytopenic purpura with anti-D immune globulin or pooled immune globulin. J Pediatr 1999;134: 21-6.
  • Newman GC, Novoa MV, Fodero EM, Lesser ML, Woloski BMR, Bussel JB. A dose of 75 µg/kg/d of i.v. anti-D increases the platelet count more rapidly and for a longer period of time than 50 µg/kg/d in adults with immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Br J Haematol 2001; 112: 1076-8.
  • Kumar M, Vik TA, Johnson CS, Southwood ME, Croop JM. Treatment, outcome, and cost of care in children with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Am J Hematol 2005: 78: 181-7.
  • Albayrak D, Işlek I, Kalaycí AG, Gürses N. Acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: A comparative study of very high oral doses of methylprednisolone and intravenously administered immune globulin. J Pediatr 1994; 125: 1004-7.
  • Ozsoylu S, SaylTR, Ozturk G. Oral megadose menthylprednisolone versus intravenous immunoglobulin for acute childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1993; 10: 317-21.
  • Türk hematoloji derneği İTP el kitapçığı.
  • Wu Z, Zhou J, Pankaj P, Peng B. Laparoscopic splenectomy for immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) patients with platelet counts lower than 1 × 109/L. Int J Hematol 2011. [Epub ahead of print].
  • Kattamis AC, Shankar S, Cohen AR. Neurologic complications of treatment of childhood immune thrombocytopenic purpura with intravenously administered immunoglobulin G. J Pediatr 1997; 130: 281-3.
  • Despotovic JM, Lambert MP, Herman JH, et al. RhIG for the treatment of immune thrombocytopenia: consensus and controversy. Transfusion 2011. doi: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03384.x. [Epub ahead of print].
  • Brah S, Chiche L, Fanciullino R, et al. Efficacy of rituximab in immune thrombocytopenic purpura: a retrospective survey. Ann Hematol 2011. [Epub ahead of print].
  • Arnold DM, Dentali F, Crowther MA, et al. Systematic review: efficacy and safety of rituximab for adults with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Ann Intern Med 2007; 146(1): 25-33.
  • Khellaf M, Michel M, Quittet P, et al. Romiplostim safety and efficacy for immune thrombocytopenia in clinical practice: 2-year results of 72 adults in a romiplostim compassionate-use program. Blood 2011; 118: 4338-45.
  • Bredlau AL, Semple JW, Segel GB. Management of immune thrombocytopenic purpura in children: potential role of novel agents. Paediatr Drugs 2011; 13: 213-23.
  • Grainger JD, Rees JL, Reeves M, et al. Changing trends in the UK management of childhood ITP. Arch Dis Child 2011. Doi: 10.1106 /adc 2010 184234.
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Tiraje Celkan Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Mart 2012
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2012

Kaynak Göster

APA Celkan, T. (2012). 2011 yılında çocukluk çağı immün trombositopenik purpura hastalığı izlem ve tedavisinde değişiklikler. Türk Pediatri Arşivi, 47(1), 8-16. https://doi.org/10.4274/tpa.1659
AMA Celkan T. 2011 yılında çocukluk çağı immün trombositopenik purpura hastalığı izlem ve tedavisinde değişiklikler. Türk Pediatri Arşivi. Mart 2012;47(1):8-16. doi:10.4274/tpa.1659
Chicago Celkan, Tiraje. “2011 yılında çocukluk çağı immün Trombositopenik Purpura hastalığı Izlem Ve Tedavisinde değişiklikler”. Türk Pediatri Arşivi 47, sy. 1 (Mart 2012): 8-16. https://doi.org/10.4274/tpa.1659.
EndNote Celkan T (01 Mart 2012) 2011 yılında çocukluk çağı immün trombositopenik purpura hastalığı izlem ve tedavisinde değişiklikler. Türk Pediatri Arşivi 47 1 8–16.
IEEE T. Celkan, “2011 yılında çocukluk çağı immün trombositopenik purpura hastalığı izlem ve tedavisinde değişiklikler”, Türk Pediatri Arşivi, c. 47, sy. 1, ss. 8–16, 2012, doi: 10.4274/tpa.1659.
ISNAD Celkan, Tiraje. “2011 yılında çocukluk çağı immün Trombositopenik Purpura hastalığı Izlem Ve Tedavisinde değişiklikler”. Türk Pediatri Arşivi 47/1 (Mart 2012), 8-16. https://doi.org/10.4274/tpa.1659.
JAMA Celkan T. 2011 yılında çocukluk çağı immün trombositopenik purpura hastalığı izlem ve tedavisinde değişiklikler. Türk Pediatri Arşivi. 2012;47:8–16.
MLA Celkan, Tiraje. “2011 yılında çocukluk çağı immün Trombositopenik Purpura hastalığı Izlem Ve Tedavisinde değişiklikler”. Türk Pediatri Arşivi, c. 47, sy. 1, 2012, ss. 8-16, doi:10.4274/tpa.1659.
Vancouver Celkan T. 2011 yılında çocukluk çağı immün trombositopenik purpura hastalığı izlem ve tedavisinde değişiklikler. Türk Pediatri Arşivi. 2012;47(1):8-16.