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An Unusual Red-Tide Event of Noctiluca Scintillans (Macartney) in the Southeastern Black Sea

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1, - , 07.07.2014
https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v14_1_28

Öz

An intense Noctiluca scintillans bloom is reported for the first time in the southeastern coast of the Black Sea. During the present study, surface water samples were collected in the vicinity of the port of Rize between 18 and 20 April 2011. The bloom appeared as a sudden increase in cell number (6.81x10 cells l) and persisted during three days. The bloom led to a red-tide event with typical streaks and patches of reddish viscous surface waters. The abundance of Noctiluca was higher than other previous reports in the Black Sea. During the bloom, sea surface temperature ranged between 9.9-11.7°C and salinity ranged between 15.04-17.7 ‰. Nitrite+nitrate, silicate and phosphate concentrations ranged between 0.59 - 7.13 μM l, 3.6910.92 μM l and 0.04-0.19 μM l, respectively. Meteorological data showed light precipitation and low wind speed before and during the red-tide, indicating a stable stratified surface environment, optimum for the red-tide initiation. Light onshore winds may have caused accumulation of cells near the coast and possibly also contributing for triggering the red-tide. The abundance of N. scintillans correlated positively with chl-a concentration (R= 0.83) and an intense bloom of diatom Melosira spp. (5x10 cells l) was found concomitantly with N. scintillans red-tide. Microscopic examination of live cells from the N. scintillans red-tide revealed the presence of high number of Melosira spp. within the N. scintillans body, confirmating its grazing on these microalgae. The occurrence of this anomalous event may indicate a shift in the planktonic food web as a result of natural variability or anthropogenic influences like eutrophication.

