A RESEARCH ON THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG THE COLLECTIVE EMPATHY, EMOTIONAL CONTAGION AND JOB CRAFTING

Öz

In today's competitive environment, even if the organizations seem to exhibit an individual driven institution structure, the “synergistic teamwork systems are more and more applied and the concept of emotion is gaining importance in the group. Based on this approach, the aim of this study is to examine the role of the team members in understanding the emotional states of each other and the effects of collective empathy on their job crafting and the role of emotional contagion on this relationship.  The study was carried out with the employees in the field of health and accommodation sector where the concepts of collective empathy, emotional contagion and job crafting were considered important. The data obtained in this sample showed that collective empathy had a descriptive effect on job crafting and emotional contagion have a moderator role on this relationship. The conceptual model also has an original structure because it examines the role of emotional contagion which expresses the ability of individuals to capture and imitate the emotions of others during their interactions, in the relationship between collective empathy and job crafting.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Collective empathy,emotional contagion,job crafting

KOLEKTİF EMPATİ, DUYGUSAL BULAŞICILIK VE İŞ BECERİKLİLİĞİ ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİLER ÜZERİNE BİR UYGULAMA

Öz

Günümüz dünyasında insanların birbirlerine daha yakın yaşamaları, onların daha az rekabetçi ve daha fazla işbirliği davranışı göstermelerine neden olmaktadır. Her ne kadar günümüz rekabet koşullarında örgütler, bireysel güdümlü kurum yapısı sergilemekte gibi olsalar da “sinerjik takım çalışması yoğun” sistemlere giderek artan bir şekilde ilerlemekte ve grup içinde duygu kavramı önem kazanmaktadır. Bu yaklaşımlardan hareketle çalışmada hizmet işletmelerinde ekip üyelerinin birbirlerinin duygusal durumlarını anlamaları, onaylamaları ve bu duygu durumlarına yönelik tepkilerini ifade eden kolektif empatinin, iş becerikliliğine etkisi incelenmiştir. İş becerikliliği, çalışanların görevleri arasındaki ilişkileri, işlerinin sınırları ve diğerleri ile iletişimlerini yeniden tanımlamalarını ifade etmektedir. Araştırmada ayrıca bireylerin etkileşimleri esnasında başkalarının duygularını yakalayabilme ve taklit etmelerini ifade eden duygusal bulaşıcılığın kolektif empati ve iş becerikliliği ilişkisindeki rolünü incelemesi dolayısıyla özgün bir yapı ifade etmektedir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kolektif empati,duygusal bulaşıcılık,iş becerikliliği

Kaynakça

1. Akgün, A. E., Keskin, H., Cebecioglu, A. Y. and Dogan, D., “Antecedents and consequences of collective empathy in software development project teams”, Information & Management, 52(2), 2015, p. 247-259.
2. Akın, A., Uysal R. ve Akın Ü., “Duygusal Bulaşma Ölçeğinin Türkçe Formunun Geçerlik ve Güvenirliği” Muş Alpaslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 3(2), 2015, s. 97-104.
3. Ashkanasy, N. M. (2004). Emotion and performance. Human performance, 17(2), 137-144.
4. Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E. and Sanz-Vergel, A. I., “Burnout and work engagement: The JD–R approach” Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav., 1(1), 2014, p. 389-411.
5. Barsade, S. G. and Gibson, D. E., “Group emotion: A view from top and bottom, research on managing groups and teams”, CT: JAI Press. vol. 1, 2008, p. 81–102.
6. Bayrakçı, M., “Sosyal öğrenme kuramı ve eğitimde uygulanması”, SAÜ Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(10), 2007.
7. Belschak, F. D. and Den Hartog, D. N., “Pro-self, prosocial, and pro-organizational foci of proactive behaviour: Differential antecedents and consequences”, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83, 2010, p. 475–498.
8. Blazejewski, S. and Walker, E. M., “Digitalization in Retail Work: Coping With Stress Through Job Crafting”, 2018, p. 79-100.

