Çocuk ve Ergenlerde Bilgisayar ve İnternet Kullanımının Gelişimsel Sonuçları

Yavuz Akbulut

-

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, - , 01.06.2013

Öz

There has been a recent and drastic increase in computer and Internet use. Children and adolescents constitute the age groups by whom these technologies are used the most. Different opinions emerge regarding the right time, duration and method of exposing children and adolescents to these technologies. Empirical findings reveal that these technologies may serve as either a threat or opportunity in accordance with the nature of use. On the other hand, contemporary scientific approaches try to survive under the influence of outlier political approaches which are either regarding safe Internet use precautions as ‘absolute good’ or as ‘suppressing freedom’. In this regard, the current study briefly discusses the use of computers and Internet among children and adolescents. Then, empirical studies regarding computer and Internet use as a threat or as an opportunity are interpreted with a holistic approach. Current literature on physical, cognitive and psycho-social implications of computer and Internet use were cited, and both positive and negative viewpoints were considered. Finally, recommendations were provided with regard to current implementations

Anahtar Kelimeler

Computers; safe Internet; child development; Internet addiction

Kaynakça

Akbulut, Y. (2011). Güvenli internet kullanımı. A. Kuzu (Ed.), Bilgisayar II (ss.189-214). Eskişehir:
Anadolu Üniversitesi. Akbulut, Y. ve Çuhadar, C. (2011). Reflections of preservice information technology teachers regarding cyberbullying. Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry, 2(3), 67-76.
Akbulut, Y. ve Günüç, S. (2012). Perceived social support and Facebook use among adolescents.
International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning, 2 (1), 30-41. Akbulut, Y., Sahin, Y. L. ve Eristi, B. (2010). Cyberbullying victimization among Turkish online social utility members. Educational Technology & Society, 13 (4), 192–201.
Anderson, C. A., Gentile, D. A. ve Buckley, K. E. (2007). Violent video game effects on children and adolescents. New York; Oxford University Press.
Arıcak, O. T. (2009). Psychiatric symptomatology as a predictor of cyberbullying among university students. Egitim Arastirmalari-Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 34, 167-184.
Bacigalupa, C. (2005). The use of video games by kindergarteners in a family child care setting. Early
Childhood Education Journal, 33, 25-30. Ball, K., Owen, N., Salmon, J., Bauman, A. ve Gore C.J. (2001). Associations of physical activity with body weight and fat in men and women. International Journal of Obesity, 25(6), 914-919.
Bayraktar, F. ve Gün, Z. (2007). Incidence and correlates of Internet usage among adolescents in
North Cyprus. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 10 (2), 191-197. Burnett, C. ve Wilkinson, J. (2005). Holy Lemons Learning from children's uses of the Internet in out-of-school contexts, Literacy, 39,158-165.
Ceyhan, E. ve Ceyhan, A. A. (2011). Çocuk ve ergenlerde bilgisayar ve İnternet kullanımının gelişimsel sonuçları. A. Kuzu (Ed.), Bilgisayar II (ss.165-188). Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi.
Cho, C. H. ve Cheon, H. J. (2005). Children’s exposure to negative Internet content: Effects of family context. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 49, 488-509.
Cockburn, T. (2005). New information communication technologies and the development of a children's ‘community of interest’. Community Development Journal, 40 (3), 329-342.
Coniam, D. ve Wong, R. (2004). Internet relay chat as a tool in the autonomous development of ESL learners’ English language ability: An exploratory study. System, 32, 321-335.
DeBell, M. ve Chapman, C. (2006). Computer and Internet use by students in 2003. National Center for Educational Statistics. U.S. Department of Education, Washington, DC. http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2006/2006065.pdf adresinden 11 Mart 2012 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Desjarlais, M. ve Willoughby, T. (2010). A longitudinal study of the relation between adolescent boys and girls’ computer use with friends and friendship quality: Support for the social compensation or the rich-get-richer hypothesis? Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 896–905.