Kaynakça

  • Dapeng Bay, South China Sea 8×10 5 April 400-1200 6-3 57-30.83 49-64 Huang and Qi, 1997 Central Cantabrian Coast, Northern Spain 13×10 6 April 4 30-35 Quevedo et al., 1999 Bahía de Mazatlán Bay, México 3×10 6 January 220-500 3 (13-25) Rodríguez et al., 2005 Northwestern bay of Bengal 38 ×10 5 April 5 (8–29.1) 65 (21– 33) 6 (3–5.3) 0.59 (0.42-0.76) 29 (9721) 10 (41– 88) 61 (1961) Mohanty et al. 2007 Coastal waters of Saudi Arabia, Red Sea 5-3×10 6 7×10 6 February March 22-24 24-25 37-38 >38 3-5 5-3 >0.32 >0.32 0.05-0.1 >05 >63 >63 Mohamed and Mesaad, 2007 Sagami bay, Japan 3x10 6 April 17-18 >30 6-7(NO 2+3 ) ~0.5 ~30 >2 Baek et al. 2009 Gulf of Mannar, Southeast coast of
  • India 35x10 6 October 400-1200 5 2 86 28 Gopakumar et al. 2009 Southwest coast of India 1x 10 8 August 500-1000 03-27.24 11 89 0.44 0.19 29 34 Padmakumar et al. 2010
  • Southern Brazil 44 x10 5 December 600-1000 Cardoso, 2012 Dardanelles, Sea of Marmara, Turkey 2x10 5 May ~12 ~23 ~10 ~0.15 (NO 2+3 ) ~0.1 ~1 ~5 Turkoglu, 2013 Coastal waters of the southeastern
  • Black Sea 81×10 6 April 425-800.9 98 (4-11.7) 67 (0408) 64 (6932) 29(NO 2+3 ) 0.12 51 64 (0.26-57) Present study Baek, S.H., Shimode, S., Kim, H.C, Han, M.Y. and Kikuchi, T. 2009. Strong bottom– up effects on phytoplankton community caused by a rainfall during spring and summer in Sagami Bay, Japan. Journal of Marine Systems, 75, 253-264.
  • Bityukov, E.P. 1969. Distribution and Ecology of Noctiluca miliaris in the Black Sea. Biol. Morya, 17, 76–95.
  • Cardoso, L.S. 2012. Bloom of Noctiluca scintillans (Macartney) kofoid & swezy (dinophyceae) in southern Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography, (60): 2, 265-268.
  • Dela-Cruz, J., Ajani, P., Lee, R., Pritchard, T. and Suthers, I. 2002. Temporal abundance patterns of the red-tide dinofalgellate Noctiluca scintillans along the southeast coast of Australia. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 236, 75-88.
  • Elbrachter, M. and Qi, Y.Z. 1998. Aspects of Noctiluca (Dinophyceae) population dynamics, [in:] Anderson, A.D. Cambella and G.M. Hallegrae ff (eds.), Physiological ecology of harmful algal blooms, D.M. Springer, London, 662 pp.
  • Erkan, F., Gucu, A. and Zagorodnyaya, J. 2000. The diel Vertical distribution of zooplankton in the Southeast Black Sea. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 24, 417-427.
  • Feyzioğlu, A.M. and Sivri, N., 2003. Seasonal changes of Noctiluca scintillans Kofoids and Swezy in Trabzon Coast, Eastern Black Sea. E.U. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 20: (1)-2, 75- 79.
  • Gopakumar, G., Sulochanan, B. and Venkatesan, V. 2009. Bloom of Noctiluca scintillans (Macartney) in Gulf of Mannar, southeast coast of India. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. India, 51:(1), 75- 80.
  • Harrison, P. J. Furuya, K., Glibert, P. M., Xu, J., Liu, H. B., Yin, K., Lee, J. H. W., Anderson, D. M., Gowen, R., Al-Azri, A. R. and Ho, A. Y. T. 2011. Geographical distribution of red and gren Noctiluca scintillans. ChineseJournal of Oceanology and Limnology, 29: 4, 807-831, doi: 10.1007/s00343-011-0510-z
  • Hasle, G. R. and Syversten E. E. 1997. Marine diatoms, [in:] Identifying marine phytoplankton, C.R. Tomas (ed.), Acad. Press, St. Petersburg, FL, 5- 385
  • Huang, C. and Qi, Y. 1997. The abundance cycle and influence factors on red tide phenomena of Noctiluca scintillans (Dinophyceae) DapengBay, the South China Sea, J. Plankton Res., 19: 3, 303–318.
  • Kiİrboe, T. and Titelman, J. 1998. Feeding, prey selection and prey encounter mechanisms in the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans. J.Plankton Res., 20:8, 1615–1636.
  • Kovalev, A.V. and Piontkovski S.A. 1998. Interannual changes in the biomass of the Black Sea gelatinous zooplankton. Journal of Plankton Research, 20:7, 1377-1385.
  • Kovalev, A.V., Mazzocchi, M.G., Siokou-Frangou, I. and Kideys, A.E. 2001. Zooplankton of the Black Sea and the Eastern Mediterranean: similarities and dissimilarities. Mediterr. Mar. Sci. 2; 1, 69-77.
  • Lirdwitayaprasit, T., Meksumpan, S., Rungsupha, S. and Furuya, K. 2006. Seasonal variations in cell abundance of Noctiluca scintillans of the coastal waters off Chonbori Province, the upper gulf of Thailand. Coastal Marine Sciences, 30: 80-84.
