Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

ASEAN’ın Myanmar açmazı: İdeallerin gerçeklerle yüzleşmesi

Yıl 2023, , 229 - 248, 30.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.47934/tife.12.02.05

Öz

ASEAN (The Association of Southeast Asian Nations - Güney Doğu Asya Ülkeleri Birliği), sadece Güneydoğu Asya için değil bölge dışı ülkeler için de önem kazanan bir bölgesel örgüt olmayı başarmıştır. Örgüt, 2003 ve 2008 yıllarında benimsediği vizyonlar ile güvenlik, ekonomik ve sosyal alanlarda daha entegre bir birlik oluşturma hedefine yönelmiştir. Özellikle 2008 Sözleşmesi ile yeni ASEAN vizyonunun ortak kimlik etrafında gelişeceği ve bu kimliğin demokrasi, iyi yönetim, hukukun üstünlüğü ve temel hak ve özgürlüklerin korunmasına dayalı bir perspektifi içereceği öngörülmüştür. Ancak üye devletlerde yaşanan iç istikrarsızlıklar, etnik çatışmalar ve darbeler bu vizyonun gerçekleştirilebilmesi önünde ciddi bir engel teşkil etmiştir. 2021 yılında Myanmar’da yaşanan askerî darbe dünyanın dikkatini çekerken ASEAN için de yeni bir test mi tartışmalarını beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu makale ASEAN üyelerinin demokrasi sicillerini incelemekte, bu devletlerin ve ASEAN'ın Myanmar darbesine yönelik kurumsal tutumlarını irdelemekte ve ASEAN'ın yaşanan somut bir krizde 2008 Sözleşmesi’nde belirlenen ilkelerle ne derece uyumlu bir politika takip ettiğini/edemediğini analiz etmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Acharya, A. (2009). Constructing a security community in Southeast Asia: ASEAN and the problem of regional order: second edition. Routledge.
  • ASEAN (1967). Bangkok declaration. https://agreement.asean.org/media/download /20140117154159.pdf
  • ASEAN (2008). ASEAN charter. ASEAN Secretariat. https://asean.org/wpcontent/uploads /images/archive/publications/ASEAN-Charter.pdf
  • ASEAN (2012). Human rights declaration. AHRD: Jakarta. https://asean.org/wpcontent /uploads/2021/01/6_AHRD_Booklet.pdf
  • ASEAN (2021a, 1 Şubat). Chairman’s statement on Myanmar. https://asean.org/asean-chairmans-statement-on-the-developments-in-the-republic-of-the-union-of-myanmar-2/
  • ASEAN (2021b, 24 Nisan). Chairman’s statement on the ASEAN leader’s meeting: five point consensus. ASEAN Secretariat. https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/Chairmans-Statement-on-ALM-Five-Point-Consensus-24-April-2021-FINAL-a-1.pdf
  • ASEAN (2022). Chairman’s statement on the situation in Myanmar. ASEAN Cambodia. https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Consolidated_Draft_Chairmans_ Statement_on_the_Situation_in_Myanmar-4.pdf
  • ASEAN (2023). Chairman’s statement of the 42nd ASEAN summit. Indonesia. https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/FINAL-Chairmans-Statement-42nd-ASEAN-Summit-1.pdf
  • ASEAN Concord (1976). The declaration of ASEAN concord. https://asean.org/the-declaration-of-asean-concord-bali-indonesia-24-february-1976/
  • ASEAN Concord (2003). Bali concord II. ASEAN Secretariat. https://www.icnl.org/wp-content/uploads/Transnational_2003Declaration.pdf
  • ASEAN TAC (1976). Treaty of amity and cooperation in Southeast Asia. https://asean-aipr.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Treaty-of-Amity-and-Cooperation-in-Southeast-Asia-1976-TAC.pdf
  • ASEAN Parliamentarian for Human Rights (2021, 4 Ağustos). Appointment of ASEAN envoy to Myanmar. DFF Statement. https://aseanmp.org/2021/08/04/appointment-of-asean-envoy-to-myanmar-must-prompt-immediate-action-mps-say
