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Servikal Kanser Taraması Sonrası Refere Edilen Kadınlarda Patolojik Bulgular ve Kolposkopik Sonuçların Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 3, 124 - 129, 25.12.2025

Öz

Amaç:
Bu çalışmada, servikal kanser tarama programı sonucunda kolposkopi için refere edilen hastalarda saptanan patolojiler ile kolposkopik değerlendirme sonuçları arasındaki ilişkinin analiz edilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Gereç ve Yöntem:
Bölgesel kanser erken tanı programı kapsamında, bir yıllık süre içinde Pamukkale Üniversitesi’ne kolposkopi amacıyla refere edilen 345 hastanın sevk özellikleri ve kolposkopik tanıları retrospektif olarak değerlendirildi.
Bulgular:
Tarama sırasında yüksek riskli olarak değerlendirilerek bir yıl içinde kliniğimize refere edilen 345 hasta arasında toplam dokuz kanser veya karsinoma in situ olgusu saptandı. Kanser olgularından yalnızca birinde tarama sonucu HGSIL olarak raporlanmışken, yedi olguda (%78) Pap smear sonuçları negatif veya yetersiz olarak bildirilmişti. Dokuz olgunun tamamında HPV tip 16 pozitifliği saptanmış olup, bir hastada HPV tip 16 ve 18 ko-enfeksiyonu mevcuttu. Ayrıca kolposkopi sonrası 112 hastada (%32,5) CIN 2 veya CIN 3 tanısı konuldu. Yüksek dereceli histopatolojik lezyonu olan olguların analizinde, 86 kadında (%76,8) HPV tip 16 veya 18 pozitifliği saptandı. Bu olguların smear sonuçları incelendiğinde, yaklaşık yarısında (n = 57, %50,9) Pap smear bulgularının negatif olduğu görüldü.
Sonuç:
Bu çalışmada, kanser olgularının yalnızca birinde HGSIL smear sonucu bulunurken, dikkat çekici olarak altı olguda smear sonucu negatifti. Tüm kanser olgularında HPV tip 16 pozitifliği saptandı. Bu bulgular, servikal kanser taramasında HPV testinin Pap smear testine üstünlüğünü bir kez daha doğrulamaktadır. Ayrıca smear sonucu negatif olsa dahi HPV tip 16 pozitifliği saptanan hastalarda kolposkopik değerlendirmenin gerekli olduğunu göstermektedir. HPV 16–18 dışındaki tiplerde ise hastaların %23,2’sinde yüksek dereceli histopatolojik lezyonlar saptanmıştır. Prospektif takip verileri doğrultusunda, farklı HPV tiplerinin preinvaziv ve invaziv kanser açısından taşıdığı risklerin daha net ortaya konabileceği ve tarama programlarında buna yönelik düzenlemeler yapılabileceği düşünülmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Mayrand MH, Duarte-Franco E, Rodrigues I, et al.; Canadian Cervical Cancer Screening Trial Study Group. Human papillomavirus DNA versus Papanicolaou screening tests for cervical cancer. N Engl J Med.2007;357(16):1579-1588. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa071430. PMID:17942871.
  • Kulasingam SL, Hughes JP, Kiviat NB, et al. Evaluation of human papillomavirus testing in primary screening for cervical abnormalities: comparison of sensitivity, specificity, and frequency of referral. JAMA. 2002;288(14):1749-1757. doi:10.1001/jama.288.14.1749.
  • Gultekin M, Zayifoglu Karaca M, Kucukyildiz I, et al. Initial results of population-based cervical cancer screening program using HPV testing in one million Turkish women. Int J Cancer. 2018;142(9):1952-1958. doi:10.1002/ijc.31212. PMID:29235108; PMCID:PMC5888190.
  • Gultekin M, Dundar S, Keskinkilic B, et al. How to triage HPV-positive cases: results of four million females. Gynecol Oncol. 2020;158(1):105-111. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2020.04.698. PMID:32362567.
  • Caeiro V, Esteves B, Fonseca-Moutinho J. HPV testing for cervical cancer screening: should reflex cytology be performed after a positive test for HPV 16 and 18? Cancer Treat Res Commun. 2023;36:100729. doi:10.1016/j.ctarc.2023.100729. PMID:37352587.
  • Abdoudaim MS, Mohamed Abdellahi MV, MohamedBaba ND, et al. Human papillomavirus genotypes distribution in high-grade cervical lesions and invasive cervical carcinoma in women living in Mauritania: implications for cervical cancer prevention and HPV prophylactic vaccination. Diagnostics (Basel). 2024;14(17):1986. doi:10.3390/diagnostics14171986. PMID:39272770; PMCID:PMC11394086.
  • Nieminen P, Vuorma S, Viikki M, et al. Comparison of HPV test versus conventional and automation-assisted Pap screening as potential screening tools for preventing cervical cancer. BJOG. 2004;111(8):842-848. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2004.00210.x. PMID:15270934.
  • Lytwyn A, Elit L, Sellors JW. Human papillomavirus DNA versus Papanicolaou screening tests for cervical cancer. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(6):641-643. doi:10.1056/NEJMc073199. PMID:18256402.
  • Agorastos T, Chatzistamatiou K, Katsamagkas T, et al.; HERMES Study Group. Primary screening for cervical cancer based on high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) detection and HPV 16 and HPV 18 genotyping, in comparison to cytology. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):e0119755. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119755. PMID:25793281; PMCID:PMC4368762.
  • Valls J, Baena A, Venegas G, et al.; ESTAMPA Study Group. Performance of standardised colposcopy to detect cervical precancer and cancer for triage of women testing positive for human papillomavirus: results from the ESTAMPA multicentric screening study. Lancet Glob Health. 2023;11(3):e350-e360. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00545-9. PMID:36796982; PMCID:PMC10020136.
  • Wang J, Elfström KM, Dillner J. Human papillomavirus-based cervical screening and long-term cervical cancer risk: a randomised health-care policy trial in Sweden. Lancet Public Health. 2024 Nov;9(11):e886-e895. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(24)00218-4. PMID: 39486904.
  • Shami S, Coombs J. Cervical cancer screening guidelines: An update. JAAPA. 2021 Sep 1;34(9):21-24. doi: 10.1097/01.JAA.0000769656.60157.95. PMID: 34448772.
  • Kasraei S, Ghahghaei-Nezamabadi A, Seifollahi A, et al. Comparison of cytopathologic findings in patients with negative Pap test and positive high-risk HPV infection among three groups. Arch Gynecol Obstet.2022;306(3):857-863. doi:10.1007/s00404-022-06444-0. PMID:35233666.
  • Pimple SA, Mishra GA. Global strategies for cervical cancer prevention and screening. Minerva Ginecol.2019;71(4):313-320. doi:10.23736/S0026-4784.19.04397-1. PMID:30808155.

