İstihdam Durumu ve Hane Yapısı Bağlamında Çalışan Yoksulluğu

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 3 , 249 - 261 , 18.12.2025

Sefa Kaya

https://doi.org/10.31454/troyacademy.1835168

https://izlik.org/JA86YG75AW

Öz

Bu çalışma, çalışan yoksulluğunu bireysel istihdam durumu ile hanehalkı yapısı arasında ilişki kurarak standart dışı istihdam özelinde analiz etmektedir. Tam zamanlı, yarı zamanlı ve geçici istihdam gibi bireysel faktörler ile hanedeki işgücü yoğunluğu, çocuk sayısı, tek/çift gelir bulunması ve bakım yükümlülüğü gibi hane yapısı faktörleri birlikte değerlendirilmiştir. Bu çalışma, Avrupa Birliği Gelir ve Yaşam Koşulları Anketi (EU-SILC) verileri temel alınarak yapılan karşılaştırmalı kavramsal ve ampirik araştırmalar üzerinden yürütülmüştür. Bu çalışmanın yöntemini, betimsel yaklaşım çerçevesinde yürütülen kavramsal araştırma ve belge taraması oluşturmaktadır. Bulgular, standart dışı ve düşük ücretli istihdamın, özellikle düşük işgücü yoğunluğuna sahip veya bakmakla yükümlü olunan fazla kişi bulunan hanelerde çalışan yoksulluğu riskini belirgin şekilde artırdığını göstermektedir. Ayrıca, çocuk sayısının artışı ve tek gelirli hane yapısı, yoksulluk riskini önemli ölçüde yükseltmektedir. Sonuçlar, yalnızca istihdamı değil, işin niteliğini ve hane içi gelir paylaşımını temel alan çok boyutlu politika tasarımlarına ihtiyacı gündeme getirmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çalışan yoksulluğu , istihdam durumu , hane yapısı , işgücü yoğunluğu , Bu çalışma

In-Work Poverty in the Context of Employment Status and Household Structure

https://izlik.org/JA86YG75AW

Öz

The present research analyses in-work poverty by establishing a relationship between individual employment status and household structure through non-standard employment. In the study, full-time, part-time and temporary employment types assessed within the scope of individual factors were evaluated in conjunction with household labour intensity, number of children, presence of single/dual income and care responsibilities. The research was conducted through comparative conceptual and empirical studies focusing on data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) survey. The methodology employed in the present study is comprised of both conceptual research and a document review, with the study being conducted within the framework of a descriptive approach. The findings reveal that non-standard and low-wage employment significantly increases the risk of in-work poverty, particularly among households with low labour force participation or a high number of dependents. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that the rise in the number of children and the single-income household structure can significantly increase the risk of poverty. The outcomes of the present study underscore the necessity of multidimensional policy designs that encompass not merely employment, but also the nature of work and household income distribution.