Dresang,E.T., Gross, M. ve Holt, L. (2007). New perspectives: An analysis of gender, net-generation children, and computers. Library Trends, 56 (2), 360-386.
Fish, A. M., Li, X., McCarrick, K., Butler, S. T., Stanton, B., Brumitt, G. A. ve diğ. (2008). Early childhood computer experience and cognitive development among urban low-income preschoolers. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 38, 97-113.
Gallagher, F. (2011). Hand in Hand: Media Literacy and Internet Safety. Library Media Connection, Ocak/Şubat 2011, 16-18.
Gray, N. J., Klein, J. D., Noyce, P. R., Sesselberg, T. S. ve Cantrill, J. A. (2005). Health information- seeking behaviour in adolescence: The place of the internet. Social Science & Medicine, 60, 1467–1478.
Greenfield, P. M. (2004). Developmental considerations for determining appropriate Internet use guidelines for children and adolescents. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 25, 751– 7
Greenfield, P. M. ve Subrahmanyam, K. (2003). Online discourse in a teen chatroom: New codes and new modes of coherence in a visual medium. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 713, 725-735.
Greenfield, P. ve Yan, Z. (2006). Children, adolescents, and the Internet: A new field of inquiry in developmental psychology. Developmental Psychology, 42, 391-394.
Gross, E. F. (2004). Adolescent Internet use: What we expect, what teens report. Journal of Applied
Developmental Psychology, 25, 633–649. Harris, C. ve L. Straker (2000)., Survey of physical ergonomics issues associated with school children's use. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 26, 337-346.
Haugland, S. W. ve Wright, J. L. (1997). Young children and technology: A world of discovery. New York: Allyn & Bacon.
Hemmingsson, E. ve Ekelund, U (2007). Is the association between physical activity and body mass index obesity dependent? International Journal of Obesity, 31(4), 663-668.
Jackson, L. A., Samona, R., Moomaw, J., Ramsay, L., Murray, C., Smith, A. ve Murray, L. (2007).
What children do on the Internet: Domains visited and their relationship to socio-demographic characteristics and academic performance? CyberPsychology and Behavior, 10, 182-190. Johnson, G. M. (2006). Internet use and cognitive development: A theoretical framework. E-Learning, 4, 565-573.
Johnson, G. M. (2010). Internet Use and Child Development: Validation of the Ecological Techno
Subsystem. Educational Technology & Society, 13 (1), 176–185. Johnson, G. M. ve Puplampu, P. (2008). A conceptual framework for understanding the effect of the Internet on child development: The ecological techno-subsystem. Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology, 34, 19-28.
Jolls, T. (2008). Literacy for the 21st century: An overview and orientation guide to media literacy education (2. Baskı). Los Angeles, ABD: Center for Media Literacy.
Kaltiala-Heino, R., Lintonen, T. ve Rimpela, A. (2004). Internet addiction? Potentially problematic use of the Internet in a populatıon of 12–18 year-old adolescents. Addiction Research and Theory, 12 (1), 89–96.
Kautiainen, S., Koivusilta, L., Lintonen, T., Virtanen, S.M. ve Rimpelä, A. (2005). Use of information and communication technology and prevalence of overweight and obesity among adolescents.
International Journal of Obesity, 29(8), 925-933. Kearney, P. (2007). Cognitive assessment of game-based learning. British Journal of Educational Technology, 38 (3), 529–531.
Koezuka, N., Koo, M., Allison, K.R., Adlaf, E.M., Dwyer, J.J., Faulkner, G. ve Goodman, J. (2006).
The relationship between sedentary activities and physical inactivity among adolescents: results from the Canadian Community Health Survey. Journal of Adolescent Health, 39(4), 515-522. Kraut, R., Patterson, M., Lundmark, V., Kiesler, S., Mukopadhyay, T. ve Scherlis, W. (1998). Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being.
American Psychologist, 53 (9), 1017-1031.
Kraut, R., Kiesler, S., Boneva, B., Cummings, J. N, Helgeson, V. ve Crawford, A. M. (2002). Internet paradox revisited. Journal of Social Issues, 58, 49–74.
Kuzu, A., Odabaşı, F., Erişti, S. D., Kabakçı, I., Kurt, A. A., Akbulut, Y., Dursun, Ö. Ö., Kıyıcı, M., ve Şendağ, S. (2008). İnternet kullanımı ve aile. Ankara: T. C. Başbakanlık Aile ve Sosyal
Araştırmalar Genel Müdürlüğü Bilim Serisi: 133. Law, D. (2004). Participation in online environments: Its relationship to adolescent self-concept.
Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, British Columbia Üniversitesi. Li, X. ve Atkins, M. S. (2004). Early childhood computer experience and cognitive and motor development. Pediatrics, 113, 1715-1722.