  • Assistance Association for Political Prisoner (2022, 4 Temmuz). Daily briefing in relation to military coup. https://aappb.org/?p=19790
  • Bangkok Post (2021, 1 Şubat). DPM Prawit calls Myanmar coup: their internal affair. https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/2060655/dpm-prawit-calls-myanmar-coup-their-internal-affair
  • Barber, R. (2023, 22 Mart). Can ASEAN forge a political solution in Myanmar?. The Lowy Institute. https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/can-asean-forge-political-solution-myanmar
  • Bünte, M. (2014). Burma’s transition to quasi-military rule: from rulers to guardians?, Armed Forces & Society, 40(4), 724-764.
  • Chong, V. ve Thongyoojaroen, T. (2021, 14 Mayıs). Beyond the coup in Myanmar: the ASEAN way must change. https://www.justsecurity.org/76126/beyond-the-coup-in-myanmar-the-asean-way-must-change/
  • Coates, S. (2021, 1 Şubat). Statement from Myanmar military on state of emergency. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-politics-military-text/statement-from-myanmar-military-on-state-of-emergency-idUSKBN2A11A2
  • Davies, M. (2014). An agreement to disagree: the ASEAN human rights declaration and the absence of regional identity in Southeast Asia, Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 33(3), 107-209.
  • Davies, M. ve Woodward, R. (2014). International organizations: a companion, Edward Elgar.
  • Department of Foreign Affairs of The Philippines (2022, 15 Ocak). Statement of foreign affairs secretary on Myanmar. https://dfa.gov.ph/statement-remarks-apc/30050-statement-of-foreign-affairs-secretary-teodoro-l-locsin-jr-on-myanmar
  • Desker, B. (2017). The 1976 Bali summit: ASEAN shifts gears. T. Koh, S. Seah Li-an ve C. Li Lin (Ed.), 50 years of ASEAN and Singapore (s.21-34) içinde. World Scientific Publishing.
  • European Council (2021, 2 Şubat). Myanmar: declaration by the EU. https://www.consilium. europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2021/02/02/myanmar-declaration-by-the-high-representative-on-behalf-of-the-european-union/
  • European Council (2022, 21 Şubat). Myanmar EU imposes restrictive measures on 22 indivuals. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/02/21/myanmar-burma-eu-imposes-restrictive-measures-on-22-individuals-and-4-entities-in-fourth-round-of-sanctions/
  • Freedom House (2021). Freedom in the world: democracy under siege. https://freedomhouse.org /sites/default/files/2021-02/FIW2021_ World_02252021_FINAL-web-upload.pdf
  • Human Rights Watch (2019, 19 Haziran). ASEAN: don’t whitewash atrocities against Rohingya. https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/06/19/asean-dont-whitewash-atrocities-against-rohingya
  • Human Rights Watch (2022). World report events of 2021. https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2022
  • Ibrahim, M. (2021). Indonesia’s supreme court judgment on religious clothing: failing women and girls in public schools?. Oxford Journal of Law and Religion, 10(3), 500-508.
  • Jones, M. D ve Smith, L. M (2001). The changing security agenda in Southeast Asia: globalization, new terror and the delusions of regionalism. Studies in Conflict &Terrorism, 24(4), 271-288.
  • Karns, P. M., Mingst. A. K. ve Stiles, W. K (2015). International organizations: the politics and process of global governance. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Khoo, N. (2004). Deconstructing the ASEAN security community: a review essay. International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, 4(1), 35-46.
  • Koh, T., Seah, S. ve Li Lin, C. (Ed). (2017). 50 years of ASEAN and Singapore. World Scientific Publishing.