Anahtar Kelimeler

In-work poverty , employment status , household structure , labour intensity

Kaynakça

• Airio, I. (2008). Change of Norm? In-Work Poverty in a Comparative Perspective, Studies in Social Security and Health 92, Kela Research Department, Finland: Helsinki.
• Andreß, H.-J. and Lohmann, H. (2008). The Working Poor in Europe: Employment, Poverty and Globalisation, Cheltenham, UK ve Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing.
• Aykaç, M. ve Kaya, S. (2024). “İşgücü Piyasasında Yaşanan Dönüşümler: Standart Dışı İstihdam ve Çalışan Yoksulluğu İlişkisi”, Sosyoekonomi, 32(62), 413-453. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2024.04.20.
• Azzollini, L., Breen, R., and Nolan, B. (2025). “Changing household structures, household employment, and poverty trends in rich countries”, Journal of European Social Policy, 35(4), 362-376. https://doi.org/10.1177/09589287241313429 (Original work published 2025).
• Bosch, G. (2006). “Working Time and the Standard Employment Relationship”, Decent Working Time: New Trends, New Issues (Ed: Boulin, J. Y., Lallement, M., Messenger, J. and Michon, F.), International Labour Organisation, Cenevre, 41-64.
• Brandolini, A., Rosolia, A. and Torrini, R. (2011). The distribution of employees’ labour earnings in the European union: data, concepts and first results, ECINEQ Working Paper, 198.
• Corluy, V. and Vandenbroucke, F. (2014). “Individual Employment, Household Employment, and Risk of Poverty in the European Union: A Decomposition Analysis”, Reconciling Work and Poverty Reduction (Ed: B. Cantillon and F. Vandenbroucke), Oxford University Press, Oxford, 94-130.
• Crettaz, E. (2011). Fighting Working Poverty in Postindustrial Economies: Causes, Trade-Offs and Policy Solutions, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham ve Northampton.
• Crettaz, E. (2013). “A state-of-the-art review of working poverty in advanced economies: theoretical models, measurement issues and risk groups”, Journal of European Social Policy, 23(4), 347-362.
• Debels, A. (2008). “Transitions out of Temporary Jobs: Consequences for Employment and Poverty Across Europe”, Flexibility and Employment Security in Europe: Labour Markets in Transition (Ed: R. Muffels), Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 51-78.
• DiPrete, T. A. (2005). Labor Markets, Inequality, and Change. A European Perspective. Work and Occupations, 32(2), 119-139.
• DiPrete, T. A., Goux, D., Maurin, E. and Quesnel-Vallee, A. (2006). “Work and pay in flexible and regulated labor markets: A generalized perspective on institutional evolution and inequality trens in Europe and the U.S.”, Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 24(3), 311-332.
• Eichhorst, W. and Marx, P. (Ed.) (2015). Non-Standard Employment in Post-Industrial Labour Markets: An Occupational Perspective, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.
• Eurofound (2015). Recent Developments in Temporary Employment: Employment Growth, Wages and Transitions. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
• Eurofound (2017). In-work Poverty in the EU. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
• European Commission (2016). Low Pay and In-Work Poverty: Preventative Measures and Preventative Approaches. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
• Fagan, C., Norman, H., Smith, M. and González Menéndez, M. C. (2014). In Search of Good Quality Part-Time Employment. International Labour Organisation, Cenevre.
• Filandri, M. and Struffolino, E. (2019). “Individual and household in-work poverty in Europe: understanding the role of labor market characteristics”, European Societies, 21(1), 130-157. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2018.1536800.
• Fraser, N., Gutiérrez, R. and Peña-Casas, R. (Ed.) (2011). Working Poverty in Europe: A Comparative Approach, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke.
• Gardiner, K. and Millar, J. (2006). “How Low-Paid Employees Avoid Poverty: An Analysis by Family Type and Household Structure”, Journal of Social Policy, 35(3), 19-35.
• Gebel, M. (2013). “Is a Temporary Job Better Than Unemployment? A Cross-country Comparison based on British, German, and Swiss Panel Data”, Journal of Applied Science Studies, 133(2), 143-156.
• Goerne, A. (2011). “A Comparative Analysis of In-Work Poverty in the European Union”, Working Poverty in Europe. Work and Welfare in Europe (Ed: In: Fraser, N., Gutiérrez, R. amd Peña-Casas, R.) Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230307599_2.
• Grotti, R., and Scherer, S. (2014). “Accumulation of employment instability among partners-evidence from six EU countries”, European Sociological Review, 30(5), 627-639.
• Halleröd, B. and Larsson, D. (2008). “In-Work Poverty in a Transitional Labour Market: Sweden 1988–2003”, The Working Poor in Europe: Employment, Poverty and Globalization (Ed: H.-J. Andreß and H. Lohmann), Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 155-178.
• Halleröd, B. et al. (2015). “In-work poverty and labour market trajectories: Poverty risks among the working population in 22 European countries”, Journal of European Social Policy, 25(5), 473-488.
• Hick, R. and Marx, I. (2022). Poor Workers in Rich Democracies: On the Nature of In-Work Poverty and Its Relationship to Labour Market Policies, IZA Discussion Paper No. 15163, Bonn: IZA.
• Hick, R., and Lanau, A. (2017). In-Work Poverty in the UK: Problem, Policy Analysis and Platform for Action. Cardiff University. Cardiff.