  • Mikaelyan, A.S., Malej, A., Shiganova, T.A., Turk, V., Sivkovitch, A.E., Musaeve, E.I., Kogovsek, T. and Lukasheva, T., A. 2014. Populations of the red tide forming dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans (Macartney): A comparison between the Black Sea and the northern Adriatic Sea. Harmful Algae, 33, 2940
  • Miyaguchi, H., Fujiki, T., Kikuchi, T., Kuwahra, V.S. and Toda, T. 2006. Relationships between the bloom of Noctiluca scintillans and environmental factors in the coastal waters of Sagami Bay, Japan. J. Plankton Res., 28:3, 313–324.
  • Mohamed, Z.A. and Mesaad, I. 2007. First report on Noctiluca scintillans blooms in the Red Sea o ff the coasts of Saudi Arabia: consequences of eutrophication. Oceanologia, 49: 3, 337–351.
  • Mohanty, A.K. Satpathy, K.K. Sahu, G., Sasmal, S.K. Sahu, B. K., and Panıgrahy, R.C. 2007. Red tide of Noctiluca scintillans and its impact on the coastal water quality of the near-shore waters, off the Rushikulya River, Bay of Bengal. Current Science, 93 (5).616-617
  • Nakamura, Y. 1998. Biomass, feeding and production of Noctiluca scintillans in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. J. Plankton Res., 20, 2213–2222.
  • Nikishina, A.B., Drits, A.V., Vasilyeva, Yu. V., Timonin, A.G., Solovyev, K.A., Ratkova, T.N. and Sergeeva, V.M. 2011. Role of the Noctiluca scintillans Population in the Trophic Dynamics of the Black Sea Plankton over the Spring Period. Oceanology, 51: 6, 1029- 1039.
  • Oguz, T., Velikova, V. 2010. Abrupt transition of the northwestern Black Sea shelf ecosystem from a eutrophic to an alternative pristine state. Marine
  • Ecology Progress Series, 405, 231- 242. Okaichi T. and Nishio S. 1976, Identification of ammonia as the toxic principle of redtide of Noctiluca miliaris, Bull. Plankton Soc. Jpn, 23: 2, 75- 80.
  • Ozdemir, G.P. and Ak, O., 2012. The qualitative and quantitative distribution of the zooplankton in the Southeastern Black Sea (Trabzon coast). J. Black Sea/
  • Mediterrenean Environment, 18: 3, 279-298. Padmakumar, K.B. SreeRenjima G., Fanimol, C. L., Menon, N. R. and Sanjeevan, V. N., 2010.
  • Preponderance of heterotrophic Noctiluca scintillans during a multi-species diatom bloom along the southwest coast of India. International Journal of Oceans and Oceanography 0973-2667, 4: (1) 55-63
  • Parsons, T.R. Maita, Y. and Lalli, C. M., 1984. A Manual of
  • Chemical and Biological Methods for Seawater Analysis. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 173 pp. Porumb, F. 1989. On the development of Noctiluca scintillans (Macartney) Kofoid and Swezy under the eutrophication of the Romanian Black Sea waters. Cercerati Marine, 22, 247-262.
  • Porumb, F. 1992. On the development of Noctiluca scintillans under eutrophication of Romanian Black
  • Sea waters. Science of the total environment, Supplement 1992, Elseiver Publishers BV, Amsterdam, 907- 920.
  • Quevedo, M., Gonzalez-Quiros, R. and Anadon, R. 1999.
  • Evidence of heavy predation by Noctiluca scintillans on Acartia clausi (copepoda) eggs off the central Cantabrian coast (NW Spain). Oceanologica, 22, 127– 1 Rodríguez, R.A., Ochoa, J.L., and Alcocer, M.U. 2005.
  • Grazing of heterotrophic dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans (Mcartney) Kofoid on Gymnodinium catenatum Graham. Revista Latinoamericana de Microbiología, 47: (1-2) 6- 10 Shiganova, T., Musaeva, E., Araskievich, E., Kamburska, L. 200 The state of zooplankton. In: Oguz T (ed) State of the environment of the Black Sea (2001–2006/7).
  • The Commission on the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution publication, Istanbul, p 201–246 Steidinger, K. A. and Tangen, K. 1997. Dinoflagellates, [in:] C.R. Tomas (ed.), Identifying marine phytoplankton. Acad. Press, St. Petersburg, FL, 3875
  • Turkoglu, M. 2013. Red tides of the dinoflagellate
  • Noctiluca scintillans associated with eutrophication in the Sea of Marmara (the Dardanelles, Turkey). Oceanologia, 55:(3),709–732. doi:5697/oc.5570
  • Umani, S. F., Beran, A., Parlato, S., Virgillo, D., Zollet, T., De Olozabal, A., Lazzarini, B., and Cabrini, M. 2004.
  • Noctiluca scintillans Macartney in the Northern Adriatic Sea: long- term dynamics, relationships with temperature and eutrophication, and role in the food web. J. Plankton Res., 26: (5), 545-561.