  • Koga, K. (2014). Institutional transformation of ASEAN: ZOPFAN, TAC and the Bali concord I in 1968-1976. The Pacific Review, 27(5), 729-753.
  • Lim, K. (2023, 27 Şubat). ASEAN has no license to intervene in Myanmar’s internal affairs. https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3211707/asean-has-no-licence-interfere-myanmars-internal-affairs-singapore
  • McDougall, D. (2021). Dünya siyasetinde asya pasifik. Astana Yayınları.
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Brunei Darussalam (2021a, 10 Mart). Statement on the developments in Myanmar.http://www.mfa.gov.bn/Lists/Press%20Room/news.aspx?id=899&source =http://www.mfa.gov.bn/site/home.aspx
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Brunei Darussalam (2021b). Statement of the chair of the ASEAN foreign ministers meeting. Brunei: Press Release. http://www.mfa.gov.bn/Lists/Press %20Room/news.aspx?id=947
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China (2021, 11 Şubat). Foreign ministry spokesperson Wang Wenbin’s regular press conference. https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/ cgwillemstad//eng/fyrth_ 5/t1856125.htm
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China (2022, 3 Temmuz). Wang yi holds talks with Myanmar’s foreign minister U Wunna Maung Lwin. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn /eng/zxxx_662805/202207/ t20220704_10714853.html
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia (2021, 1 Şubat). Indonesia urges all parties in Myanmar to exercise self-restraints. https://kemlu.go.id/portal/en/read/2118/siaran_pers/indonesia-urges-all-parties-in-myanmar-to-exercise-self-restraint
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs Malaysia (2021, 1 Şubat). Latest situation in Myanmar. https://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/-/latest-situation-in-myanmar
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Republic of the Union of Myanmar (2021a, 15 Ekim). Press release on the visit of the special envoy of the ASEAN chair on Myanmar. https://www.mofa.gov.mm/en/press-release-on-the-visit-of-the-special-envoy-of-the-asean-chair-on-myanmar/
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Republic of the Union of Myanmar (2021b, 16 Ekim). Press release. https://www.mofa.gov.mm/en/press-release-6/
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Singapore (2021, 16 Şubat). Balakrishnan’s oral reply to parliamentary and supplementary questions on the situation in Myanmar. https://www.mfa.gov.sg/Newsroom/Press-Statements-Transcripts-and-Photos/2021/02/20210216-Oral-Reply-to-PQ-on-Situation-in-Myanmar
  • Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy (2023, 29 Nisan). Press release ASEAN summit. https://kemenparekraf.go.id/en/ articles/press-release-asean-summit-2023-indonesia-urges-strengthening-of-asean-institutional-capacity-and-effectiveness-2
  • Mutaqin, Z.Z. (2018). The Rohingya refugee crisis and human rights: what should ASEAN do?. Asia-Pacific Journal on Human Rights and the Law, 19(1), 1-26.
  • Nichols, M. (2021, 18 Haziran). UN calls for halt of weapons to Myanmar. https://www.reuters. com/world/asia-pacific/un-chief-urges-general-assembly-act-myanmar-2021-06-18/
  • Nikkie Asia (2021, 18 Haziran). Myanmar crisis. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/un-chief-urges-general-assembly-act-myanmar-2021-06-18/
  • Nirmala, R.(2023). Norms of democracy and human rights within ASEAN non-intervention principle analysis of FORUM-ASIA's participation in facilitating dialogues for humanitarian conflict resolution in Myanmar in 2021. Eduvest - Journal of Universal Studies, 3(9), 1660-1670.
