ELAMTU: ELAM ADI VE ELAM TOPRAKLARI ÇERÇEVESİNDE MODERN GÜNEYBATI İRAN’IN COĞRAFİ KİMLİĞİ

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 25, 157 - 190, 30.01.2023

Eray Karaketir

https://doi.org/10.33207/trkede.1197264

Öz

İsmini hüküm sürdüğü engebeli ve yüksek coğrafyadan alan Elam Krallığı, çivi yazılı kaynaklarda “Yüksek Ülke” anlamına gelen “Elamtu” ve türevi sözcüklerle ifade edilmiştir. Elam Krallığı, bugünkü İran’ın Huzistan, Fars, Luristan, Kirman ve Senendec bölgelerini içeren ve genel olarak Güneybatı İran olarak bilinen coğrafyada MÖ 3-1. binyıllar arasında hüküm sürmüştür. Krallığa başkentlik yapan Susa ve Anşan şehirleri göz önünde bulundurulduğunda Elam’ın çekirdek bölgesini Huzistan ve Fars illeri meydana getirmiştir. Güneybatı İran, Zagros Dağları ve Huzistan Ovası başta olmak üzere yüksek dağlar ile geniş ovaların bir arada bulunduğu, Karun ve Kerhe gibi nehirlerin yanı sıra Bahtıgan ve Meharlu gibi göllerin yer aldığı, yeryüzü şekilleri ve doğal kaynaklar bakımından zengin bir coğrafyadır. Mezopotamya ile komşu olan söz konusu bölge, farklı iklim ve bitki türlerine ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. Yer yer kurak iklimin ağır bastığı bölgede yüksek kesimler kısmen ağaçlarla örtülü iken, ovalık alanlarda nispeten bozkır bitkisi örtüsü öne çıkmaktadır. Tüm bu coğrafi unsurlar, Güneybatı İran coğrafyasının mozaik bir yapı olarak nitelendirilmesine olanak tanımaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Elam, Elam Krallığı, Elamlılar, Huzistan, Güneybatı İran, İran Coğrafyası

Elamtu: The Geographical Identity of Modern Southwestern Iran in the Framework of the Name of Elam and the Lands of Elamite

Öz

Elamite Kingdom, which takes its name from the rugged and high geography it reigns, is expressed in cuneiform sources with “Elamtu” meaning “High Land” and its derivative words. The Elamite Kingdom ruled between 3rd-1st millennium BC in the geography known as Southwestern Iran, which includes the Khuzestan, Fars, Luristan, Kerman and Senendaj regions of today's Iran. Considering the cities of Susa and Anshan, which were the capitals of the kingdom, the provinces of Khuzestan and Fars formed the core region of Elamite. Southwestern Iran is a geography rich in landforms and natural resources, where high mountains and wide plains, especially the Zagros Mountains and the Khuzestan Plain, coexist, along with lakes such as Bakhtegan and Maharloo as well as rivers such as Karun and Karkheh. The region, which is adjacent to Mesopotamia, hosts to different climates and plant species. In the region where the arid climate prevails in places, while the high parts are partially covered with trees, the steppe vegetation comes to the fore in the plains. All these geographical factors allow the Southwestern Iran geography to be characterized as a mosaic structure.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Elam, Elamite Kingdom, Elamites, Khuzestan, Southwestern Iran, Geography of Iran

Kaynakça

• AĞARI, Murat (2013), “Ya‘kūbî”, İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 43, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı, İstanbul, 287-288.
• ÁLVAREZ-MON, Javier (2010), The Arjan Tomb: At The Crossroads of the Elamite and the Persian Empires, Peeters, Leuven&Paris&Walpole, MA.
• ÁLVAREZ-MON, Javier (2012), “Elam: Iran’s First Empire”, Ed. D. T. POTTS, A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, West Sussex, 740-757.
• ÁLVAREZ-MON, Javier (2017), “The Elamite Civilization”, Ed. J. LEA BENESS, Ancient History: Resources for Teachers, Macquarie Ancient History Association Faculty of Arts, Macquarie University, Sydney, 1-29.
• AMIET, Pierre, CHEVALIER, Nicole ve CARTER, Elizabeth (1992), “Susa in the Ancient Near East”, Ed. Prudence O. HARPER, Joan ARUZ ve Françoise TALLON, The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 1-24.
• ARRIAN, Anabasis of Alexander, Çev. P. A. BRUNT, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1976.