An Unusual Red-Tide Event of Noctiluca Scintillans (Macartney) in the Southeastern Black Sea

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1, - , 07.07.2014
https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v14_1_28

Öz

Olağandışı bir Noctiluca scintillans bloomu güneydoğu Karadeniz’den ilk kez rapor edilmektedir. Çalışma esnasında yüzey suyu örnekleri 18-20 Nisan 2011 tarihleri arasında Rize Limanı ve çevresinden toplanmıştır. Hücre sayısındaki (6,81 x 106 hücre l) ani artış ile başlayan bloom üç gün sürmüştür. Liman içinde ve kıyı boyunca surface suyunda tipik yoğun toplanmalar ve kırmızımsı bantlar gözlenmiştir. Red-tide süresince denizsuyu yüzey sıcaklığı 9,9-11,7°C, tuzluluk ‰ 15,0417,7 arasında değişmiştir. Nitrit+nitrat, silikat ve fosfat konsantrasyonları ise sırasıyla 0,59- 7,13 μM l, 3,69- 10,92 μM l ve 0,04- 0,19 μM l arasında değişmiştir. Meteorolojik veri, red-tide’dan önce ve sonra hâkim olan hafif yağış ve düşük rüzgâr hızının belirlediği durgun tabakalaşmış yüzeyin red-tide’ın başlaması için uygun çevre olduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca redtide’ın en yoğun olduğu periyotta kıyıdan karaya doğru esen hafif rüzgâr, hücrelerin kıyıda akümülasyonuna ve muhtemelen red-tide’nın başlamasına katkıda bulunmuş olabilir. Noctiluca bolluğu ile chl-a konsantrasyonu arasında pozitif yönlü korelasyon bulunmuştur (R= 0,83) ve liman içinde N.scintillans red-tide’ı ile eş zamanlı olarak diatom Melosira spp.’ye (5x10 hücre l) ait yoğun bir bloom tespit edilmiştir. Mikroskobik incelemeler esnasında canlı N. scintillans hücreleri içerisinde Melosira spp.’nin varlığı, N. scintillans’ın bu türler üzerinden otlandığını göstermiştir. Sıra dışı bu olayın meydana gelmesi, doğal değişimin ya da ötrofikasyon gibi antropojenik etkilerin bir sonucu olarak planktonik besin zincirinde bir değişime işaret ediyor olabilir.

