A Study on The Factors of Financial Freedom Influencing Digital Financial Usage: Empirical Evidence Through Data Mining Techniques
Yıl 2026,
Cilt: 40 Sayı: 2
,
236
-
246
,
31.03.2026
Haşim Bağcı
,
Ömer Faruk Rençber
,
Ceyda Yerdelen Kaygın
Öz
The study examined the financial freedom factors that are effective in the use of digital finance. In order to conduct this examination, first of all, all countries in the world in the research sample were clustered according to their levels of digital finance use, and then the financial freedom factors that are effective in the use of digital finance were determined.
The reason for studying this topic is that it is thought that digitalization will positively affect the financial freedom, financial participation, financial development and economic growth of countries and that digitalization will be used as a tool in this regard. The importance of the impact of digital finance on financial participation and freedom emerges when financial services are offered equally to society without making any distinction between the poor and the rich.
One of the ways to achieve sustainable economic growth is to provide and strengthen economic freedom through digital finance. However, there are some restrictions and obstacles encountered on this path. Despite these problems, as a result of the analysis, it has been determined that countries with high digital finance usage are both more economically free and more financially developed.
Kaynakça
-
Allen, F., McAndrews, J., & Strahan, P. (2002). E-finance: an introduction. Journal of Financial Services Research, 22: 5-27. [CrossRef]
-
Al-Smadi, M. O. (2023). Examining the relationship between digital finance and financial inclusion: Evidence from MENA countries. Borsa İstanbul Review, 23(2): 464-472. [CrossRef]
-
Altınışık, İ., Çakmak, Y., & Peker, H. S. (2011). Ekonomik özgürlükler ve refah. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Teknik Araştırmalar Dergisi, (1): 149-156. [CrossRef]
-
Aziz, A., & Naima, U. (2021). Rethinking digital financial inclusion: Evidence from Bangladesh. Technology in Society, 64: 101509. [CrossRef]
-
Bruhn, M., & Love, I. (2014). The real impact of improved access to finance: Evidence from Mexico. The Journal of Finance, 69(3): 1347-1376. [CrossRef]
-
Bunje, M. Y., Abendin, S. & Wang, Y. (2022). The multidimensional effect of financial development on trade in Africa: The role of the digital economy. Telecommunications Policy, 46: 102444. [CrossRef]
-
Chinoda, T. & Kapingura, F. M. (2024). Digital financial inclusion and economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: the role of institutions and governance. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 15(1), 15-30. [CrossRef]
-
Demirel, S., Ulusoy, A. & Özbilge, G. (2023). Dijital ödeme sistemlerinin finansal kurumların erişim ve derinliğine etkisi: Türk bankacılık sektöründen kanıtlar. Akademik Hassasiyetler, 10(23), 584-607. [CrossRef]
-
Durai, T. & Stella, G. (2019). Digital finance and its impact on financial inclusion. Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR), 6(1), 122-127. [CrossRef]
-
Ekmen, İ. (2023). Bankacılıkta dijital finansal kapsamanın bir ölçütü olarak İnternet Bankacılığı Endeksi. International Journal of Human Sciences, 20(1), 1-15. [CrossRef]
-
Geng, Z., & He, G. (2021). Digital financial inclusion and sustainable employment: Evidence from countries along the belt and road. Borsa Istanbul Review, 21(3), 307-316. [CrossRef]
-
Gomber, P., Koch, J. A., & Siering, M. (2017). Digital Finance and FinTech: current research and future research directions. Journal of Business Economics, 87, 537-580. [CrossRef]
-
Güz, T. & Poyraz, G. (2023). Dijital finansal kapsayıcılık endeksi: ülkeler arası bir karşılaştırma. İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(1), 157-180. [CrossRef]
-