• ATTAR, Aygün (2006), İran’ın Etnik Yapısı (Yakın Dönem ve Günümüzde), Divan Yayıncılık, Ankara.
• AVCI, Casim (2013), “Yâkūt el-Hamevî”, İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 43, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı, İstanbul, 288-291.
• AYDIN, Nafiz (2013), Büyük Sümerce Sözlük, Türk Dil Kurumu, Ankara.
• BAHADORI, Ali (2017), “Achaemenid Empire, Tribal Confederations of Southwestern Persia and Seven Families”, Iranian Studies, 50.2, 173-197.
• BARTHOLD, Vasilii Vladimirovich (1984), An Historical Geography of Iran, Çev. Svat SOUCEK, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
• BARTHOLD, V. V. (2022), İran Tarihî Coğrafyası, Çev. Ömer ALKAÇ, Selenge Yayınları, İstanbul.
• BASELLO, Gian Pietro (2005, 17-19 Eylül), “Pre-Achaemenid Persians: An Elamite Point of View”, Erstes Italienisch-Österreichisches Iranistisches Symposium, Cagli, 1-7.
• BASELLO, Gian Pietro (2016), “Elamite Kingdom”, The Encyclopedia of Empire, 2, Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, West Sussex, 788-797.
• BLADEL, Kevin T. Van (2021), “The Language of the Xūz and the Fate of Elamite”, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 31.3, 447-462.
• CÂHİZ, al-Ǧah̄iz,̣ Kitab̄ al-Ḥayawan̄, Ed. Abdassalam Muḥammad HAR̄ŪN, Cairo, 1938-1945.
• CÂHİZ, al-Ǧah̄iẓ, Kitab̄ al-Bayan̄ wa-t-tabyin̄, Ed. Abdassalam̄ Muḥammad HAR̄ŪN, Cairo, 1968.
• CAMERON, George G. (1936), History of Early Iran, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
• CARTER, Elizabeth ve STOLPER, Matthew W. (1984), Elam: Surveys of Political History and Archaeology, University of California Press, Berkeley&Los Angeles&London.
• CARTER, Elizabeth (1994), “Bridging the Gap Between the Elamites and the Persians in Southeastern Khuzistan”, Achaemenid History, 8, 65-95.
• CARTER, Elizabeth (2007), “Resisting Empire: Elam in the First Millennium BC”, Ed. Elizabeth C. STONE, Settlement and Society: Essays Dedicated to Robert McCormick Adams, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles, 139-156.
• DAMEROW, Peter ve ENGLUND, Robert K. (1989), The Proto-Elamite Texts from Tepe Yahya, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
• DE MIROSCHEDJI, Pierre (2003), “Susa and The Highlands: Major Trends in the History of Elamite Civilization”, Ed. Naomi F. MILLER ve Kamyar ABDI, Yeki Bud, Yeki Nabud: Essays on the Archaelogy of Iran in Honor of William M. Sumner, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles, 17-38.
• DIAKONOFF, I. M. (1985), “Elam”, The Cambridge History of Iran, 2, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1-24.
• DIODORUS, Diodorus of Sicily, Çev. C. BRADFORD WELLES, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts & William Heinemann Ltd, London, 1963.
• DOSSIN, Georges (1938), “Signaux Lumineux au pays de Mari”, Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale, 35.3-4, 174-186.
• DUBOVSKY, Peter (2018), “Elam and the Bible”, Ed. Javier ÁLVAREZ-MON, Gian Pietro BASELLO ve Yasmina WICKS, The Elamite World, Routledge, London&New York, 27-40.
• DURAND, Jean-Marie (1988), Archives Épistolaires de Mari I/1, Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations, Paris.
• DURMUŞ, İsmail (2000), “İbnü’l-Mukaffa‘”, İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 21, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı, İstanbul, 130-134.
• EDZARD, Dietz Otto (2003), Sumerian Grammar, Brill, Leiden&Boston.
• FISHER, W. B. (1968), “Physical Geography”, The Cambridge History of Iran, 1, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 3-110.
• FREY, Wolfgang, KÜRSCHNER, Harald ve Probst, WILFRIED (1999), “Flora ii. in Persia”, Encyclopaedia Iranica, 10.1, Bibliotheca Persica Press, New York, 46-63.
• FRYE, Richard N. (1983), The History of Ancient Iran, Beck, München.