9. Bruning, P. F. and Campion, M. A., “A Role–resource Approach–avoidance Model of Job Crafting: A Multimethod Integration and Extension of Job Crafting Theory”. Academy of Management Journal, 61(2), 2018, p. 499-522.
10. Cheng, J. C. and Yi, O., “Hotel employee job crafting, burnout, and satisfaction: The moderating role of perceived organizational support” International Journal of Hospitality Management, 72, 2018, p. 78-85.
11. Chong, M. (2009). Employee participation in CSR and corporate identity: Insights from a disaster-response program in the Asia-Pacific. Corporate Reputation Review, 12(2), 106-119.
12. Cohen, E. L., Bowman, N. D. and Lancaster, A. L., “RU with Some1? Using text message experience sampling to examine television coviewing as a moderator of emotional contagion effects on enjoyment”, Mass Communication and Society, 19(2), 2016, p. 149-172.
13. Cullinane, S. J., Bosak, J., Flood, P. C. and Demerouti, E., “Job crafting for lean engagement: The interplay of day and job-level characteristics”, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 26(4), 2017, p. 541-554.
14. Dasborough, M. T., Ashkanasy, N. M., Tee, E. Y. and Herman, H. M. “What goes around comes around: How meso-level negative emotional contagion can ultimately determine organizational attitudes toward leaders", The Leadership Quarterly, 20(4), 2009, p. 571-585.
15. Demerouti, E., “Design your own job through job crafting”, European Psychologist, 19, 2014, p. 237–247.
16. Doherty, R. W., “The emotional contagion scale: A measure of individual differences”. Journal of nonverbal Behavior, 21(2),1997, p. 131-154.
17. Doherty R.W., Orimoto L., Singelis T.M., Hatfield E. and Hebb J., “Emotional contagion, gender and occupational differences”, Psychology of Women Quarterly 19(3), 1995, p. 355–371.
18. Du, J., Fan, X. and Feng, T., “Multiple Emotional Contagions in Service Encounters”, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 39(3), 2011, p. 449–466.
19. Elfenbein, H. A., “Emotion in organizations: A reviewed theoretical integration”, Academy of Management Annals, 1, 2007, p. 371–457.
20. Ensari, N. K. and Miller, N., “The application of the personalization model in diversity management”, Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 9(4), 2006, p. 589-607.
21. Guan, X. and Frenkel, S., “How HR practice, work engagement and job crafting influence employee performance" Chinese Management Studies, 2018.
22. Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Pieper, T. M. and Ringle, C. M., “The use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in strategic management research: a review of past practices and recommendations for future applications”. Long range planning, 45(5-6), 2012, p. 320-340.
23. Halperin, E. and Pliskin, R., “Emotions and emotion regulation in intractable conflict: Studying emotional processes within a unique context”, Political Psychology, 36(S1), 2015, p. 119–150.
24. Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J. T. and Rapson, R. L., “Emotional contagion”, Current directions in psychological science, 2(3), 1993, p. 96-100.
25. Hennig-Thurau, T., Groth, M., Paul, M. and Gremler, D. D., “Are all smiles created equal? How emotional contagion and emotional labor affect service relationships”, Journal of Marketing, 70(3), 2006, p. 58-73.
26. Hsee, C. K., Hatfield, E., Carlson, J. G. and Chemtob, C., “The effect of power on susceptibility to emotional contagion”, Cognition and emotion, 4(4), 1990, p. 327-340.
27. Hughes, J., “The Learning Organisation Part II “Getting Emotional: The Learning Organisation and Emotional Intelligence”, Leicester 2000, p. 7.
28. Ingusci, E., Callea, A., Chirumbolo, A. and Urbini, F., “Job crafting and job satisfaction in a sample of Italian teachers: the mediating role of Perceived Organizational Support”, Electronic Journal of Applied Statistical Analysis, 9(4), 2016, p. 675-687.
29. Johnson, S. K., “I second that emotion: Effects of emotional contagion and affect at work on leader and follower outcomes”, The Leadership Quarterly, 19(1), 2008, p. 1-19.
30. Karabey, C. N., & Kerse, G. (2017). The Relationship between Job Crafting and Psychological Capital: A Survey in a Manufacturing Business. PressAcademia Procedia, 3(1), 909-915.
31. Kerse, G. (2017). İş Becerikliliği (Job Crafting) Ölçeğini Türkçe’ye Uyarlama ve Duygusal Tükenme İle İlişkisini Belirleme. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(4), 283-304.
32. Kerse, G. (2018). The Impact Of Job Crafting On Person-Job Fit:“I Am Compatible With My Work Because I Can Make Changes In My Work”. Ataturk University Journal Of Economics & Administrative Sciences, 32(4).