Hamerly, G., & Elkan, C. (2003). Learning the k in k-means. Advances in neural information processing systems, 16. [CrossRef]
-
Han, H., Guo, X., & Yu, H. (2016). Variable selection using mean decrease accuracy and mean decrease gini based on random forest. In 2016 7th ieee international conference on software engineering and service science (icsess) (pp. 219-224). IEEE. [CrossRef]
-
Hussain, M., Yahya, F. & Waqas, M. (2021). Does strong governance stimulate the effect of economic freedom and financial literacy on financial inclusion? A cross-country evidence. Future Business Journal, 7(1): 41.[CrossRef]
-
Kaya, A. & Özkan, T. (2024). Finansal gelişmişlik ekonomik özgürlüğün bir nedeni midir? : OECD ülkeleri üzerine bir uygulama. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(1): 247-265. [CrossRef]
-
Keskin, M. (2025). Finansal teknoloji: Neo bankacılık ve gömülü finans. Journal of Banking and Financial Research, 12(1): 1-13. [CrossRef]
-
Keskin Köylü, M. (2018). The contributions of information and communication technologies to financial growth. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 6(5): 283-291. [CrossRef]
-
Li, J., Wu, Y., & Xiao, J. J. (2020). The impact of digital finance on household consumption: Evidence from China. Economic Modelling, 86: 317-326. [CrossRef]
-
Li, Y. & Liu, X. (2022). Digital finance, trade credit and enterprise independent innovation. Procedia Computer Science, 202: 313-319. [CrossRef]
-
Luo, D., Luo, M. & Lv, J. (2022). Can digital finance contribute to the promotion of financial sustainability? A financial efficiency perspective. Sustainability, 14: 3979, [CrossRef]
-
Mahdzan, N. S., Sabri, M. F., Husniyah, A. R., Magli, A. S., Chowdhury, N. T. (2023). Digital financial services usage and subjective financial well-being: evidence from low-income households in Malaysia. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 41(2): 395-427. [CrossRef]
-
Manasseh, C. O., Okanya, O. C., Logan, C. S., Ede, K. E., Ejim, E. P., Ozor, S. N., Onuoha, O. & Okiche, E. L. (2023). Digital finance, financial inclusion and economic growth nexus in Comesa: The role of regulatory quality, rule of law and government effectiveness. Russian Law Journal, 11(5): 376-401. [CrossRef]
-
Meng, K. & Xiao, J. J. (2023). Digital finance and happiness: evidence from China. Informaion Technology for Development, 29(1): 151-169. [CrossRef]
-
Mu, W., Liu, K., Tao, Y., & Ye, Y. (2023). Digital finance and corporate ESG. Finance Research Letters, 51: 103426. [CrossRef]
-
Ozili, P. K. (2018). Impact of digital finance on financial inclusion and stability. Borsa Istanbul Review, 18(4): 329-340. [CrossRef]
-
Pham, D. T., Dimov, S. S., & Nguyen, C. D. (2005). Selection of K in K-means clustering. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 219(1): 103-119.[CrossRef]
-
Puschmann, T. (2017). Fintech. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 59(1): 69-76. [CrossRef]
-
Rekha, G., Rajamani, K. & Resmi, G. (2021). Digital financial inclusion, economic freedom, financial development, and growth: Implications from a panel data analysis. ADBI Working Paper Series, No. 1244, Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI), Tokyo.
-
Saraf, M. & Kayal, P. (2022). Role of digital financial inclusion in promoting economic growth and freedom. In: Vukovic, D.B., Maiti, M., Grigorieva, E.M. (eds) Digitalization and the Future of Financial Services. Contributions to Finance and Accounting. Springer, Cham. [CrossRef]
-
Sarma, M., & Pais, J. (2011). Financial inclusion and development. Journal of International Development, 23(5): 613-628. [CrossRef]
-
Sassi, S., & Goaied, M. (2013). Financial development, ICT diffusion and economic growth: Lessons from MENA region. Telecommunications Policy, 37(4-5): 252-261. [CrossRef]
-
Segal, M. R. (2004). Machine learning benchmarks and random forest regression. Center for Bioinformatics and Molecular Biostatistics, UC San Francisco.