  • Peck, G. (2021, 6 Aralık). Myanmar court sentences ousted leader Suu Kyi. https://thediplomat .com/2021/12/myanmar-court-sentences-ousted-leader-aung-san-suu-kyi-to-4-years/
  • Radio Free Asia (2022, 22 Haziran). Myanmar junta representative attends ASEAN defense meeting. https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/admm-06222022161316.html
  • Ranada, P. (2021, 1 Şubat). Philippines refuses to interfere calls Myanmar coup internal matter. https://www.rappler.com/world/asia-pacific/philippines-statement-myanmar-military-coup/
  • Roberts, B. C. (2012). ASEAN regionalism: cooperation, values and institutionalization. Routledge.
  • South China Morning Post (2021, 2 Şubat). Myanmar army chief Min Aung haling was headed for retirement before coup. https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeastasia/article/ 3120139 /myanmar-coup-army-chief-min-aung-hlaing-was-headed
  • Smith, P., Mogul, R. ve Eppler, K. (2021, 1 Şubat). Aung San Suu Kyi urges people to resist Myanmar military Coup.https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/aung-san-suu-kyi-urges-people-resist-military-coup-n1256316
  • Stokke, K. ve Aung, S. M. (2020). Transition to democracy or hybrid regime? the dynamics and outcomes of democratization in Myanmar. The European Journal of Development Research, 32 (2), 274–293.
  • Strangio, S. (2023, 27 Temmuz). Malaysia, Philippines discuss more flexible ASEAN approach to Myanmar’s military. https://thediplomat.com/2023/07/malaysia-philippines-discuss-more-flexible-asean-approach-to-myanmars-military/
  • Stubbs, R. (2019). ASEAN sceptics versus ASEAN proponents: evaluating regional institutions, The Pacific Review, 32(6), 923-950.
  • Than, M. ve Gates C., L.(2001). ASEAN enlargement: impacts and implications, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
  • The Economist Intelligence Unit (2021). Democracy index 2020: in sickness and in health?. https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/democracy-index-2020.pdf
  • The Global New Light of Myanmar (2021, 18 Kasım). MoFA union minister participates in opening session of 13th high-level roundtable meeting co-organized by government of lao pdr. https://www.gnlm.com.mm/mofa-union-minister-participates-in-opening-session-of-13th-high-level-roundtable-meeting-co-organized-by-government-of-lao-pdr-undp/
  • Thi Ha, H.,Thuzar, M. Basu Das, S. ve Chalermpalanupap, T. (2016). Diverging regionalisms: ASEAN and the EU, ASEAN Focus, Special Issue (9).
  • United Nations Human Rights Office (2021, 11 Haziran). Bachelet issues strong warning of imminent further bloodshed and suffering in Myanmar. https://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents /Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=27160
  • United Nation News (2021, 2 Şubat). Security council unity ‘crucial’ to support democracy in Myanmar. https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/02/1083622
  • United Nation Security Council (2021,10 Mart). Statement by the president of the security council. https://undocs.org/en/S /PRST/2021/5
  • White House (2021, 1 Şubat). Statement by president Joseph R Biden Jr. on the situation in Burma, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/ 02/01/statement-by-president-joseph-r-biden-jr-on-the-situation-in-burma/
  • Xinhua (2021, 2 Şubat). Major cabinet reshuffle announced in Myanmar.http://www.xinhuanet.com /english/2021-02/02/c_139713877.htm