Kaynakça

  • Dapeng Bay, South China Sea 8×10 5 April 400-1200 6-3 57-30.83 49-64 Huang and Qi, 1997 Central Cantabrian Coast, Northern Spain 13×10 6 April 4 30-35 Quevedo et al., 1999 Bahía de Mazatlán Bay, México 3×10 6 January 220-500 3 (13-25) Rodríguez et al., 2005 Northwestern bay of Bengal 38 ×10 5 April 5 (8–29.1) 65 (21– 33) 6 (3–5.3) 0.59 (0.42-0.76) 29 (9721) 10 (41– 88) 61 (1961) Mohanty et al. 2007 Coastal waters of Saudi Arabia, Red Sea 5-3×10 6 7×10 6 February March 22-24 24-25 37-38 >38 3-5 5-3 >0.32 >0.32 0.05-0.1 >05 >63 >63 Mohamed and Mesaad, 2007 Sagami bay, Japan 3x10 6 April 17-18 >30 6-7(NO 2+3 ) ~0.5 ~30 >2 Baek et al. 2009 Gulf of Mannar, Southeast coast of
  • India 35x10 6 October 400-1200 5 2 86 28 Gopakumar et al. 2009 Southwest coast of India 1x 10 8 August 500-1000 03-27.24 11 89 0.44 0.19 29 34 Padmakumar et al. 2010
  • Southern Brazil 44 x10 5 December 600-1000 Cardoso, 2012 Dardanelles, Sea of Marmara, Turkey 2x10 5 May ~12 ~23 ~10 ~0.15 (NO 2+3 ) ~0.1 ~1 ~5 Turkoglu, 2013 Coastal waters of the southeastern
  • Black Sea 81×10 6 April 425-800.9 98 (4-11.7) 67 (0408) 64 (6932) 29(NO 2+3 ) 0.12 51 64 (0.26-57) Present study Baek, S.H., Shimode, S., Kim, H.C, Han, M.Y. and Kikuchi, T. 2009. Strong bottom– up effects on phytoplankton community caused by a rainfall during spring and summer in Sagami Bay, Japan. Journal of Marine Systems, 75, 253-264.
  • Bityukov, E.P. 1969. Distribution and Ecology of Noctiluca miliaris in the Black Sea. Biol. Morya, 17, 76–95.
  • Cardoso, L.S. 2012. Bloom of Noctiluca scintillans (Macartney) kofoid & swezy (dinophyceae) in southern Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography, (60): 2, 265-268.
  • Dela-Cruz, J., Ajani, P., Lee, R., Pritchard, T. and Suthers, I. 2002. Temporal abundance patterns of the red-tide dinofalgellate Noctiluca scintillans along the southeast coast of Australia. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 236, 75-88.
  • Elbrachter, M. and Qi, Y.Z. 1998. Aspects of Noctiluca (Dinophyceae) population dynamics, [in:] Anderson, A.D. Cambella and G.M. Hallegrae ff (eds.), Physiological ecology of harmful algal blooms, D.M. Springer, London, 662 pp.
  • Erkan, F., Gucu, A. and Zagorodnyaya, J. 2000. The diel Vertical distribution of zooplankton in the Southeast Black Sea. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 24, 417-427.
  • Feyzioğlu, A.M. and Sivri, N., 2003. Seasonal changes of Noctiluca scintillans Kofoids and Swezy in Trabzon Coast, Eastern Black Sea. E.U. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 20: (1)-2, 75- 79.
  • Gopakumar, G., Sulochanan, B. and Venkatesan, V. 2009. Bloom of Noctiluca scintillans (Macartney) in Gulf of Mannar, southeast coast of India. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. India, 51:(1), 75- 80.
  • Harrison, P. J. Furuya, K., Glibert, P. M., Xu, J., Liu, H. B., Yin, K., Lee, J. H. W., Anderson, D. M., Gowen, R., Al-Azri, A. R. and Ho, A. Y. T. 2011. Geographical distribution of red and gren Noctiluca scintillans. ChineseJournal of Oceanology and Limnology, 29: 4, 807-831, doi: 10.1007/s00343-011-0510-z
  • Hasle, G. R. and Syversten E. E. 1997. Marine diatoms, [in:] Identifying marine phytoplankton, C.R. Tomas (ed.), Acad. Press, St. Petersburg, FL, 5- 385
  • Huang, C. and Qi, Y. 1997. The abundance cycle and influence factors on red tide phenomena of Noctiluca scintillans (Dinophyceae) DapengBay, the South China Sea, J. Plankton Res., 19: 3, 303–318.
  • Kiİrboe, T. and Titelman, J. 1998. Feeding, prey selection and prey encounter mechanisms in the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans. J.Plankton Res., 20:8, 1615–1636.
  • Kovalev, A.V. and Piontkovski S.A. 1998. Interannual changes in the biomass of the Black Sea gelatinous zooplankton. Journal of Plankton Research, 20:7, 1377-1385.
  • Kovalev, A.V., Mazzocchi, M.G., Siokou-Frangou, I. and Kideys, A.E. 2001. Zooplankton of the Black Sea and the Eastern Mediterranean: similarities and dissimilarities. Mediterr. Mar. Sci. 2; 1, 69-77.
  • Lirdwitayaprasit, T., Meksumpan, S., Rungsupha, S. and Furuya, K. 2006. Seasonal variations in cell abundance of Noctiluca scintillans of the coastal waters off Chonbori Province, the upper gulf of Thailand. Coastal Marine Sciences, 30: 80-84.