-
Shen, Y., & Huang, Y. (2016).Introduction to the special issue: Internetfinance in China. China Economic Journal, 9(3): 221–224. [CrossRef]
-
Shofawati, A. (2019). The role of digital finance to strengthen financial inclusion and the growth of SME in Indonesia. The 2nd International Conference on Islamic Economics, Business, and Philanthropy (ICIEBP) Theme: “Sustainability and Socio Economic Growth”, KnE Social Sciences: 389–407. [CrossRef]
-
Sinaga, K. P., & Yang, M. S. (2020). Unsupervised K-means clustering algorithm. IEEE access, 8: 80716-80727. [CrossRef]
-
Strobl, C., Boulesteix, A. L., Zeileis, A., & Hothorn, T. (2007). Bias in random forest variable importance measures: Illustrations, sources and a solution. BMC Bioinformatics 8(1): 25. [CrossRef]
-
Tariq, S. A. S., Iftikhar, S. F. & Iftikhar, K., Raza, H. & Idrees, S. (2023). The Role of digital finance in economic development: a cross country analysis. Journal of Policy Research, 9(3): 160-171. [CrossRef]
-
Tatachar, A. V. (2021). Comparative assessment of regression models based on model evaluation metrics. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 8(09): 2395-0056.
[CrossRef]
-
Wang, Q., Yang, J., Chiu, Y.-H. & Lin, T.-Y. (2020). The impact of digital finance on financial efficiency. Managerial and Decision Economics, 41(7): 1225-1236. [CrossRef]
-
Xia, Y., Qiao, Z. & Xie, G. (2022). Corporate resilience to the COVID-19 pandemic: The role of digital finance. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 74: 101791. [CrossRef]
-
Yang, J., Wu, Y., & Huang, B. (2023). Digital finance and financial literacy: Evidence from Chinese households. Journal of Banking & Finance, 156: 107005. [CrossRef]
-
Yue, P., Korkmaz, A. G., Yin, Z. & Zhou, H. (2022). The rise of digital finance: financial inclusion or debt trap? Finance Research Letters, 47: 102604. [CrossRef]
Dijital Finans Kullanımlarında Etkili Olan Finansal Serbestlik Faktörleri Üzerine Bir İnceleme: Veri Madenciliği Teknikleri ile Ampirik Kanıtlar
Yıl 2026,
Cilt: 40 Sayı: 2
,
236
-
246
,
31.03.2026
Haşim Bağcı
,
Ömer Faruk Rençber
,
Ceyda Yerdelen Kaygın
Öz
Yapılan çalışmada dijital finans kullanımında etkili olan finansal serbestlik faktörleri incelenmiştir. Bu incelemeyi yapabilmek için öncelikle araştırma örneklemindeki tüm dünya ülkeleri dijital finans kullanım düzeylerine göre kümelenmiş, ardından ise dijital finans kullanımında etkili olan finansal serbestlik faktörleri saptanmıştır.
Bu konunun çalışılma sebebi dijitalleşme ile ülkelerin finansal özgürlük, finansal katılım, finansal kalkınma ve ekonomik büyümelerinin pozitif yönde etkileneceği ve dijitalleşmenin bu konuda araç olarak kullanılacağı düşünülmektedir. Dijital finansın finansal katılıma ve özgürlüğe etkisinin önemi; finansal hizmetlerin fakir, zengin ayrımı yapılmaksızın topluma eşit olarak sunulduğunda ortaya çıkmaktadır.
Sürdürülebilir bir ekonomik büyümenin yollarından biri ekonomik özgürlüğü dijital finans yoluyla sağlamak ve güçlendirmekten geçmektedir. Ancak bu yolda karşılaşılan bazı kısıtlamalar ve engeller yer almaktadır. Bu problemlere rağmen analizler sonucunda dijital finans kullanımı yüksek olan ülkelerin hem ekonomik açıdan daha özgür hem de finansal açıdan daha gelişmiş durumda oldukları tespit edilmiştir.