ASEAN's Myanmar dilemma: Ideals confront realities

Yıl 2023, , 229 - 248, 30.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.47934/tife.12.02.05

Öz

ASEAN has become an important regional organization not only for Southeast Asia but also for countries beyond the region. With the visions adopted in 2003 and 2008, the Organization has moved towards the goal of creating a more integrated union in the security, economic and social fields. Especially with the 2008 Charter, it was envisaged that the new ASEAN vision would develop around a common identity that would include a perspective based on democracy, good governance, the rule of law and the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms. However, internal instabilities, ethnic conflicts and coups d'états in member states have been a serious obstacle to the realization of this vision. In 2021 when the military coup in Myanmar attracted the attention of the world, it also brought about debates on whether it was a new test for ASEAN. This article examines the democracy records of ASEAN members, scrutinizes the member states' and ASEAN's institutional positions towards the Myanmar coup, and analyzes the extent to which ASEAN has or has not followed a policy consistent with the principles set out in the 2008 Charter in a concrete crisis.

Kaynakça

  • Acharya, A. (2009). Constructing a security community in Southeast Asia: ASEAN and the problem of regional order: second edition. Routledge.
  • ASEAN (1967). Bangkok declaration. https://agreement.asean.org/media/download /20140117154159.pdf
  • ASEAN (2008). ASEAN charter. ASEAN Secretariat. https://asean.org/wpcontent/uploads /images/archive/publications/ASEAN-Charter.pdf
  • ASEAN (2012). Human rights declaration. AHRD: Jakarta. https://asean.org/wpcontent /uploads/2021/01/6_AHRD_Booklet.pdf
  • ASEAN (2021a, 1 Şubat). Chairman’s statement on Myanmar. https://asean.org/asean-chairmans-statement-on-the-developments-in-the-republic-of-the-union-of-myanmar-2/
  • ASEAN (2021b, 24 Nisan). Chairman’s statement on the ASEAN leader’s meeting: five point consensus. ASEAN Secretariat. https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/Chairmans-Statement-on-ALM-Five-Point-Consensus-24-April-2021-FINAL-a-1.pdf
  • ASEAN (2022). Chairman’s statement on the situation in Myanmar. ASEAN Cambodia. https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Consolidated_Draft_Chairmans_ Statement_on_the_Situation_in_Myanmar-4.pdf
  • ASEAN (2023). Chairman’s statement of the 42nd ASEAN summit. Indonesia. https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/FINAL-Chairmans-Statement-42nd-ASEAN-Summit-1.pdf
  • ASEAN Concord (1976). The declaration of ASEAN concord. https://asean.org/the-declaration-of-asean-concord-bali-indonesia-24-february-1976/
  • ASEAN Concord (2003). Bali concord II. ASEAN Secretariat. https://www.icnl.org/wp-content/uploads/Transnational_2003Declaration.pdf
  • ASEAN TAC (1976). Treaty of amity and cooperation in Southeast Asia. https://asean-aipr.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Treaty-of-Amity-and-Cooperation-in-Southeast-Asia-1976-TAC.pdf
  • ASEAN Parliamentarian for Human Rights (2021, 4 Ağustos). Appointment of ASEAN envoy to Myanmar. DFF Statement. https://aseanmp.org/2021/08/04/appointment-of-asean-envoy-to-myanmar-must-prompt-immediate-action-mps-say
  • Assistance Association for Political Prisoner (2022, 4 Temmuz). Daily briefing in relation to military coup. https://aappb.org/?p=19790
  • Bangkok Post (2021, 1 Şubat). DPM Prawit calls Myanmar coup: their internal affair. https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/2060655/dpm-prawit-calls-myanmar-coup-their-internal-affair
  • Barber, R. (2023, 22 Mart). Can ASEAN forge a political solution in Myanmar?. The Lowy Institute. https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/can-asean-forge-political-solution-myanmar
  • Bünte, M. (2014). Burma’s transition to quasi-military rule: from rulers to guardians?, Armed Forces & Society, 40(4), 724-764.
  • Chong, V. ve Thongyoojaroen, T. (2021, 14 Mayıs). Beyond the coup in Myanmar: the ASEAN way must change. https://www.justsecurity.org/76126/beyond-the-coup-in-myanmar-the-asean-way-must-change/
  • Coates, S. (2021, 1 Şubat). Statement from Myanmar military on state of emergency. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-politics-military-text/statement-from-myanmar-military-on-state-of-emergency-idUSKBN2A11A2
  • Davies, M. (2014). An agreement to disagree: the ASEAN human rights declaration and the absence of regional identity in Southeast Asia, Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 33(3), 107-209.
  • Davies, M. ve Woodward, R. (2014). International organizations: a companion, Edward Elgar.
  • Department of Foreign Affairs of The Philippines (2022, 15 Ocak). Statement of foreign affairs secretary on Myanmar. https://dfa.gov.ph/statement-remarks-apc/30050-statement-of-foreign-affairs-secretary-teodoro-l-locsin-jr-on-myanmar