• GADD, C. J. (1924), A Sumerian Reading-Book, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
• GAUBE, H. (1982), “Ab-e Dez”, Encyclopaedia Iranica, 1.1, Routledge&Kegan Paul, London, 43.
• GHORBANI, Mansour (2013), The Economic Geology of Iran: Mineral Deposits and Natural Resources, Springer, Dordrecht.
• GRANTOVSKIY, Edvin Arvidoviç (2021), “Antik İran, İlk Toplum Yapısı, Elam Devleti”, İran Tarihi: En Eski Çağlardan Yirminci Yüzyıla, Ed. Mihail Sergeyeviç IVANOV, Çev. Hasan DEMİROĞLU, Selenge Yayınları, İstanbul, 15-34.
• HAGHIGHI, Ali Torabi, KESHTKARAN, Pouyan, DEHGHANI, Mitra ve NIKOO, Nasrin (2008), “Methods of Facing with Drought in Fars Province-Iran”, Ed. Mitja BRILLY ve Mojca ŠRAJ, XXIV Conference of the Danubian Countries on Hydrological Forecasting and Hydrological Bases of Water Management, 2-4 June 2008, Slovenian National Committee for the IHP UNESCO, Ljubljana, 80.
• HELWING, Barbara (2012), “The Iranian Plateau”, Ed. D. T. POTTS, A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, West Sussex, 501-511.
• HENKELMAN, Wouter (2003), “Persians, Medes and Elamites: Acculturation in the Neo-Elamite Period”, Ed. Giovanni B. LANFRANCHI, Michael ROAF ve Robert ROLLINGER, Continuity of Empire (?) Assyria, Media, Persia, S.a.r.g.o.n. Editrice e Libreria, Padova, 181-231.
• HENKELMAN, Wouter F. M. (2011), “Of Tapyroi and Tablets, States and Tribes: The Historical Geography of Pastoralism in the Achaemenid Heartland in Greek and Elamite Sources”, Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, 54.2, 1-16.
• HENKELMAN, Wouter F. M. (2012), “The Achaemenid Heartland: An Archaeological-Historical Perspective”, Ed. D. T. POTTS, A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, West Sussex, 931-962.
• HENKELMAN, Wouter F. M. (2018), “Elamite Administrative and Religious Heritage in the Persian Heartland”, Ed. Javier ÁLVAREZ-MON, Gian Pietro BASELLO ve Yasmina WICKS, The Elamite World, Routledge, London&New York, 803-828.
• HENRICKSON, E. F. ve VITALI, V. (1987), “The Dalma Tradition: Prehistoric Inter-Regional Cultural Integration in Highland Western Iran”, Paléorient, 13.2, 37-45.
• HENRICKSON, Robert C. (1986), “A Regional Perspective on Godin III Cultural Development in Central Western Iran”, Iran, 24, 1-55.
• HERODOTOS, Herodot Tarihi, Çev. Müntekim ÖKMEN, Remzi Kitabevi, İstanbul, 1973.
• HERRENSCHMIDT, Clarisse (2000), “Writing between Visible and Invisible Worlds in Iran, Israel, and Greece”, Ed. Jean BOTTERO, Clarisse HERRENSCHMIDT ve Jean-Pierre VERNANT, Ancestor of the West: Writing, Reasoning, and Religion in Mesopotamia, Elam, and Greece, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago&London, 69-146.
• HINZ, Walther (1971), “Persia c. 2400-1800 B.C.”, The Cambridge Ancient History, 1.2, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 644-680.
• IMANPOUR, Mohammad Taghi (2012), The Land of Parsa: The First Persian Homeland (The Persian Empire Birthplace History), Lambert Academic Publishing, Saarbrücken.
• İSTAHRÎ, Abu Ishák al-Fárisí al-Istakhrí, Ed. M. J. de GOEJE, E. J. Brill, Leiden, 1927.
• KANEVA, I. T. (2006), The Sumerian Language, The Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg.
• KARAARSLAN, Nasuhi Ünal (2000), “İbnü’n-Nedîm”, İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 21, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı, İstanbul, 171-173.
• KENT, Roland G. (1950), Old Persian: Grammar, Texts, Lexicon, American Oriental Society, New Haven, Connecticut.
• KOÇ, Mehmet (2021), İran’ın İdari Yapısı, (Mayıs 2021), İran Araştırmaları Merkezi (İRAM), Ankara.
• KÖNIG, Friedrich Wilhelm (1977), Die elamischen Königsinschriften, Biblio Verlag, Osnabrück.