• Horemans, J. (2017). Atypical Employment and In-Work Poverty, Ipswich Working Paper 1, KU Leuven Research Institute for Work and Society.
• Horemans, J. (2018). “Chapter 9: Atypical employment and in-work poverty”, In Handbook on In-Work Poverty. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. Retrieved Dec 2, 2025, from https://doi.org/10.4337/9781784715632.00015.
• Horemans, J. and Marx, I. (2013). “Should We Care about Part-Time Work from a Poverty Perspective? ? An Analysis of the EU15 Countries”, Non-Standard Employment in Europe: Paradigms, Prevalence and Policy Responses (Ed: M. Koch and M. Fritz), Palgrave Macmillan, Houndmills, 169-189.
• Horemans, J., Marx, I. and Nolan, B. (2016). “Hanging in, but only just: part-time employment and in-work poverty throughout the crisis”, IZA Journal of European Labor Studies, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40174-016-0053-6.
• Jara Tamayo, H. X., and Popova, D. (2021). “Second Earners and In-Work Poverty in Europe”, Journal of Social Policy, 50(3), 470-492. doi:10.1017/S0047279420000227.
• Kalleberg, A. L. (2000). “Nonstandard employment relations: part-time, temporary and contract work”, Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 341-365.
• Kalugina, E. (2013). “The Working Poor”, Growing Income Inequalities (Ed: J. Hellier and N. Chusseau), Palgrave Macmillan, Houndmills, 76-104.
• Lang, C., Schömann, I. and Clauwaert, S. (2013). Atypical Forms of Employment Contracts in Times of Crisis, ETUI Working Paper 2013.03. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2336982 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2336982.
• Lohmann, H. (2018). “The Concept and Measurement of In-work Poverty”, Handbook on In-Work Poverty (Ed: H. Lohmann and I. Marx), Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 7-25.
• Maitre, B. et al. (2012). “Low Pay, In-Work Poverty and Economic Vulnerability: A Comparative Analysis Using EU-SILC”, Manchester School, 80(1), 99-116.
• Marx, I. and Nolan, B. (2012). In-Work Poverty, AIAS Gini Discussion Paper 51.
• Marx, I. and Nolan, B. (2014). “In-Work Poverty”, Reconciling Work and Poverty Reduction: How Successful Are European Welfare States? (Ed: B. Cantillon and F. Vandenbroucke), Oxford University Press, Oxford, 131-156.
• Matteazzi, E., Pailhé, A. and Solaz, A. (2012). Part-time wage penalties in Europe: A matter of selection or segregation, ECINEQ Working Paper 250.
• Messenger, J. C. and Ray, N. (2015). “The ‘deconstruction’ of part-time work”, Labour Markets, Institutions and Inequality: Building Just Societies in the 21st Century (Ed: J. Berg), Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 184-209.
• Mussida, C. and Sciulli, D. (2023). Low pay and household poverty in Italy, ECINEQ Working Paper Series 635, 1-19.
• Mussida, C., and Sciulli, D. (2025). “Low-pay work and the risk of poverty: a dynamic analysis for European countries”, J Econ Inequal. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10888-025-09666-9
• Nieuwenhuis, R., and Maldonado, L. C. (2018). The triple bind of single-parent families: Resources, employment and policies. In The triple bind of single-parent families (ED: R. Nieuwenhuis and Maldonado, L. C.), 1-28. Policy Press.
• Nolan, B., Whelan, C. T., and Maitre, B. (2010). Low pay, in-work poverty and economic vulnerability: A comparative analysis using EU-SILC.
• O'Connor, J. S. (2013). “Non-Standard Employment and European Union Employment Regulation”, Non-Standard Employment in Europe: Paradigms, Prevalence and Policy Responses (Ed: M. Koch and M. Fritz), Palgrave Macmillan, Houndmills, 46-63.
• OECD (2015). Non-standard Work, Job Polarisation and Inequality. In It Together: Why Less Inequality Benefits All. Paris: OECD.
• Pena-Casas, R. and Latta, M. (2004). Working Poor in the European Union, European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.
• Ponthieux, S. (2010). In-work Poverty in the EU, Eurostat Methodologies and Working Papers, Luxembourg: Eurostat.
• Ponthieux, S. (2018). “Gender and In-Work Poverty”, Handbook on In-Work Poverty (Ed: H. Lohmann and I. Marx), Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.
• Thiede, B., Sanders, S., and Lichter, D. (2018). Demographic drivers of in-work poverty. Handbook on in-work poverty, 109-123.
• Tilly, C. (1996). Half a Job: Bad and Good Part-time Jobs in a Changing Labor Market, Temple University Press, Philadelphia.
• Tufo, M. (2019). “The Working Poor in the European Union”, Italian Labour Law E-Journal, 12(1), 99-122. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.1561-8048/9693
• Van Lancker, W. (2012). “The European World of Temporary Employment: Gendered and Poor?”, European Societies: official journal of the European Sociological Association, 14(1), 83-111.
• Van Lancker, W. (2013). “Putting the Child-Centred Investment Strategy to the Test: Evidence for the EU27”, European Journal of Social Security, 15(1), 4-27. https://doi.org/10.1177/138826271301500103 (Original work published 2013).
• Vandenbroucke, F. and Diris, R. (2014). “Mapping At-Risk-Of-Poverty Rates, Household Employment, and Social Spending”, Oxford University Press, Reconciling Work and Poverty Reduction: How Successful Are European Welfare States? (Ed: B. Cantillon and F. Vandenbroucke), Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2989680.
• Vaughan-Whitehead (Ed.) (2012). Work Inequalities in the Crisis: Evidence from Europe, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.
• Webber, G. and Williams, C. (2008). “Mothers in ‘good’ and ‘bad’ part-time jobs: Different problems, same results”, Gender & Society, 22(6), 752-777.