Lin, S. S. J. ve Tsai, C. C. (2002). Sensation seeking and Internet dependence of Taiwanese high school adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 18 (4), 411-426.
Livingstone, S. ve Bober, M. (2006). Regulating the Internet at home: Contrasting the perspectives of children and parents. D. Buckingham ve R. Willett (Ed.), Digital generations: Children, young people, and new media (ss. 93-113). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, publishers.
Livingstone, S., Haddo, L., Görzig, A. ve Ólafsson, K. (2010). Risks and safety on the internet. LSE,
London: EU Kids Online. Mota, J., Ribeiro, J., Santos, M.P. ve Gomes, H. (2006). Obesity, physical activity, computer use, and TV viewing in Portuguese adolescents. Pediatric Exercise Science, 18, 113-121.
Oravec, J. A. (2000). Internet and computer technology hazards: perspectives for family
Counselling. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 28 (3), 309-324. Orleans, M. ve Laney, M. C. (2000). Children’s computer use in the home: Isolation or sociation.
Social Science Computer Review, 18 (1), 56-72. Shariff, S. (2008). Cyberbullying: Issues and solutions for the school, the classroom and the home. New York: Routledge.
Sherry, J. L., ve Dibble, J. L. (2009). The impact of serious games on childhood development. U.
Ritterfeld, M. Cody ve P. Vorderer (Ed.), Serious games: Mechanisms and effects (ss. 145-166). New York, NY: Routledge. Small, G.W., ve Vorgan, G. (2008). IBrain: Surviving the technological alteration of the modern mind. New York: Collins Living.
Stepanikova, I., Nie, N.H., & He, X. (2010). Time on the Internet at home, loneliness, and life satisfaction: Evidence from panel time-diary data. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 329–338.
Subrahmanyam, K. (2009a). Computers as learning tools. R. A. Shweder, T. R. Bidell, A. C. Dailey,
S. D. Dixon, P. J. Miller ve J. Modell (Ed.), The child: An Encyclopedic companion (ss.189-190). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Subrahmanyam, K. (2009b). Developmental implications of children’s virtual worlds.
Washington and Lee Law Review, 66 (3), 1065-1083.
Subrahmanyam, K., ve Greenfield, P. M. (1998). Computer games for girls: What makes them play? J.
Cassell ve H. Jenkins (Ed.), From Barbie to Mortal Kombat: Gender and computer games (ss. 46- 71). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. Subrahmanyam, K., Kraut, R., Greenfield, P. ve Gross, E. (2000). The impact of home computer use on children’s activities and development. The Future of Children, 10 (2), 123-144.
Subrahmanyam, K. ve Lin, G. (2007). Adolescents on the Net: Internet use and well-being. Adolescence, 42 (168), 659-677.
Tarpley, T. (2001). Children, the Internet, and other new technologies. D. G. Singer ve J. L. Singer
(Ed.), Handbook of children and the media (ss. 547-556). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Tsai, C. C. ve Lin, S. S. S. (2003). Internet addiction of adolescents in Taiwan: An interview study.
Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 6 (6), 649-652. Turkle, S. (1995). Life on the screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet. New York: Simon and Schuster.
TÜİK (2011, Ağustos). 2011 yılı hanehalkı bilişim teknolojileri kullanım araştırması (Sayı 170).
Ankara: T.C. Başbakanlık Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. http://www.tuik.gov.tr/ PreHaberBultenleri do?id=8572 adresinden 10 Mart 2012 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Valaitis, R. K. (2005). Computers and the Internet: Tools for youth empowerment. Journal of Medical
Internet Research, 7 (5), e51. Valkenburg, P.M. ve Peter, J. (2009). Social consequences of the Internet for adolescents: A decade of research. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18 (1), 1-5.
Vandelanotte, C. (2009). Associations of leisure-time Internet and computer use with overweight and obesity, physical activity and sedentary behaviors: Cross-sectional study. Journal of Medical
Internet Research, 11(3), e28. Yang, S. C. ve Tung, C. J. (2007). Comparison of Internet addicts and non-addicts in Taiwanese high school. Computers in Human Behavior, 23 (1), 79-96.
Ybarra, M. L., Alexander, C. ve Mitchell, K. J. (2005). Depressive symptomatology, youth Internet use, and online interactions: A national survey. Journal of Adolescent Health, 36, 9–18.