  • Desker, B. (2017). The 1976 Bali summit: ASEAN shifts gears. T. Koh, S. Seah Li-an ve C. Li Lin (Ed.), 50 years of ASEAN and Singapore (s.21-34) içinde. World Scientific Publishing.
  • European Council (2021, 2 Şubat). Myanmar: declaration by the EU. https://www.consilium. europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2021/02/02/myanmar-declaration-by-the-high-representative-on-behalf-of-the-european-union/
  • European Council (2022, 21 Şubat). Myanmar EU imposes restrictive measures on 22 indivuals. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/02/21/myanmar-burma-eu-imposes-restrictive-measures-on-22-individuals-and-4-entities-in-fourth-round-of-sanctions/
  • Freedom House (2021). Freedom in the world: democracy under siege. https://freedomhouse.org /sites/default/files/2021-02/FIW2021_ World_02252021_FINAL-web-upload.pdf
  • Human Rights Watch (2019, 19 Haziran). ASEAN: don’t whitewash atrocities against Rohingya. https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/06/19/asean-dont-whitewash-atrocities-against-rohingya
  • Human Rights Watch (2022). World report events of 2021. https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2022
  • Ibrahim, M. (2021). Indonesia’s supreme court judgment on religious clothing: failing women and girls in public schools?. Oxford Journal of Law and Religion, 10(3), 500-508.
  • Jones, M. D ve Smith, L. M (2001). The changing security agenda in Southeast Asia: globalization, new terror and the delusions of regionalism. Studies in Conflict &Terrorism, 24(4), 271-288.
  • Karns, P. M., Mingst. A. K. ve Stiles, W. K (2015). International organizations: the politics and process of global governance. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Khoo, N. (2004). Deconstructing the ASEAN security community: a review essay. International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, 4(1), 35-46.
  • Koh, T., Seah, S. ve Li Lin, C. (Ed). (2017). 50 years of ASEAN and Singapore. World Scientific Publishing.
  • Koga, K. (2014). Institutional transformation of ASEAN: ZOPFAN, TAC and the Bali concord I in 1968-1976. The Pacific Review, 27(5), 729-753.
  • Lim, K. (2023, 27 Şubat). ASEAN has no license to intervene in Myanmar’s internal affairs. https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3211707/asean-has-no-licence-interfere-myanmars-internal-affairs-singapore
  • McDougall, D. (2021). Dünya siyasetinde asya pasifik. Astana Yayınları.
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Brunei Darussalam (2021a, 10 Mart). Statement on the developments in Myanmar.http://www.mfa.gov.bn/Lists/Press%20Room/news.aspx?id=899&source =http://www.mfa.gov.bn/site/home.aspx
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Brunei Darussalam (2021b). Statement of the chair of the ASEAN foreign ministers meeting. Brunei: Press Release. http://www.mfa.gov.bn/Lists/Press %20Room/news.aspx?id=947
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China (2021, 11 Şubat). Foreign ministry spokesperson Wang Wenbin’s regular press conference. https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/ cgwillemstad//eng/fyrth_ 5/t1856125.htm
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China (2022, 3 Temmuz). Wang yi holds talks with Myanmar’s foreign minister U Wunna Maung Lwin. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn /eng/zxxx_662805/202207/ t20220704_10714853.html
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia (2021, 1 Şubat). Indonesia urges all parties in Myanmar to exercise self-restraints. https://kemlu.go.id/portal/en/read/2118/siaran_pers/indonesia-urges-all-parties-in-myanmar-to-exercise-self-restraint
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs Malaysia (2021, 1 Şubat). Latest situation in Myanmar. https://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/-/latest-situation-in-myanmar
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Republic of the Union of Myanmar (2021a, 15 Ekim). Press release on the visit of the special envoy of the ASEAN chair on Myanmar. https://www.mofa.gov.mm/en/press-release-on-the-visit-of-the-special-envoy-of-the-asean-chair-on-myanmar/
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Republic of the Union of Myanmar (2021b, 16 Ekim). Press release. https://www.mofa.gov.mm/en/press-release-6/
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Singapore (2021, 16 Şubat). Balakrishnan’s oral reply to parliamentary and supplementary questions on the situation in Myanmar. https://www.mfa.gov.sg/Newsroom/Press-Statements-Transcripts-and-Photos/2021/02/20210216-Oral-Reply-to-PQ-on-Situation-in-Myanmar
  • Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy (2023, 29 Nisan). Press release ASEAN summit. https://kemenparekraf.go.id/en/ articles/press-release-asean-summit-2023-indonesia-urges-strengthening-of-asean-institutional-capacity-and-effectiveness-2
