Serum ochratoxin A levels in children Original Article

Abstract

Aim: Ochratoxin A OTA is a mycotoxin type with important toxic effects including nephrotoxicity and its exposure route is through different sources of food The aim of this study is to determine the levels of OTA concentrations in children from different parts of Turkey to assess the variances in different regions and to examine the possible relationship with sex dietary habits and body mass index Material and Method: Ochratoxin A levels were determined in the blood samples taken from children between 7 17 years n=37 from Central Anatolia Black Sea and Mediterranean Regions using ELISA technique Serum OTA levels were determined as 0 59±0 08 ng ml and daily OTA intake was determined as 0 82±0 11 ng kg day in whole study group No differences were found in OTA levels in relation to sex nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; Results: Statistically significant differences were found between the regions and serum OTA levels were lower than the other regions in children living in Mediterranean Region Conclusions: The OTA intake levels were below the levels of tolerable daily intake levels given by World Health Organization However the overall effect exposure to mycotoxins including OTA must be taken into consideration and this can have an impact on the nephrotoxicity seen in children Turk Arch Ped 2009; 44: 138 42 Key words: ELISA mycotoxin Ochratoxin A nephrotoxicity

Keywords

• -

Çocuklarda serum okratoksin A düzeyleri Orijinal Araştırma

Öz

Amaç: Okratoksin A OTA nefrotoksik etkileri başta olmak üzere önemli toksik etkilerinin olduğu bilinen ve gıdalar yoluyla temasın yaygın olduğu bir mikotoksin türüdür Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye’nin farklı bölgelerinde yaşayan çocuklarda serum OTA yoğunluklarının saptanması günlük OTA alım düzeylerinin hesaplanması bölgesel farklılıkların değerlendirilmesi ve cinsiyet beslenme alışkanlıkları vücut kitle indeksi VKİ ile olası ilişkisinin irdelenmesidir nbsp; nbsp; Gereç ve Yöntem: İç Anadolu Karadeniz ve Akdeniz Bölgesi’nde yaşayan 7 17 yaş aralığındaki çocuklardan n=37 alınan kan örneklerinde serum OTA düzeyleri ELISA yöntemi ile ölçüldü nbsp; Bulgular: Tüm çalışma grubunda ortalama serum OTA düzeyi 0 59±0 08 ng ml ve günlük OTA alım düzeyi 0 82±0 11 ng kg gün olarak belirlendi Okratoksin A düzeyleri yönünden cinsiyete göre gruplar arasında anlamlı bir fark bulunmadı Bölgeler arasında ise istatistiksel olarak önemli farklılıklar saptandı Akdeniz Bölgesi’nde yaşayan çocukların serum OTA düzeyleri diğer bölgelere oranla daha düşüktü nbsp;Çıkarımlar: Hesaplanan tüm günlük OTA alım düzeyleri Dünya Sağlık Örgütü tarafından belirlenen kabul edilebilir günlük alım düzeylerinin altında bulundu Ancak OTA ile diğer mikotoksinlere de temasın sonucu olarak toplamsal bir etkinin olabileceği ve özellikle çocuklarda gözlenebilecek nefrotoksisitede önemli bir rolünün bulunabileceği dikkate alınmalıdır Türk Ped Arş 2009; 44: 138 42 Anahtar kelimeler: ELISA mikotoksin nefrotoksisite Okratoksin A

Anahtar Kelimeler

• ELISA, mikotoksin, nefrotoksisite, Okratoksin A

Kaynakça

1. Scott PM. Biomarkers of human exposure to ochratoxin A. Food Addit Contam 2005; 22: (Suppl 1) 99-107. (Abstract) / (Full Text) / (PDF)
2. Creppy, EE. Update of survey, regulation and toxic effects of myco- toxins in Europe. Toxicol Lett 2002; 12: 19-28. (Abstract) / (PDF)
3. Fink-Gremmels J. Mycotoxins: Their implications for human and animal health. Vet Quart 1999; 21: 115-20. (Abstract)
4. Peraica M, Radiç B, Luciç A, Pavloviç M. Toxic effects of myco- toxins in humans. Bull World Health Organ 1999; 77: 754-66. (Abstract) / (PDF)
5. Bayman P, Baker JL. Ochratoxins: a global perspective. Mycopathologia 2006; 162: 215-23. (Abstract) / (PDF)
6. Pfohl-Leszkowicz A, Manderville RA. Ochratoxin A: an overview on toxicity and carcinogenicity in animals and humans. Mol Nutr Food Res 2007; 51: 61-99. (Abstract) / (PDF)
7. Atroshi F, Biese I, Saloniemi H, et al. Significance of apoptosis and its relationship to antioxidants after ochratoxin A administration in mice. J Pharm Sci 2000; 3: 281- 91. (Abstract) / (Full Text) / (PDF)
8. Soyoz M, Ozcelik N, Kilinc I, Altuntas I. The effects of ochratoxin a on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes: a protective role of melatonin. Cell Biol Toxicol 2004; 20: 213- 9. (Abstract) / (PDF)