Çocuk ve Ergenlerde Bilgisayar ve İnternet Kullanımının Gelişimsel Sonuçları

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, - , 01.06.2013

Yavuz Akbulut

Öz

Son yıllarda bilgisayar ve İnternet kullanımı baş döndürücü bir hızla artmakta; çocuk ve ergenler bu teknolojileri en çok kullanan yaş grubu olarak göze çarpmaktadır. Çocuk ve ergenleri bu teknolojilerle buluşturma zamanı, süresi ve biçimi konusunda farklı görüşler bulunmaktadır. Şöyle ki, bilimsel araştırma bulguları, kullanım biçimine göre bu teknolojilerin tehdit ya da fırsata dönüşebildiğini göstermektedir. Öte yandan güncel bilimsel yaklaşımlar, güvenli İnternet uygulamalarını tamamen toplumun iyiliğine ya da tamamen özgürlük karşıtı olarak kabul eden iki uç görüşün gölgesinde sürmektedir. Bu çalışmada önce çocuk ve ergenler tarafından bilgisayar ve İnternet’in nasıl kullanıldığı kısaca tartışılmıştır. Ardından bilgisayar ve İnternet kullanımına ilişkin gerek tehditlere gerekse fırsatlara vurgu yapan bilimsel çalışmalara bütüncül bir bakış açısıyla yaklaşılmıştır. Bilgisayar ve İnternet’in fiziksel, bilişsel ve psikososyal gelişime etkilerini olumlu ve olumsuz bakış açılarıyla irdeleyen çalışmalara gönderme yapılarak sonuç bölümünde güncel uygulamalara ilişkin önerilere değinilmiştir

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bilgisayar; güvenli İnternet; çocuk gelişimi; İnternet bağımlılığı