33. Kumano, S., Otsuka, K., Mikami, D., Matsuda, M. and Yamato, J., “Analyzing interpersonal empathy via collective impressions”, IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing, 6(4), 2015, p. 324-336.
34. Lin, X., “How does procedural justice climate influence individual outcomes? An affective perspective”, Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 32(3), 2015, p. 771-800.
35. Mackie, D. M., Devos, T. and Smith, E. R., “Intergroup emotions: explaining offensive action tendencies in an intergroup context”, Journal of personality and social psychology, 79(4), 2000, p. 602.
36. Mashuri, A., Zaduqisti, E. and Alroy‐Thiberge, D., “The role of dual categorization and relative ingroup prototypicality in reparations to a minority group: An examination of empathy and collective guilt as mediators”, Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 20(1), 2017, p. 33-44.
37. Milton, L. P. and Westphal, J. D., “Identity confirmation networks and cooperation in work groups”, Academy of Management Journal, 48(2), 2005, p. 191-212.
38. Muller, A. R., Pfarrer, M. D. and Little, L. M. (2014). A theory of collective empathy in corporate philanthropy decisions. Academy of Management Review, 39(1), p. 1-21.
39. Nielsen, K. and Abildgaard, J. S., “The development and validation of a job crafting measure for use with blue-collar workers”, Work & Stress, 26(4), 2012, p. 365-384.
40. Rizzolatti C., "Perspectives on imitation: From neuroscience to social science, Mechanisms of imitation and imitation in animals”, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005, p. 55-76.
41. Roberge M. A, “Multi-lev.el conceptualization of empathy to explain how diversity increases group performance”, Int. J. Bus. Manag. 8 (3), 2013, p. 122–135.
42. Rudolph, C. W., Katz, I.M., Lavigne, K. N. and Zacher, H., “Job Crafting: A Meta-Analysis of Relationships with Individual Differences, Job Characteristics, and Work Outcomes”. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 102, 2017, p. 112-138.
43. Sakuraya, A., Shimazu, A., Eguchi, H., Kamiyama, K., Hara, Y., Namba, K. and Kawakami, N., “Job crafting, work engagement, and psychological distress among Japanese employees: a cross-sectional study”, BioPsychoSocial medicine, 11(1), 2017, p. 6.
44. Slemp, G. R. and Vella-Brodrick, D. A., “The Job Crafting Questionnaire: A new scale to measure the extent to which employees engage in job crafting”, International Journal of Wellbeing, 3(2), 2013.
45. Snaebjornsson, I. M. and Vaiciukynaite, E., “Emotion contagion in leadership: Followercentric approach”, Business & Economic Horizons, 12(1), 2016.
46. Staw, B. M. and Boettger, R. D., “Task revision: A neglected form of work performance”, Academy of Management Journal, 33(3), 1990, p. 534-559.
47. Szanto, T. (2015). Collective emotions, normativity, and empathy: A Steinian account. Human Studies, 38(4), p. 503-527.
48. Tee E.Y., "The emotional link: Leadership and the role of implicit and explicit emotional contagion processes across multiple organizational levels", The Leadership Quarterly, 26(4), 2015, p. 654-670.
49. Tims, M. ve Bakker, A. B., “Job crafting: Towards a new model of individual job redesign”, SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 36(2), 2010, p. 1-9.
50. Travaglianti, F., Babic, A. and Hansez, I., “The role of work-related needs in the relationship between job crafting, burnout and engagement”, SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 42(1), 2016, p. 1-13.
51. Tims, M., Bakker, A. B., & Derks, D. (2013). The impact of job crafting on job demands, job resources, and well-being. Journal of occupational health psychology, 18(2), 230.
52. Verbeke, W., “Individual differences in emotional contagion of salespersons: Its effect on performance and burnout”, Psychology & Marketing, 14(6), 1997, p. 617-636.
53. Vijayalakshmi, V. and Bhattacharyya, S., “Emotional contagion and its relevance to individual behavior and organizational processes: A position paper”, Journal of Business and Psychology, 27(3), 2012, p. 363-374.
54. Visser, V. A., van Knippenberg, D., Van Kleef, G. A. and Wisse, B., “How leader displays of happiness and sadness influence follower performance: Emotional contagion and creative versus analytical performance”, The Leadership Quarterly, 24(1), 2013, p. 172-188.
55. Wrzesniewski, A. and Dutton, J. E., “Crafting a job: Revisioning employees as active crafters of their work”, Academy of management review, 26(2), 2001, p. 179-201.
56. Yang, R., Ming, Y., Ma, J. and Huo, R., “How do servant leaders promote engagement? A bottom-up perspective of job crafting”, Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 45(11), 2017, p. 1815-1827.