9. Peraica M, Domijan AM, Matasin M, et al. Variations of ochratox- in A concentration in the blood of healthy populations in some Croatian cities. Arch Toxicol 2001; 75: 410-4. (Abstract) / (PDF)
10. Palli D, Miraglia M, Saieva C, et al. Serum levels of ochratoxin A in healthy adults in Tuscany: correlation with individual character- istics and between repeat measurements. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarker & Prev 1999; 8: 265-9. (Abstract) / (Full Text) / (PDF)
11. Thuvander A, Paulsen JE, Axberg K, et al. Levels of ochratoxin A in blood from Norwegian and Swedish blood donors and their possi- ble correlation with food consumption. Food Chem Toxicol 2001; 39: 1145-51. (Abstract) / (PDF)
12. Gilbert J, Brereton P, MacDonald S. Assessment of dietary expo- sure to ochratoxin A in the UK using a duplicate diet approach and analysis of urine and plasma samples. Food Addit Contam 2001; 18: 1088-93. (Abstract)
13. Creppy EE, Castegnaro M, Grosse Y, Meriaux J, Manier C, Moncharmont P. Etude de l'ochratoxicose humaine dans trois regions de France: Alsace, Aquitaine, et region Rhene-Alpes. In: Human ochratoxicosis and its pathologies. Waller C. Creppy EE, Castegnaro M, Dirheimer G (eds). Montrouge: INSERM/John Libbey Eurotext , 1993: 147-58.
14. Scott PM, Kanhere SR, Lau BP, et al. Survey of Canadian human blood plasma for ochratoxin A. Food Addit Contam 1998; 15: 555-62. (Abstract) / (PDF)
15. Ueno Y, Maki S, Lin J, Furuya M, Suguira Y, Kawamura O. A 4-year study of plasma ochratoxin A in a selected population in Tokyo by immunoassay and immunoaffinity column-linked HPLC. Food Chem Toxicol 1998; 36: 445-9. (Abstract) / (PDF)
16. Assaf H, Betbeder A-M, Creppy EE, Pallardy M, Azouri H. Ochratoxin A levels in human plasma and foods in Lebanon. Hum Exp Toxicol 2004; 23: 495-501. (Abstract) / (PDF)
17. Wafa EW, Yahya RS, Sobh MA, et al. Human ochratoxicosis and nephropathy in Egypt: a preliminary study. Hum Exp Toxicol 1998; 17: 124-9. (Abstract) / (PDF)
18. Sangare-Tigori B, Moukha S, Kouadio JH, et al. Ochratoxin A in human blood in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Toxicon 2006; 47: 894- 900. (Abstract) / (PDF)
19. Pacin AM, Ciancio Bovier EV, Motta E, Resnik SL, Villa D, Olsen M. Survey of Argentinean human plasma for ochratoxin A. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2008; 25: 635-41. (Abstract)
20. Jonsyn FE. Intake of aflatoxins and ochratoxins by infants in Sierra Leone: Possible effects on the general health of these children. J Nutr Environ Med 1999; 9: 15-22. (Abstract) / (PDF)
21. Erkekoğlu P, Sabuncuoğlu S, Aydin S, Sahin G, Giray B. Seasonal variations in serum ochratoxin A levels in healthy populations liv- ing in some regions of Turkey. Toxicon. 2009 Oct 13. [Epub ahead of print] (Abstract) / (PDF)
22. World Health Organization. The problem of overweight and obe- sity. In: WHO Technical report series, Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Geneva: WHO Press, 2000: 6-13.
23. Breitholtz A, Olsen M, Dahlbäck A, Hult K. Plasma ochratoxin A lev- els in three Swedish populations surveyed using an ion-pair HPLC technique. Food Addit Contam 1991; 8: 183-92. (Abstract) / (PDF)
24. Zimmerli B, Dick R. Determination of ochratoxin A at the ppt level in human blood, serum, milk and some foodstuffs by high-perfor- mance liquid chromatography with enhanced fluorescence detec- tion and immunoaffinity column cleanup: Methodology and Swiss data. J Chrom B 1995; 666: 85-99. (Abstract) / (PDF)
25. Jonsyn FE, Maxwell SM, Hendrickse RG. Human fetal exposure to ochratoxin A and aflatoxins. Ann Trop Ped 1995; 15: 3-9. (Abstract)
26. Jimenez AM, de Cerain AL, Gonzalez-Pe as E, Bello J, Betbeder AM, Creppy EE. Exposure to ochratoxin A in Europe: compari- son with a region of northern Spain. J Toxicol-Toxin Rev 1998; 17: 479-91. (Abstract) / (PDF)
27. Giray B, Erkekoğlu, P, Sabuncuoğlu S, Aydın S, Şahin, G. Geriatrik popülasyonda serum okratoksin A düzeyleri. Türk Geriatri Dergisi (yayınlanmak üzere kabul edildi).
28. Burdaspal PA, Legarda TM. Datos sobre la presencia de ocra- toxina A en plasma humano en Espa a. Alimentaria 1998; 292: 103-9. (Abstract)
29. Gareis M, Märtlbauer E, Bauer J, Gedek B. Bestimmung von Ochratoxin A in Muttermilch. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 1988; 186: 114-7. (Abstract) / (PDF)
30. World Health Organization, Ochratoxin A. In: WHO Technical report Series, Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants. Geneva: WHO Press 2007: 169-80.
31. Kuiper-Goodman T. Uncertainties in the risk assessment of three mycotoxins: aflatoxin, ochratoxin, and zearalenone. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1990; 68: 1017-24. (Abstract) / (PDF)
32. The Nordic Working Group on Food Toxicology and Risk Evaluation. Health evaluation of ochratoxin A in food products. Nordiske Seminar-og Arbejdsrapporter 545, Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers, 1991: 1-26.