Kaynakça

Akbulut, Y. (2011). Güvenli internet kullanımı. A. Kuzu (Ed.), Bilgisayar II (ss.189-214). Eskişehir:
Anadolu Üniversitesi. Akbulut, Y. ve Çuhadar, C. (2011). Reflections of preservice information technology teachers regarding cyberbullying. Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry, 2(3), 67-76.
Akbulut, Y. ve Günüç, S. (2012). Perceived social support and Facebook use among adolescents.
International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning, 2 (1), 30-41. Akbulut, Y., Sahin, Y. L. ve Eristi, B. (2010). Cyberbullying victimization among Turkish online social utility members. Educational Technology & Society, 13 (4), 192–201.
Anderson, C. A., Gentile, D. A. ve Buckley, K. E. (2007). Violent video game effects on children and adolescents. New York; Oxford University Press.
Arıcak, O. T. (2009). Psychiatric symptomatology as a predictor of cyberbullying among university students. Egitim Arastirmalari-Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 34, 167-184.
Bacigalupa, C. (2005). The use of video games by kindergarteners in a family child care setting. Early
Childhood Education Journal, 33, 25-30. Ball, K., Owen, N., Salmon, J., Bauman, A. ve Gore C.J. (2001). Associations of physical activity with body weight and fat in men and women. International Journal of Obesity, 25(6), 914-919.
Bayraktar, F. ve Gün, Z. (2007). Incidence and correlates of Internet usage among adolescents in
North Cyprus. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 10 (2), 191-197. Burnett, C. ve Wilkinson, J. (2005). Holy Lemons Learning from children's uses of the Internet in out-of-school contexts, Literacy, 39,158-165.
Ceyhan, E. ve Ceyhan, A. A. (2011). Çocuk ve ergenlerde bilgisayar ve İnternet kullanımının gelişimsel sonuçları. A. Kuzu (Ed.), Bilgisayar II (ss.165-188). Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi.
Cho, C. H. ve Cheon, H. J. (2005). Children’s exposure to negative Internet content: Effects of family context. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 49, 488-509.
Cockburn, T. (2005). New information communication technologies and the development of a children's ‘community of interest’. Community Development Journal, 40 (3), 329-342.
Coniam, D. ve Wong, R. (2004). Internet relay chat as a tool in the autonomous development of ESL learners’ English language ability: An exploratory study. System, 32, 321-335.
DeBell, M. ve Chapman, C. (2006). Computer and Internet use by students in 2003. National Center for Educational Statistics. U.S. Department of Education, Washington, DC. http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2006/2006065.pdf adresinden 11 Mart 2012 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Desjarlais, M. ve Willoughby, T. (2010). A longitudinal study of the relation between adolescent boys and girls’ computer use with friends and friendship quality: Support for the social compensation or the rich-get-richer hypothesis? Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 896–905.
Dresang,E.T., Gross, M. ve Holt, L. (2007). New perspectives: An analysis of gender, net-generation children, and computers. Library Trends, 56 (2), 360-386.
Fish, A. M., Li, X., McCarrick, K., Butler, S. T., Stanton, B., Brumitt, G. A. ve diğ. (2008). Early childhood computer experience and cognitive development among urban low-income preschoolers. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 38, 97-113.
Gallagher, F. (2011). Hand in Hand: Media Literacy and Internet Safety. Library Media Connection, Ocak/Şubat 2011, 16-18.
Gray, N. J., Klein, J. D., Noyce, P. R., Sesselberg, T. S. ve Cantrill, J. A. (2005). Health information- seeking behaviour in adolescence: The place of the internet. Social Science & Medicine, 60, 1467–1478.
Greenfield, P. M. (2004). Developmental considerations for determining appropriate Internet use guidelines for children and adolescents. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 25, 751– 7
Greenfield, P. M. ve Subrahmanyam, K. (2003). Online discourse in a teen chatroom: New codes and new modes of coherence in a visual medium. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 713, 725-735.
Greenfield, P. ve Yan, Z. (2006). Children, adolescents, and the Internet: A new field of inquiry in developmental psychology. Developmental Psychology, 42, 391-394.
Gross, E. F. (2004). Adolescent Internet use: What we expect, what teens report. Journal of Applied
Developmental Psychology, 25, 633–649. Harris, C. ve L. Straker (2000)., Survey of physical ergonomics issues associated with school children's use. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 26, 337-346.
Haugland, S. W. ve Wright, J. L. (1997). Young children and technology: A world of discovery. New York: Allyn & Bacon.
Hemmingsson, E. ve Ekelund, U (2007). Is the association between physical activity and body mass index obesity dependent? International Journal of Obesity, 31(4), 663-668.
Jackson, L. A., Samona, R., Moomaw, J., Ramsay, L., Murray, C., Smith, A. ve Murray, L. (2007).
What children do on the Internet: Domains visited and their relationship to socio-demographic characteristics and academic performance? CyberPsychology and Behavior, 10, 182-190. Johnson, G. M. (2006). Internet use and cognitive development: A theoretical framework. E-Learning, 4, 565-573.
Johnson, G. M. (2010). Internet Use and Child Development: Validation of the Ecological Techno
Subsystem. Educational Technology & Society, 13 (1), 176–185. Johnson, G. M. ve Puplampu, P. (2008). A conceptual framework for understanding the effect of the Internet on child development: The ecological techno-subsystem. Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology, 34, 19-28.
Jolls, T. (2008). Literacy for the 21st century: An overview and orientation guide to media literacy education (2. Baskı). Los Angeles, ABD: Center for Media Literacy.
Kaltiala-Heino, R., Lintonen, T. ve Rimpela, A. (2004). Internet addiction? Potentially problematic use of the Internet in a populatıon of 12–18 year-old adolescents. Addiction Research and Theory, 12 (1), 89–96.