  • Mutaqin, Z.Z. (2018). The Rohingya refugee crisis and human rights: what should ASEAN do?. Asia-Pacific Journal on Human Rights and the Law, 19(1), 1-26.
  • Nichols, M. (2021, 18 Haziran). UN calls for halt of weapons to Myanmar. https://www.reuters. com/world/asia-pacific/un-chief-urges-general-assembly-act-myanmar-2021-06-18/
  • Nikkie Asia (2021, 18 Haziran). Myanmar crisis. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/un-chief-urges-general-assembly-act-myanmar-2021-06-18/
  • Nirmala, R.(2023). Norms of democracy and human rights within ASEAN non-intervention principle analysis of FORUM-ASIA's participation in facilitating dialogues for humanitarian conflict resolution in Myanmar in 2021. Eduvest - Journal of Universal Studies, 3(9), 1660-1670.
  • Peck, G. (2021, 6 Aralık). Myanmar court sentences ousted leader Suu Kyi. https://thediplomat .com/2021/12/myanmar-court-sentences-ousted-leader-aung-san-suu-kyi-to-4-years/
  • Radio Free Asia (2022, 22 Haziran). Myanmar junta representative attends ASEAN defense meeting. https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/admm-06222022161316.html
  • Ranada, P. (2021, 1 Şubat). Philippines refuses to interfere calls Myanmar coup internal matter. https://www.rappler.com/world/asia-pacific/philippines-statement-myanmar-military-coup/
  • Roberts, B. C. (2012). ASEAN regionalism: cooperation, values and institutionalization. Routledge.
  • South China Morning Post (2021, 2 Şubat). Myanmar army chief Min Aung haling was headed for retirement before coup. https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeastasia/article/ 3120139 /myanmar-coup-army-chief-min-aung-hlaing-was-headed
  • Smith, P., Mogul, R. ve Eppler, K. (2021, 1 Şubat). Aung San Suu Kyi urges people to resist Myanmar military Coup.https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/aung-san-suu-kyi-urges-people-resist-military-coup-n1256316
  • Stokke, K. ve Aung, S. M. (2020). Transition to democracy or hybrid regime? the dynamics and outcomes of democratization in Myanmar. The European Journal of Development Research, 32 (2), 274–293.
  • Strangio, S. (2023, 27 Temmuz). Malaysia, Philippines discuss more flexible ASEAN approach to Myanmar’s military. https://thediplomat.com/2023/07/malaysia-philippines-discuss-more-flexible-asean-approach-to-myanmars-military/
  • Stubbs, R. (2019). ASEAN sceptics versus ASEAN proponents: evaluating regional institutions, The Pacific Review, 32(6), 923-950.
  • Than, M. ve Gates C., L.(2001). ASEAN enlargement: impacts and implications, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
  • The Economist Intelligence Unit (2021). Democracy index 2020: in sickness and in health?. https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/democracy-index-2020.pdf
  • The Global New Light of Myanmar (2021, 18 Kasım). MoFA union minister participates in opening session of 13th high-level roundtable meeting co-organized by government of lao pdr. https://www.gnlm.com.mm/mofa-union-minister-participates-in-opening-session-of-13th-high-level-roundtable-meeting-co-organized-by-government-of-lao-pdr-undp/
  • Thi Ha, H.,Thuzar, M. Basu Das, S. ve Chalermpalanupap, T. (2016). Diverging regionalisms: ASEAN and the EU, ASEAN Focus, Special Issue (9).
  • United Nations Human Rights Office (2021, 11 Haziran). Bachelet issues strong warning of imminent further bloodshed and suffering in Myanmar. https://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents /Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=27160
  • United Nation News (2021, 2 Şubat). Security council unity ‘crucial’ to support democracy in Myanmar. https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/02/1083622
  • United Nation Security Council (2021,10 Mart). Statement by the president of the security council. https://undocs.org/en/S /PRST/2021/5
  • White House (2021, 1 Şubat). Statement by president Joseph R Biden Jr. on the situation in Burma, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/ 02/01/statement-by-president-joseph-r-biden-jr-on-the-situation-in-burma/
  • Xinhua (2021, 2 Şubat). Major cabinet reshuffle announced in Myanmar.http://www.xinhuanet.com /english/2021-02/02/c_139713877.htm
Toplam 67 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Bölgesel Çalışmalar
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Ferda Abiç 0000-0003-1576-2086

Mustafa Turgut Demirtepe 0000-0001-6191-5085

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 22 Aralık 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Ağustos 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA Abiç, F., & Demirtepe, M. T. (2023). ASEAN’ın Myanmar açmazı: İdeallerin gerçeklerle yüzleşmesi. Trakya Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi E-Dergi, 12(2), 229-248. https://doi.org/10.47934/tife.12.02.05

           Creative Commons Lisansı     Bu eser Creative Commons Atıf 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır. Open_Access_logo_with_dark_text_for_contrast%2C_on_transparent_background.png