BÖCEK BESLENME EKOLOJİSİNİN GENEL PRENSİPLERİ

Öz

Böceklerin beslenme ekolojilerinin iyi bilinmesi, onların biyoloji, davranış, doğal ecosistem ve agroekosistemlerinin anlaşılmasının ön koşulunu oluşturmaktadır. Büyüme ve üreme için gerekli olan böcek beslenme koşulları yıllardır bilinmesine rağmen sadece az sayıda böcek üzerinde beslenme koşulları ayrıntılı olarak çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışmalarda bile böceklerin beslenme koşullarındaki olağanüstü farklılıklar ortaya konulmuştur. Böceklerle yapılacak çalışmalarda, böcek beslenme koşullarının bilinmesi çok önemlidir. Beslenme ekolojisi, hem temel hemde uygulamalı olarak böcek davranışlarının ve değişik yaşam koşullarına olan adaptasyonlarının anlaşılmasında çok önemlidir. Bu derlemede, böcek beslenme ökolojisi, spesifik beslenme gereksinimleri, beslenmeyi arttırıcı ve azaltıcı faktörler sunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Böcek beslenmesi, böcek beslenme ekolojisi, beslenmeyi arttırıcı maddeler, beslenmeyi azaltıcı maddeler

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF INSECT NUTRITIONAL ECOLOGY

Öz

A comprehensive knowledge of the nutritional ecology of insects is a requirement to understand their biology, behavior, and impact in natural ecosystems and agro-ecosystems. Although, major insect nutritional requirements for growth and reproduction are known for years, only a few dozen insects have been studied to learn their nutritional requirements. Extraordinary nutritional requirements were found in a few insects from even these few studies. It is important to understand comparative nutritional requirements in order to study insects. Nutritional ecology is a useful way to synthesize research on both the basic and applied aspects of insect behavior, and it allows us to achieve a better understanding of the evolution of different lifestyles. In this review, emphasis will be placed on insect nutritional ecology, requirements for specific nutrients, phagostimulants, and feeding deterrents.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Insect nutrition, insect nutritional ecology, phagostimulants, feeding deterrents

Kaynakça

1. 1. BECK SD, CHIPPENDALE GM, SWINTON DE. Nutrition of the European corn borer, Ostinia nubilalis. VI. A larval rearing medium without crude plant fractions. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 61:459-462. 1968.
2. 2. BOWERS MD. The role of iridoid glycosides in host-plant specify of checker spot butterflies. J. Chem. Ecol. 9:475- 493. 1983.
3. 3. BOWERS MD. Iridoid glycosides and host-plant specificity in larvae of the buckeye butterfly, Junonia coenia (Nymphalidae). J. Chem. Ecol. 10:1567-1577.1984.
4. 4. BROWER LP, McEVORY B, WILLIAMSON KL, FLANNERY MA. Variation in cardiac glycoside content of monarch butterflies from natural populations in eastern North America. Science 177:426-429. 1972.
5. 5. BROWER, LP, SEIBER JN, NELSON CJ, LYNCH SP, HOGGARD MP, COHEN JA. Plant-determined variation in cardenolide content and thin layer chromatography profiles of monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus reared on milkweed plants in California. J. Chem. Ecol. 10:1823-1857. 1984.
6. 6. CARREL JE, EISNER T. Cantharidin: Potent feeding deterrent to insects. Science, 183:755-757. 1974.
7. 7. CHAPMAN RF. The Insects: Structure and Function. 4th edition. Cambridge University Press, UK. 770pp 1998.
8. 8. CHYB S, EICHENSEER H, HOLLISTER B, MULLIN CA, FRAZIER JL. Identification of sensilla involved in taste mediation in adult western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte). J. Chem. Ecol. 21:313-329. 1995.