Evaluation of Pathological Findings and Colposcopic Outcomes Among Women Referred After Cervical Cancer Screening

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 3, 124 - 129, 25.12.2025

Öz

Objective:
This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the detected pathologies of patients referred for colposcopy as a result of the cervical cancer screening program and their colposcopic evaluation outcomes.
Materials and Methods:
The referral characteristics and colposcopic diagnoses of 345 patients who were referred to Pamukkale University over one year for colposcopy following the regional cancer early detection program were retrospectively evaluated.
Results:
Among the 345 patients determined as high-risk during screening and referred to our unit within one year, a total of nine cases of cancer or carcinoma in situ were identified. Only one of the cancer cases had an HGSIL result on screening, while seven (78%) had Pap smear results reported as negative or inadequate. HPV type 16 was detected in all nine cases, and one patient had co-infection with both types 16 and 18. Additionally, CIN 2 or CIN 3 was diagnosed in 112 patients (32.5%) following colposcopy. Analysis of cases with high-grade histopathological lesions showed positivity for HPV types 16 or 18 in 86 women (76.8%). Examination of smear results in these cases revealed that approximately half (n = 57, 50.9%) had negative Pap smear findings.
Conclusion:
In this study, only one of the cancer cases had an HGSIL smear result, whereas notably, six cases had negative smear results. All cancer cases were positive for HPV type 16. These findings confirm the superiority of HPV testing over Pap smear screening in cervical cancer detection again. They also indicate that colposcopic evaluation is necessary in patients who test positive for HPV 16 even when their smear results are negative. High-grade histopathological lesions were detected in 23.2% of patients with HPV types other than 16–18. According to prospective follow-up data, the risks associated with different HPV types for preinvasive and invasive cancer may be assessed more precisely, potentially allowing modifications in screening programs.