Kaynakça
-
Allen, F., McAndrews, J., & Strahan, P. (2002). E-finance: an introduction. Journal of Financial Services Research, 22: 5-27. [CrossRef]
-
Al-Smadi, M. O. (2023). Examining the relationship between digital finance and financial inclusion: Evidence from MENA countries. Borsa İstanbul Review, 23(2): 464-472. [CrossRef]
-
Altınışık, İ., Çakmak, Y., & Peker, H. S. (2011). Ekonomik özgürlükler ve refah. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Teknik Araştırmalar Dergisi, (1): 149-156. [CrossRef]
-
Aziz, A., & Naima, U. (2021). Rethinking digital financial inclusion: Evidence from Bangladesh. Technology in Society, 64: 101509. [CrossRef]
-
Bruhn, M., & Love, I. (2014). The real impact of improved access to finance: Evidence from Mexico. The Journal of Finance, 69(3): 1347-1376. [CrossRef]
-
Bunje, M. Y., Abendin, S. & Wang, Y. (2022). The multidimensional effect of financial development on trade in Africa: The role of the digital economy. Telecommunications Policy, 46: 102444. [CrossRef]
-
Chinoda, T. & Kapingura, F. M. (2024). Digital financial inclusion and economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: the role of institutions and governance. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 15(1), 15-30. [CrossRef]
-
Demirel, S., Ulusoy, A. & Özbilge, G. (2023). Dijital ödeme sistemlerinin finansal kurumların erişim ve derinliğine etkisi: Türk bankacılık sektöründen kanıtlar. Akademik Hassasiyetler, 10(23), 584-607. [CrossRef]
-
Durai, T. & Stella, G. (2019). Digital finance and its impact on financial inclusion. Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR), 6(1), 122-127. [CrossRef]
-
Ekmen, İ. (2023). Bankacılıkta dijital finansal kapsamanın bir ölçütü olarak İnternet Bankacılığı Endeksi. International Journal of Human Sciences, 20(1), 1-15. [CrossRef]
-
Geng, Z., & He, G. (2021). Digital financial inclusion and sustainable employment: Evidence from countries along the belt and road. Borsa Istanbul Review, 21(3), 307-316. [CrossRef]
-
Gomber, P., Koch, J. A., & Siering, M. (2017). Digital Finance and FinTech: current research and future research directions. Journal of Business Economics, 87, 537-580. [CrossRef]
-
Güz, T. & Poyraz, G. (2023). Dijital finansal kapsayıcılık endeksi: ülkeler arası bir karşılaştırma. İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(1), 157-180. [CrossRef]
-
Hamerly, G., & Elkan, C. (2003). Learning the k in k-means. Advances in neural information processing systems, 16. [CrossRef]
-
Han, H., Guo, X., & Yu, H. (2016). Variable selection using mean decrease accuracy and mean decrease gini based on random forest. In 2016 7th ieee international conference on software engineering and service science (icsess) (pp. 219-224). IEEE. [CrossRef]
-
Hussain, M., Yahya, F. & Waqas, M. (2021). Does strong governance stimulate the effect of economic freedom and financial literacy on financial inclusion? A cross-country evidence. Future Business Journal, 7(1): 41.[CrossRef]
-
Kaya, A. & Özkan, T. (2024). Finansal gelişmişlik ekonomik özgürlüğün bir nedeni midir? : OECD ülkeleri üzerine bir uygulama. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(1): 247-265. [CrossRef]
-
Keskin, M. (2025). Finansal teknoloji: Neo bankacılık ve gömülü finans. Journal of Banking and Financial Research, 12(1): 1-13. [CrossRef]
-
Keskin Köylü, M. (2018). The contributions of information and communication technologies to financial growth. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 6(5): 283-291. [CrossRef]
-
Li, J., Wu, Y., & Xiao, J. J. (2020). The impact of digital finance on household consumption: Evidence from China. Economic Modelling, 86: 317-326. [CrossRef]
-
Li, Y. & Liu, X. (2022). Digital finance, trade credit and enterprise independent innovation. Procedia Computer Science, 202: 313-319. [CrossRef]
-
Luo, D., Luo, M. & Lv, J. (2022). Can digital finance contribute to the promotion of financial sustainability? A financial efficiency perspective. Sustainability, 14: 3979, [CrossRef]
-
Mahdzan, N. S., Sabri, M. F., Husniyah, A. R., Magli, A. S., Chowdhury, N. T. (2023). Digital financial services usage and subjective financial well-being: evidence from low-income households in Malaysia. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 41(2): 395-427. [CrossRef]
-
Manasseh, C. O., Okanya, O. C., Logan, C. S., Ede, K. E., Ejim, E. P., Ozor, S. N., Onuoha, O. & Okiche, E. L. (2023). Digital finance, financial inclusion and economic growth nexus in Comesa: The role of regulatory quality, rule of law and government effectiveness. Russian Law Journal, 11(5): 376-401. [CrossRef]
-
Meng, K. & Xiao, J. J. (2023). Digital finance and happiness: evidence from China. Informaion Technology for Development, 29(1): 151-169. [CrossRef]
-
Mu, W., Liu, K., Tao, Y., & Ye, Y. (2023). Digital finance and corporate ESG. Finance Research Letters, 51: 103426. [CrossRef]
-
Ozili, P. K. (2018). Impact of digital finance on financial inclusion and stability. Borsa Istanbul Review, 18(4): 329-340. [CrossRef]
-
Pham, D. T., Dimov, S. S., & Nguyen, C. D. (2005). Selection of K in K-means clustering. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 219(1): 103-119.[CrossRef]
-
Puschmann, T. (2017). Fintech. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 59(1): 69-76. [CrossRef]
-
Rekha, G., Rajamani, K. & Resmi, G. (2021). Digital financial inclusion, economic freedom, financial development, and growth: Implications from a panel data analysis. ADBI Working Paper Series, No. 1244, Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI), Tokyo.