9. 9. DADD RH. Insect nutrition: Current developments and metabolic implications. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 18: 381-420. 1973.
10. 10. DADD RH. Nutrition: Organisms, pp. 313–390. In G A. Kerkut and L.I. Gilbert [Eds.], Comprehensive Insect Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Vol. 4. Pergamon, Oxford. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. 1985.
11. 11. DAVIS GRF. Phagostimulation and consideration of its role in artificial diets. Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am. 14: 27-29. 1968.
12. 12. DAVID WAL, GARDINER BOC. Mustard oil glucosides as feeding stimulant for Pieris brassicae larvae in a semisynthetic diet. Ent. Exp & Appl. 9:247-255. 1966.
13. 13. DETHIER VG. Evolution of receptor sensitivity to secondary plant substances with special reference to deterrents. Am. Nat. 115:45-66. 1980.
14. 14. FELDLAUFER MF, WEIRICH GF, IMBERSKI RB, SVOBODA JA. Ecdysteroid production in Drosophila melanogaster reared on defined diets. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 25: 707-712. 1995
15. 15. FRAENKEL G, BLEWETT M. Linoleic acid, vitamins and other fat-soluble substances in the nutrition of certain insects, Ephestia kuehniella, E. elutella, E. cautella and Plodia interpunctelle (Lep.). J. Exp. Biol. 22:172-190. 1946.
16. 16. GENC H. Phaon crescent, Phyciodes phaon :Life cycle, nutrional ecology and reproduction, Ph.D. disseretation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. 2002.
17. 17. GENC H, NATION, JL. Influence of Dietary Lipids on Survival of Phyciodes phaon Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) J. Entomol. Sci. 39(4):537-544. 2004a.
18. 18. GENC H, NATION, JL. An artificial diet for the butterfly Phyciodes phaon (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Florida Entomol. 87(2):194-198.2004b.
19. 19. GORDON HT. Minimal nutritional requirements of the German roach, Blatella germanica L. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 77:290-315. 1959.
20. 20. HAYDAK MH. Influence of the protein level of the diet on the longevity of cockroaches. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 46:547-560. 1953.
21. 21. HOBSON PP. On a fat-soluble growth factor required by blowfly larvae II. Identity of the growth factor with cholesterol. Biochem. J. 29:2003-2026. 1935.
22. 22. HOUSE HL. Insect Nutrition, pp. 769-813, in M. Rockstein (Ed.), Physiology of Insecta, 1st ed., Vol. 2, Academic Press, NY. 1965.
23. 23. HOUSE HL. Insect Nutrition, pp. 1-62, in M. Rockstein (Ed.), Physiology of Insecta, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, Academic Press, NY. 1974.
24. 24. ITO T. Effect of sugars on feeding of larvae of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. J. Insect Physiol. 5:95-107. 1960.
25. 25. KIM JH, MULLIN CA. Structure-phagostimulatory relationships for amoniacids in adult western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera. J. Chem. Ecol. 24:1499-1511. 1998.
26. 26. McFARLENE JE. Can ascorbic acid or β-carotene substitute for Vitamin E in spermiogenesis in the house cricket. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 103A, 179-181. 1992.
27. 27. NATION JL. Insect Physiology and Biochemistry. Boca Raton, Fla., CRC Press. 485 pp. 2001.
28. 28. OSBORN TB, MENDEL LB. A modification of the Osborne-Mendel salt mixture containing only inorganic constituents. Science, 75:339-340. 1932.
29. 29. RENWICK JA, HUANG XP. Rejection of host plant by larvae of cabbage butterfly: diet- dependent sensitivity to an antifeedant. J. Chem. Ecol. 21: 4:465-475. 1995.
30. 30. SLANSKY F Jr, SCRIBER M. Food consumption and utilization, pp. 87-163, in G.A. Kerkut and L.I. Gilbert (Eds.), Comprehensive Insect Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Pergamon Press, Oxford. 1985.
31. 31. SIMPSON SJ, RAUBENHEIMER D. The geometri analysis of feeding and nutrition: A user’s guide. J. Insect Physiol. 41:545-553. 1995.
32. 32. SCHOONHOVEN, L.M. Secondary plant substances and insects, pp. 197-224, in V.C. Runeckles and T. C. Tso (Eds.), Structural and Functional Aspects of Phytochemistry, Academic Press, New York. 1972.
33. 33. SVOBODA JA, KAPLANIS JN, ROBBINS WE, THOMPSON MJ. Recent developments in insect steroid metabolism. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 20: 205-220. 1975.
34. 34. TUZ, HAGEDORN HH. Purification and characterization of pyruvate carboxylase from the honey bee and some properties of related biotin-containing proteins in other insects. Arch. Insect Bioch. Phys. 19:53-66. 1992.
35. 35. VANDERZANT ES. Development, significance, and application of artificial diets for insects. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 19:139-160. 1974.