Kaynakça

  • Mayrand MH, Duarte-Franco E, Rodrigues I, et al.; Canadian Cervical Cancer Screening Trial Study Group. Human papillomavirus DNA versus Papanicolaou screening tests for cervical cancer. N Engl J Med.2007;357(16):1579-1588. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa071430. PMID:17942871.
  • Kulasingam SL, Hughes JP, Kiviat NB, et al. Evaluation of human papillomavirus testing in primary screening for cervical abnormalities: comparison of sensitivity, specificity, and frequency of referral. JAMA. 2002;288(14):1749-1757. doi:10.1001/jama.288.14.1749.
  • Gultekin M, Zayifoglu Karaca M, Kucukyildiz I, et al. Initial results of population-based cervical cancer screening program using HPV testing in one million Turkish women. Int J Cancer. 2018;142(9):1952-1958. doi:10.1002/ijc.31212. PMID:29235108; PMCID:PMC5888190.
  • Gultekin M, Dundar S, Keskinkilic B, et al. How to triage HPV-positive cases: results of four million females. Gynecol Oncol. 2020;158(1):105-111. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2020.04.698. PMID:32362567.
  • Caeiro V, Esteves B, Fonseca-Moutinho J. HPV testing for cervical cancer screening: should reflex cytology be performed after a positive test for HPV 16 and 18? Cancer Treat Res Commun. 2023;36:100729. doi:10.1016/j.ctarc.2023.100729. PMID:37352587.
  • Abdoudaim MS, Mohamed Abdellahi MV, MohamedBaba ND, et al. Human papillomavirus genotypes distribution in high-grade cervical lesions and invasive cervical carcinoma in women living in Mauritania: implications for cervical cancer prevention and HPV prophylactic vaccination. Diagnostics (Basel). 2024;14(17):1986. doi:10.3390/diagnostics14171986. PMID:39272770; PMCID:PMC11394086.
  • Nieminen P, Vuorma S, Viikki M, et al. Comparison of HPV test versus conventional and automation-assisted Pap screening as potential screening tools for preventing cervical cancer. BJOG. 2004;111(8):842-848. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2004.00210.x. PMID:15270934.
  • Lytwyn A, Elit L, Sellors JW. Human papillomavirus DNA versus Papanicolaou screening tests for cervical cancer. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(6):641-643. doi:10.1056/NEJMc073199. PMID:18256402.
  • Agorastos T, Chatzistamatiou K, Katsamagkas T, et al.; HERMES Study Group. Primary screening for cervical cancer based on high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) detection and HPV 16 and HPV 18 genotyping, in comparison to cytology. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):e0119755. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119755. PMID:25793281; PMCID:PMC4368762.
  • Valls J, Baena A, Venegas G, et al.; ESTAMPA Study Group. Performance of standardised colposcopy to detect cervical precancer and cancer for triage of women testing positive for human papillomavirus: results from the ESTAMPA multicentric screening study. Lancet Glob Health. 2023;11(3):e350-e360. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00545-9. PMID:36796982; PMCID:PMC10020136.
  • Wang J, Elfström KM, Dillner J. Human papillomavirus-based cervical screening and long-term cervical cancer risk: a randomised health-care policy trial in Sweden. Lancet Public Health. 2024 Nov;9(11):e886-e895. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(24)00218-4. PMID: 39486904.
  • Shami S, Coombs J. Cervical cancer screening guidelines: An update. JAAPA. 2021 Sep 1;34(9):21-24. doi: 10.1097/01.JAA.0000769656.60157.95. PMID: 34448772.
  • Kasraei S, Ghahghaei-Nezamabadi A, Seifollahi A, et al. Comparison of cytopathologic findings in patients with negative Pap test and positive high-risk HPV infection among three groups. Arch Gynecol Obstet.2022;306(3):857-863. doi:10.1007/s00404-022-06444-0. PMID:35233666.
  • Pimple SA, Mishra GA. Global strategies for cervical cancer prevention and screening. Minerva Ginecol.2019;71(4):313-320. doi:10.23736/S0026-4784.19.04397-1. PMID:30808155.
Toplam 14 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Jinekolojik Onkoloji Cerrahisi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Elif Avsaroglu