  • Mikaelyan, A.S., Malej, A., Shiganova, T.A., Turk, V., Sivkovitch, A.E., Musaeve, E.I., Kogovsek, T. and Lukasheva, T., A. 2014. Populations of the red tide forming dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans (Macartney): A comparison between the Black Sea and the northern Adriatic Sea. Harmful Algae, 33, 2940
  • Miyaguchi, H., Fujiki, T., Kikuchi, T., Kuwahra, V.S. and Toda, T. 2006. Relationships between the bloom of Noctiluca scintillans and environmental factors in the coastal waters of Sagami Bay, Japan. J. Plankton Res., 28:3, 313–324.
  • Mohamed, Z.A. and Mesaad, I. 2007. First report on Noctiluca scintillans blooms in the Red Sea o ff the coasts of Saudi Arabia: consequences of eutrophication. Oceanologia, 49: 3, 337–351.
  • Mohanty, A.K. Satpathy, K.K. Sahu, G., Sasmal, S.K. Sahu, B. K., and Panıgrahy, R.C. 2007. Red tide of Noctiluca scintillans and its impact on the coastal water quality of the near-shore waters, off the Rushikulya River, Bay of Bengal. Current Science, 93 (5).616-617
  • Nakamura, Y. 1998. Biomass, feeding and production of Noctiluca scintillans in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. J. Plankton Res., 20, 2213–2222.
  • Nikishina, A.B., Drits, A.V., Vasilyeva, Yu. V., Timonin, A.G., Solovyev, K.A., Ratkova, T.N. and Sergeeva, V.M. 2011. Role of the Noctiluca scintillans Population in the Trophic Dynamics of the Black Sea Plankton over the Spring Period. Oceanology, 51: 6, 1029- 1039.
  • Oguz, T., Velikova, V. 2010. Abrupt transition of the northwestern Black Sea shelf ecosystem from a eutrophic to an alternative pristine state. Marine
  • Ecology Progress Series, 405, 231- 242. Okaichi T. and Nishio S. 1976, Identification of ammonia as the toxic principle of redtide of Noctiluca miliaris, Bull. Plankton Soc. Jpn, 23: 2, 75- 80.
  • Ozdemir, G.P. and Ak, O., 2012. The qualitative and quantitative distribution of the zooplankton in the Southeastern Black Sea (Trabzon coast). J. Black Sea/
  • Mediterrenean Environment, 18: 3, 279-298. Padmakumar, K.B. SreeRenjima G., Fanimol, C. L., Menon, N. R. and Sanjeevan, V. N., 2010.
  • Preponderance of heterotrophic Noctiluca scintillans during a multi-species diatom bloom along the southwest coast of India. International Journal of Oceans and Oceanography 0973-2667, 4: (1) 55-63
  • Parsons, T.R. Maita, Y. and Lalli, C. M., 1984. A Manual of
  • Chemical and Biological Methods for Seawater Analysis. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 173 pp. Porumb, F. 1989. On the development of Noctiluca scintillans (Macartney) Kofoid and Swezy under the eutrophication of the Romanian Black Sea waters. Cercerati Marine, 22, 247-262.
  • Porumb, F. 1992. On the development of Noctiluca scintillans under eutrophication of Romanian Black
  • Sea waters. Science of the total environment, Supplement 1992, Elseiver Publishers BV, Amsterdam, 907- 920.
  • Quevedo, M., Gonzalez-Quiros, R. and Anadon, R. 1999.
  • Evidence of heavy predation by Noctiluca scintillans on Acartia clausi (copepoda) eggs off the central Cantabrian coast (NW Spain). Oceanologica, 22, 127– 1 Rodríguez, R.A., Ochoa, J.L., and Alcocer, M.U. 2005.
  • Grazing of heterotrophic dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans (Mcartney) Kofoid on Gymnodinium catenatum Graham. Revista Latinoamericana de Microbiología, 47: (1-2) 6- 10 Shiganova, T., Musaeva, E., Araskievich, E., Kamburska, L. 200 The state of zooplankton. In: Oguz T (ed) State of the environment of the Black Sea (2001–2006/7).
  • The Commission on the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution publication, Istanbul, p 201–246 Steidinger, K. A. and Tangen, K. 1997. Dinoflagellates, [in:] C.R. Tomas (ed.), Identifying marine phytoplankton. Acad. Press, St. Petersburg, FL, 3875
  • Turkoglu, M. 2013. Red tides of the dinoflagellate
  • Noctiluca scintillans associated with eutrophication in the Sea of Marmara (the Dardanelles, Turkey). Oceanologia, 55:(3),709–732. doi:5697/oc.5570
  • Umani, S. F., Beran, A., Parlato, S., Virgillo, D., Zollet, T., De Olozabal, A., Lazzarini, B., and Cabrini, M. 2004.
  • Noctiluca scintillans Macartney in the Northern Adriatic Sea: long- term dynamics, relationships with temperature and eutrophication, and role in the food web. J. Plankton Res., 26: (5), 545-561.
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ulgen Kopuz Bu kişi benim