• KUTSAL KİTAP ESKİ VE YENİ ANTLAŞMA (TEVRAT, ZEBUR, İNCİL) (2013), Kitabı Mukaddes Şirketi & Yeni Yaşam Yayınları, İstanbul.
• QUINTANA, Enrique (1996), “ELAM = halhatamti = high land”, Nabu, 2, 43.
• QUINTUS CURTIUS, History of Alexander, Çev. John C. ROLFE, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1946.
• LABAT, René (1976), Manuel d'épigraphie Akkadienne: Signes, Syllabaire, Idéogrammes, Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, Paris.
• LANGDON, Stephen (1911), A Sumerian Grammar and Chrestomathy with a Vocabulary of the Principal Roots in Sumerian and a List of the Most Important Syllabic and Vowel Transcriptions, Librairie Paul Geuthner, Paris.
• LEVINE, Louis D. (1973), “Geographical Studies in the Neo-Assyrian Zagros - I”, Iran, 11, 1-27.
• LOFTUS, William Kennett (1857a), Travels and Researches in Chaldæa and Susiana, Robert Carter&Brothers, New York.
• LOFTUS, Wm. Kennett (1857b), “On the Determination of the River "Euloeus" of the Greek Historians”, The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, 27, 120-133.
• MAKDİSÎ, Aḥsan al-taqāsīm fī maʿrifat al-aqālīm by al-Muqaddasī, Ed. M. J. de GOEJE, E. J. Brill, Leiden, 1877.
• MALLOWAN, Max E. L. (1970), “The Development of Cities from Al-'Ubaid to the End of Uruk”, The Cambridge Ancient History, 1.1, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 327-462.
• MASOUDI, Masoud ve ELHAEESAHAR, Maryam (2016), “Trend Assessment of Climate Changes in Khuzestan Province, Iran”, Natural Environment Change, 2.2, 143-152.
• MASURI, Roshanak, BEHROOZI, Mehrnaz ve MAJD, Nader Mirsaeedi (2013), Elam and Assyria: Political Relations, Lambert Academic Publishing, Saarbrücken.
• MAUNSELL, F. R. (1925), “The Land of Elam”, The Geographical Journal, 65.5, 432-437.
• MEADE, Clare Goff (1968), “Lūristān in the First Half of the First Millennium B.C.: A Preliminary Report on the First Season's Excavations at Bābā Jān, and Associated Surveys in the Eastern Pīsh-i-Kūh”, Iran, 6, 105-134.
• MOGHADDAM, Abbas ve MIRI, Negin (2003), “Archaeological Research in the Mianab Plain of Lowland Susiana, South-Western Iran”, Iran, 41, 99-137.
• MOGHADDAM, Abbas ve MIRI, Negin (2007), “Archaeological Surveys in the "Eastern Corridor", South-Western Iran”, Iran, 45, 23-55.
• MOGHADDAM, Abbas (2012), “Southwestern Iran”, Ed. D. T. POTTS, A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, West Sussex, 512-530.
• MOGHADDAM, Abbas (2013), “The Later Village (Chalcolithic) Period in Khuzestan”, Ed. D. T. POTTS, The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran, Oxford University Press, New York, 105-119.
• MOUSAVI, Ali ve DARYAEE, Touraj (2021), “Pārsa and Ūja”, Ed. Bruno JACOBS ve Robert ROLLINGER, A Companion to the Achaemenid Persian Empire, Wiley Blackwell, Chichester, 485-494.
• MUHAMMED B. İSHAK EN-NEDÎM, El-Fihrist, Çev. Ramazan ŞEŞEN, Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı, İstanbul, 2019.
• MURAOKA, T. (2009), A Greek-English Lexicon of the Septuagint, Peeters, Louvain-Paris-Walpole, MA.
• OBERLANDER, T. M. (1968), “Hydrography”, The Cambridge History of Iran, 1, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 264-279.
• OVERLAET, Bruno (2013), “Luristan during the Iron Age”, Ed. D. T. POTTS, The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran, Oxford University Press, New York, 377-391.
• PETRIE, Cameron A. (2013a), “Ancient Iran and Its Neighbours: The State of Play”, Ed. Cameron A. PETRIE, Ancient Iran and ıts Neighbours: Local Developments and Long-Range Interactions in the Fourth Milennıum BC, Oxbow Books, Oxford, 1-24.
• PETRIE, Cameron A. (2013b), “The Chalcolithic in Southern Iran”, Ed. D. T. POTTS, The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran, Oxford University Press, New York, 120-158.