Kautiainen, S., Koivusilta, L., Lintonen, T., Virtanen, S.M. ve Rimpelä, A. (2005). Use of information and communication technology and prevalence of overweight and obesity among adolescents.
International Journal of Obesity, 29(8), 925-933. Kearney, P. (2007). Cognitive assessment of game-based learning. British Journal of Educational Technology, 38 (3), 529–531.
Koezuka, N., Koo, M., Allison, K.R., Adlaf, E.M., Dwyer, J.J., Faulkner, G. ve Goodman, J. (2006).
The relationship between sedentary activities and physical inactivity among adolescents: results from the Canadian Community Health Survey. Journal of Adolescent Health, 39(4), 515-522. Kraut, R., Patterson, M., Lundmark, V., Kiesler, S., Mukopadhyay, T. ve Scherlis, W. (1998). Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being.
American Psychologist, 53 (9), 1017-1031.
Kraut, R., Kiesler, S., Boneva, B., Cummings, J. N, Helgeson, V. ve Crawford, A. M. (2002). Internet paradox revisited. Journal of Social Issues, 58, 49–74.
Kuzu, A., Odabaşı, F., Erişti, S. D., Kabakçı, I., Kurt, A. A., Akbulut, Y., Dursun, Ö. Ö., Kıyıcı, M., ve Şendağ, S. (2008). İnternet kullanımı ve aile. Ankara: T. C. Başbakanlık Aile ve Sosyal
Araştırmalar Genel Müdürlüğü Bilim Serisi: 133. Law, D. (2004). Participation in online environments: Its relationship to adolescent self-concept.
Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, British Columbia Üniversitesi. Li, X. ve Atkins, M. S. (2004). Early childhood computer experience and cognitive and motor development. Pediatrics, 113, 1715-1722.
Lin, S. S. J. ve Tsai, C. C. (2002). Sensation seeking and Internet dependence of Taiwanese high school adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 18 (4), 411-426.
Livingstone, S. ve Bober, M. (2006). Regulating the Internet at home: Contrasting the perspectives of children and parents. D. Buckingham ve R. Willett (Ed.), Digital generations: Children, young people, and new media (ss. 93-113). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, publishers.
Livingstone, S., Haddo, L., Görzig, A. ve Ólafsson, K. (2010). Risks and safety on the internet. LSE,
London: EU Kids Online. Mota, J., Ribeiro, J., Santos, M.P. ve Gomes, H. (2006). Obesity, physical activity, computer use, and TV viewing in Portuguese adolescents. Pediatric Exercise Science, 18, 113-121.
Oravec, J. A. (2000). Internet and computer technology hazards: perspectives for family
Counselling. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 28 (3), 309-324. Orleans, M. ve Laney, M. C. (2000). Children’s computer use in the home: Isolation or sociation.
Social Science Computer Review, 18 (1), 56-72. Shariff, S. (2008). Cyberbullying: Issues and solutions for the school, the classroom and the home. New York: Routledge.
Sherry, J. L., ve Dibble, J. L. (2009). The impact of serious games on childhood development. U.
Ritterfeld, M. Cody ve P. Vorderer (Ed.), Serious games: Mechanisms and effects (ss. 145-166). New York, NY: Routledge. Small, G.W., ve Vorgan, G. (2008). IBrain: Surviving the technological alteration of the modern mind. New York: Collins Living.
Stepanikova, I., Nie, N.H., & He, X. (2010). Time on the Internet at home, loneliness, and life satisfaction: Evidence from panel time-diary data. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 329–338.
Subrahmanyam, K. (2009a). Computers as learning tools. R. A. Shweder, T. R. Bidell, A. C. Dailey,
S. D. Dixon, P. J. Miller ve J. Modell (Ed.), The child: An Encyclopedic companion (ss.189-190). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Subrahmanyam, K. (2009b). Developmental implications of children’s virtual worlds.
Washington and Lee Law Review, 66 (3), 1065-1083.
Subrahmanyam, K., ve Greenfield, P. M. (1998). Computer games for girls: What makes them play? J.
Cassell ve H. Jenkins (Ed.), From Barbie to Mortal Kombat: Gender and computer games (ss. 46- 71). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. Subrahmanyam, K., Kraut, R., Greenfield, P. ve Gross, E. (2000). The impact of home computer use on children’s activities and development. The Future of Children, 10 (2), 123-144.
Subrahmanyam, K. ve Lin, G. (2007). Adolescents on the Net: Internet use and well-being. Adolescence, 42 (168), 659-677.
Tarpley, T. (2001). Children, the Internet, and other new technologies. D. G. Singer ve J. L. Singer
(Ed.), Handbook of children and the media (ss. 547-556). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Tsai, C. C. ve Lin, S. S. S. (2003). Internet addiction of adolescents in Taiwan: An interview study.
Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 6 (6), 649-652. Turkle, S. (1995). Life on the screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet. New York: Simon and Schuster.
TÜİK (2011, Ağustos). 2011 yılı hanehalkı bilişim teknolojileri kullanım araştırması (Sayı 170).
Ankara: T.C. Başbakanlık Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. http://www.tuik.gov.tr/ PreHaberBultenleri do?id=8572 adresinden 10 Mart 2012 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Valaitis, R. K. (2005). Computers and the Internet: Tools for youth empowerment. Journal of Medical
Internet Research, 7 (5), e51. Valkenburg, P.M. ve Peter, J. (2009). Social consequences of the Internet for adolescents: A decade of research. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18 (1), 1-5.
Vandelanotte, C. (2009). Associations of leisure-time Internet and computer use with overweight and obesity, physical activity and sedentary behaviors: Cross-sectional study. Journal of Medical
Internet Research, 11(3), e28. Yang, S. C. ve Tung, C. J. (2007). Comparison of Internet addicts and non-addicts in Taiwanese high school. Computers in Human Behavior, 23 (1), 79-96.
Ybarra, M. L., Alexander, C. ve Mitchell, K. J. (2005). Depressive symptomatology, youth Internet use, and online interactions: A national survey. Journal of Adolescent Health, 36, 9–18.