-
Saraf, M. & Kayal, P. (2022). Role of digital financial inclusion in promoting economic growth and freedom. In: Vukovic, D.B., Maiti, M., Grigorieva, E.M. (eds) Digitalization and the Future of Financial Services. Contributions to Finance and Accounting. Springer, Cham. [CrossRef]
-
Sarma, M., & Pais, J. (2011). Financial inclusion and development. Journal of International Development, 23(5): 613-628. [CrossRef]
-
Sassi, S., & Goaied, M. (2013). Financial development, ICT diffusion and economic growth: Lessons from MENA region. Telecommunications Policy, 37(4-5): 252-261. [CrossRef]
-
Segal, M. R. (2004). Machine learning benchmarks and random forest regression. Center for Bioinformatics and Molecular Biostatistics, UC San Francisco.
-
Shen, Y., & Huang, Y. (2016).Introduction to the special issue: Internetfinance in China. China Economic Journal, 9(3): 221–224. [CrossRef]
-
Shofawati, A. (2019). The role of digital finance to strengthen financial inclusion and the growth of SME in Indonesia. The 2nd International Conference on Islamic Economics, Business, and Philanthropy (ICIEBP) Theme: “Sustainability and Socio Economic Growth”, KnE Social Sciences: 389–407. [CrossRef]
-
Sinaga, K. P., & Yang, M. S. (2020). Unsupervised K-means clustering algorithm. IEEE access, 8: 80716-80727. [CrossRef]
-
Strobl, C., Boulesteix, A. L., Zeileis, A., & Hothorn, T. (2007). Bias in random forest variable importance measures: Illustrations, sources and a solution. BMC Bioinformatics 8(1): 25. [CrossRef]
-
Tariq, S. A. S., Iftikhar, S. F. & Iftikhar, K., Raza, H. & Idrees, S. (2023). The Role of digital finance in economic development: a cross country analysis. Journal of Policy Research, 9(3): 160-171. [CrossRef]
-
Tatachar, A. V. (2021). Comparative assessment of regression models based on model evaluation metrics. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 8(09): 2395-0056.
[CrossRef]
-
Wang, Q., Yang, J., Chiu, Y.-H. & Lin, T.-Y. (2020). The impact of digital finance on financial efficiency. Managerial and Decision Economics, 41(7): 1225-1236. [CrossRef]
-
Xia, Y., Qiao, Z. & Xie, G. (2022). Corporate resilience to the COVID-19 pandemic: The role of digital finance. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 74: 101791. [CrossRef]
-
Yang, J., Wu, Y., & Huang, B. (2023). Digital finance and financial literacy: Evidence from Chinese households. Journal of Banking & Finance, 156: 107005. [CrossRef]
-
Yue, P., Korkmaz, A. G., Yin, Z. & Zhou, H. (2022). The rise of digital finance: financial inclusion or debt trap? Finance Research Letters, 47: 102604. [CrossRef]