• PETRIE, Cameron A., DJAMALI, Morteza ve JONES, Matthew D. (2018), “Physical Geography and Environment of Elam”, Ed. Javier ÁLVAREZ-MON, Gian Pietro BASELLO ve Yasmina WICKS, The Elamite World, Routledge, London&New York, 99-117.
• PLINY, Natural History, Çev. H. RACKHAM, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts & William Heınemann Ltd, London, 1961.
• POEBEL, Arno (1931), “The Name of Elam in Sumerian, Akkadian, and Hebrew”, The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, 48.1, 20-26.
• POTTS, Daniel T. (1999), “Elamite Ulā, Akkadian Ulaya, and Greek Choaspes: A Solution to the Eulaios Problem”, Bulletin of the Asia Institute, 13, 27-44.
• POTTS, D. T. (2005), “Cyrus the Great and the Kingdom of Anshan”, Ed. Vesta Sarkhosh CURTIS ve Sarah STEWART, Birth of the Persian Empire, I.B.Tauris, London&New York, 7-28.
• POTTS, D. T., ROUSTAEI, K., WEEKS, L. R. ve PETRIE, C. A. (2009), “The Mamasani District and the Archaeology of Southwestern Iran”, Ed. D. T. POTTS, K. ROUSTAEI, C. A. PETRIE ve L. R. WEEKS, The Mamasani Archaeological Project Stage One: A Report on the First Two Seasons of the ICAR - University of Sydney Expedition to the Mamasani District, Fars Province, Iran, Archaeopress, Oxford, 1-16.
• POTTS, Dan (2011), “The Elamites”, Ed. Touraj DARYAEE, The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History, Oxford University Press, New York, 37-56.
• POTTS, D. T. (2013), “Luristan and the Central Zagros in the Bronze Age”, Ed. D. T. POTTS, The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran, Oxford University Press, New York, 203-216.
• POTTS, D. T. (2015), The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State, Cambridge University Press, New York.
• RASHIDIAN, Elnaz (2019), “In Search of Cities in Elam: For a Geoarchaeological Approach to the Toponym-Hydronym Interaction”, Ed. Jan-Waalke MEYER, Emmanuelle VILA, Marjan MASHKOUR, Michèle CASANOVA ve Régis VALLET, The Iranian Plateau during the Bronze Age: Development of Urbanisation, Production and Trade, Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée (MOM) Éditions, Lyon, 148-162.
• SALARIS, Davide (2019), “First Elymaic Attestation of Elymais” Nabu, 3, 147-149.
• SALEHIZADEH, Aliakbar, KHODAGHOLI, Morteza ve GANDOMKAR, Amir (2020), “Temperature Conditions for Determination of Beekeeping Regions in the Light of Climate Change. Case Study: Fars Province”, Environmental and Climate Technologies, 24.1, 88-104.
• SAVORY, R. M. (1986), “K̲h̲ūzistān”, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 5, E. J. Brill, Leiden, 80-81.
• SCHMITT, Rüdiger (1991), The Bisitun Inscriptions of Darius the Great: Old Persian Text, on behalf of Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum by School of Oriental and African Studies, London.
• SERDAR DİNÇER, Pınar (2019), “Eski Ahit’in İlk (?) Yunanca Çevirisi: Septuagint (LXX)”, Akademik Hassasiyetler, 6, 159-174.
• SHAYESTEHFAR, A., SOLEIMANI, M., MOUSAVI, S. N. ve SHIRAZI, F. (2008), “Ecological Study of Rotifers from Kor River, Fars, Iran”, Journal of Environmental Biology, 29.5, 715-720.
• SMITH, William (1870), Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, Little, Brown and Company, Boston.
• SMITH, William (1872), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, John Murray, London.
• STEVE, M. J. (1992), Syllabaire élamite Histoire et paléographie, (Civilisations du Proche-Orient Philologie Serie II), Recherches et Publications, Neuchâtel&Paris.
• STRABO, The Geography of Strabo, Çev. Horace Leonard JONES, William Heinemann Ltd, London & G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 1930.
• ŞEŞEN, Ramazan (1993), “Câhiz”, İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 7, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı, İstanbul, 20-24.
• THE ACTS OF MĀR MĀRĪ THE APOSTLE, Çev. Amir HARRAK, Society of Biblical Literature, Atlanta, 2005.
• THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO (2004), The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago (CAD), 4, E, The Oriental Institute, Chicago, Illinois.
• THUREAU-DANGINS, F. (1936), “Textes de Mâri”, Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale, 33.4, 169-179.
• TOLMACHEVA, Marina (2001), “İstahrî”, İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 23, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı, İstanbul, 203-205.
• TOLMACHEVA, Marina (2003), “Makdisî, Muhammed b. Ahmed”, İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 27, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı, Ankara, 431-432.
• USLU, Recep (1998), “Hûzistan”, İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 18, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı, İstanbul, 436-439.
• VALLAT, François (1996), “ELAM: haltamti/Elamtu”, Nabu, 3, 79.
• VALLAT, François (1998), “Elam i. The History of Elam”, Encyclopaedia Iranica, 8.3, Mazda Publishers, Costa Mesa, California, 301-313.
• WATERS, Matt (2011), “Parsumaš, Anšan, and Cyrus”, Ed. Javier ÁLVAREZ-MON ve Mark B. GARRISON, Elam and Persia, Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake, Indiana, 285-296.
• WICKS, Yasmina (2019a), Profiling Death: Neo-Elamite Mortuary Practices, Afterlife Beliefs, and Entanglements with Ancestors, Brill, Leiden&Boston.
• WICKS, Yasmina (2019b), “Between Highlands and Lowlands: The Ram Hormuz Plain in the Neo-Elamite and Early Achaemenid Periods, and Comments on Five Burials from the Fort Mound at Tal-i Ghazir”, Arta, 2, 1-29.
• WILBER, Donald Newton (2014), Iran, Past and Present: From Monarchy to Islamic Republic, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
• WOODS, Christopher (2008), The Grammar of Perspective: The Sumerian Conjugation Prefixes as a System of Voice, Brill, Leiden&Boston.
• WRIGHT, Henry T. ve JOHNSON, Gregory A. (1975), “Population, Exchange and Early State Formation in Southwestern Iran”, American Anthropologist, 77.2, 267-289.
• WRIGHT, Henry T., MILLER, Naomi, NEELY, James A., REDDING, Richard W. (1999), “A Late Susiana Society in Southwestern Iran”, Ed. Abbas ALIZADEH, Yousef MAJIDZADEH ve Sadegh Malek SHAHMIRZADI, The Iranian World Essays on Iranian Art and Archaeology: Presented to Ezat O. Negahban, Iran University Press, Tehran, 64-79.
• YA‘KŪBÎ, Ibn Rusta’s Kitāb al-Aʿlāq al-nafisa and Kitāb al-Buldān by al-Yaʿqūbī, Ed. M. J. de GOEJE, E. J. Brill, Leiden, 1892.
• YA‘KŪBÎ, The Works of Ibn Wāḍiḥ al-Yaʿqūbī: An English Translation, Ed. Matthew S. GORDON, Chase F. ROBINSON, Everett K. ROWSON ve Michael FISHBEIN, Brill, Leiden&Boston, 2018.
• YÂKŪT EL-HAMEVÎ, Jacut’s Geographisches Wörterbuch, Çev. Ferdinand WÜSTENFELD, In Commission bei F. A. Brockhaus, Leipzig, 1866.
• YÜCEL, Seher Demet (2013), “Bitişik Ekosistemler Arasındaki Sınırlar: Ekolojik Geçiş Zonları”, Tasarım+Kuram, 9.15, 90-102.
• ZADOK, Ran (1987), “Peoples from the Iranian Plateau in Babylonia during the Second Millenium B.C.”, Iran, 25, 1-26.
• ZALAGHI, Ali (2019), “An Overview of the Settlement Patterns of Susa III Period in the Upper Khuzestan: Archaeological Survey in the Western Bank of the Karkheh River”, Ed. Jan-Waalke MEYER, Emmanuelle VILA, Marjan MASHKOUR, Michèle CASANOVA ve Régis VALLET, The Iranian Plateau during the Bronze Age: Development of Urbanisation, Production and Trade, Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée (MOM) Éditions, Lyon, 109-122.
• https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baktagan-lake-part-of-the-lake-niriz-basin-situated-about-1525-m-above-sea-level-in-the-province-of-fars-approximately
• https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/elymais
• http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/karkeh-river
• http://psd.museum.upenn.edu/nepsd-frame.html
• http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/adsd/adart3/corpus
• https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/maharlu-lake
• https://www.itto.org/iran/attraction/694-Zohreh-River/