Toplam 68 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	Türkçe
Bölüm	Makaleler
Yazarlar	Yavuz Akbulut Bu kişi benim
Yayımlanma Tarihi	1 Haziran 2013
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2013 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA	Akbulut, Y. (2013). Çocuk ve Ergenlerde Bilgisayar ve İnternet Kullanımının Gelişimsel Sonuçları. Trakya Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(2).
AMA	Akbulut Y. Çocuk ve Ergenlerde Bilgisayar ve İnternet Kullanımının Gelişimsel Sonuçları. Trakya Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. Haziran 2013;3(2).
Chicago	Akbulut, Yavuz. “Çocuk Ve Ergenlerde Bilgisayar Ve İnternet Kullanımının Gelişimsel Sonuçları”. Trakya Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 3, sy. 2 (Haziran 2013).
EndNote	Akbulut Y (01 Haziran 2013) Çocuk ve Ergenlerde Bilgisayar ve İnternet Kullanımının Gelişimsel Sonuçları. Trakya Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 3 2
IEEE	Y. Akbulut, “Çocuk ve Ergenlerde Bilgisayar ve İnternet Kullanımının Gelişimsel Sonuçları”, Trakya Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 3, sy. 2, 2013.
ISNAD	Akbulut, Yavuz. “Çocuk Ve Ergenlerde Bilgisayar Ve İnternet Kullanımının Gelişimsel Sonuçları”. Trakya Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 3/2 (Haziran 2013).
JAMA	Akbulut Y. Çocuk ve Ergenlerde Bilgisayar ve İnternet Kullanımının Gelişimsel Sonuçları. Trakya Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. 2013;3.
MLA	Akbulut, Yavuz. “Çocuk Ve Ergenlerde Bilgisayar Ve İnternet Kullanımının Gelişimsel Sonuçları”. Trakya Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 3, sy. 2, 2013.
Vancouver	Akbulut Y. Çocuk ve Ergenlerde Bilgisayar ve İnternet Kullanımının Gelişimsel Sonuçları. Trakya Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. 2013;3(2).

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