Ali Muzaffer Feyzioglu Bu kişi benim

André Valente Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 7 Temmuz 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Kopuz, U., Feyzioglu, A. M., & Valente, A. (2014). An Unusual Red-Tide Event of Noctiluca Scintillans (Macartney) in the Southeastern Black Sea. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v14_1_28
AMA Kopuz U, Feyzioglu AM, Valente A. An Unusual Red-Tide Event of Noctiluca Scintillans (Macartney) in the Southeastern Black Sea. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Şubat 2014;14(1). doi:10.4194/1303-2712-v14_1_28
Chicago Kopuz, Ulgen, Ali Muzaffer Feyzioglu, ve André Valente. “An Unusual Red-Tide Event of Noctiluca Scintillans (Macartney) in the Southeastern Black Sea”. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 14, sy. 1 (Şubat 2014). https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v14_1_28.
EndNote Kopuz U, Feyzioglu AM, Valente A (01 Şubat 2014) An Unusual Red-Tide Event of Noctiluca Scintillans (Macartney) in the Southeastern Black Sea. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 14 1
IEEE U. Kopuz, A. M. Feyzioglu, ve A. Valente, “An Unusual Red-Tide Event of Noctiluca Scintillans (Macartney) in the Southeastern Black Sea”, Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, c. 14, sy. 1, 2014, doi: 10.4194/1303-2712-v14_1_28.
ISNAD Kopuz, Ulgen vd. “An Unusual Red-Tide Event of Noctiluca Scintillans (Macartney) in the Southeastern Black Sea”. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 14/1 (Şubat 2014). https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v14_1_28.
JAMA Kopuz U, Feyzioglu AM, Valente A. An Unusual Red-Tide Event of Noctiluca Scintillans (Macartney) in the Southeastern Black Sea. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 2014;14. doi:10.4194/1303-2712-v14_1_28.
MLA Kopuz, Ulgen vd. “An Unusual Red-Tide Event of Noctiluca Scintillans (Macartney) in the Southeastern Black Sea”. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, c. 14, sy. 1, 2014, doi:10.4194/1303-2712-v14_1_28.
Vancouver Kopuz U, Feyzioglu AM, Valente A. An Unusual Red-Tide Event of Noctiluca Scintillans (Macartney) in the Southeastern Black Sea. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 2014;14(1).