Mesut Özer

İlknur Kaleli

Yeliz Karakaya

Ömer Tolga Güler

Gönderilme Tarihi 18 Aralık 2025
Kabul Tarihi 24 Aralık 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 25 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Avsaroglu, E., Özer, M., Kaleli, İ., … Karakaya, Y. (2025). Evaluation of Pathological Findings and Colposcopic Outcomes Among Women Referred After Cervical Cancer Screening. Türk Jinekolojik Onkoloji Dergisi, 25(3), 124-129.
AMA Avsaroglu E, Özer M, Kaleli İ, Karakaya Y, Güler ÖT. Evaluation of Pathological Findings and Colposcopic Outcomes Among Women Referred After Cervical Cancer Screening. TRSGO Dergisi. Aralık 2025;25(3):124-129.
Chicago Avsaroglu, Elif, Mesut Özer, İlknur Kaleli, Yeliz Karakaya, ve Ömer Tolga Güler. “Evaluation of Pathological Findings and Colposcopic Outcomes Among Women Referred After Cervical Cancer Screening”. Türk Jinekolojik Onkoloji Dergisi 25, sy. 3 (Aralık 2025): 124-29.
EndNote Avsaroglu E, Özer M, Kaleli İ, Karakaya Y, Güler ÖT (01 Aralık 2025) Evaluation of Pathological Findings and Colposcopic Outcomes Among Women Referred After Cervical Cancer Screening. Türk Jinekolojik Onkoloji Dergisi 25 3 124–129.
IEEE E. Avsaroglu, M. Özer, İ. Kaleli, Y. Karakaya, ve Ö. T. Güler, “Evaluation of Pathological Findings and Colposcopic Outcomes Among Women Referred After Cervical Cancer Screening”, TRSGO Dergisi, c. 25, sy. 3, ss. 124–129, 2025.
ISNAD Avsaroglu, Elif vd. “Evaluation of Pathological Findings and Colposcopic Outcomes Among Women Referred After Cervical Cancer Screening”. Türk Jinekolojik Onkoloji Dergisi 25/3 (Aralık2025), 124-129.
JAMA Avsaroglu E, Özer M, Kaleli İ, Karakaya Y, Güler ÖT. Evaluation of Pathological Findings and Colposcopic Outcomes Among Women Referred After Cervical Cancer Screening. TRSGO Dergisi. 2025;25:124–129.
MLA Avsaroglu, Elif vd. “Evaluation of Pathological Findings and Colposcopic Outcomes Among Women Referred After Cervical Cancer Screening”. Türk Jinekolojik Onkoloji Dergisi, c. 25, sy. 3, 2025, ss. 124-9.
Vancouver Avsaroglu E, Özer M, Kaleli İ, Karakaya Y, Güler ÖT. Evaluation of Pathological Findings and Colposcopic Outcomes Among Women Referred After Cervical Cancer Screening. TRSGO Dergisi. 2025;25(3):124-9.