Karl Marx, Medya Çalışmaları ve Günümüz Kültürü

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 10, 806 - 845, 31.07.2020

Christian Fuchs Çevirmen: Okan Şeker

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, bugünün medya, iletişim ve kültürünü analiz etmede Marx'ın rolünü tar-tışmaktır. Üç çağdaş kültürel çalışmanın analizi - Lawrence Grossberg'in monografi çalışması olan Gelecek Zamanda Kültürel Çalışmalar, John Hartley'nin Kültür ve Medya Çalışmaları için Dijital Gelecekler'i ve Paul Smith'in düzenlediği Kültürel Çalışmaların Yenilenmesi - ekonominin kültürel çalışmalar tarafından daha fazla dikkate alınması gerektiği konusunda bir anlaşma içe-risinde olduklarını göstermede ancak hangi yaklaşımın uygulanması gerektiği ve Karl Marx'ın rolü hakkında çalışmalarında bir anlaşmazlık içerisindedirler. Bu makale Marx'ın emek değer teorisinin özellikle medya, kültür ve iletişimi eleştirel olarak analiz etmede önemli olduğunu savunmaktadır. Bu durum yavaş yavaş iyileşmekle birlikte, emek hâlâ kültür ve medya çalışma-larının kör noktasıdır. Kültürel ve medya çalışmalarında, Marx'tan uzaklaşmanın, geri dönül-mesi gereken derin bir hata olduğu düşünülmektedir. Küresel krizin ve yeniden dirilişin şimdiki zamanlarında, sadece Marx'la kurulacak bir ilişki, kültürel ve medya çalışmalarını; politik olarak alakalı, pratik ve eleştirel hale getirebilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

karl marx, marksist teori, kültür, medya, kapitalizm, kapitalizm

Karl Marx and the Study of Media and Culture

Öz

The task of this paper discusses the role of Marx in analysing media, communica-tion and cul-ture today. An analysis of three contemporary Cultural Studies works – Lawrence Grossberg’s monograph Cultural Studies in the Future Tense, John Hartley’s monograph Digital Futures for Cultural and Media Studies and Paul Smith’s edited volume The Renewal of Cultural Studies

– shows that there is an agreement that the economy needs to be taken more into account by Cultural Studies, but disagreement on which approach should be taken and what the role of Karl Marx’s works shall be. The paper argues that Marx’s labour theory of value is especi-ally important for critically analysing the media, culture and communica-tion. Labour is still a blind spot of the study of culture and the media, although this situation is slowly improving. It is maintained that the turn away from Marx in Cultural and Media Studies was a profound mistake that should be reverted. Only an engagement with Marx can make Cultural and Media Studies topical, politically relevant, practical and critical, in the current times of global crisis and resurgent critique.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Karl Marx, Marxist theory, culture, media, capitalism

Kaynakça

• Lanhman, MD: Lexington Books.
• Benner, C. (2002): Work in the New Economy: Flexible Labor Markets in Silicon Valley, Malden, MA: Blackwell.
• Bidet, J. (2009): Exploring Marx’s Capital: Philosophical, Economic, and Political Dimensions, Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books.
• Bolin, G. (2011): Value and the Media, Farnham: Ashgate.
• Bourdieu, P. (1986a): Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste, London: Routledge. (1986b): ‘The (Three) Forms of Capital’, John G. Richardson (ed.): Handbook of Theory and Research in the Sociology of Education, New York: Greenwood Press, 241-258.
• Breen, M. (2011): ‘Do the Math: Cultural Studies into Public Policy needs a New Equation’, Paul Smith (ed.): The Renewal of Cultural Studies, Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 207-218.
• Burston, J. Nick Dyer-W. & Alison H. (2010): ‘Digital Labour Special issue’, Ephemera, 10:3/4, 214-539.
• Butler, J. Ernesto L. Slavoj Ž. (2000): Contingency, Hegemony, Universality, London: Verso.
• Charusheela, S. (2011): ‘Where is the “Economy”? Cultural Studies and Narratives of Capitalism’, Paul Smith (ed.): The Renewal of Cultural Studies, Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 177-187 . Cleaver, H. (2000): Reading Capital Politically, Leeds: Anti/Theses.
• Couldry, N. (2010): Why Voice Matters: Culture and Politics after Neoliberalism, London: Sage. (2011): ‘The Project of Cultural Studies. Heretical Doubts, New Horizons’, Paul Smith (ed.): The Renewal of Cultural Studies, Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 9-16.
• D’Mello, M. Sundeep S. (2007): ‘“I am a Kind of Nomad Where I have to Go Places and Places”: Understanding Mobility, Place and Identity in Global Software Work from India’, Information and Organization, 17:3, 162-192.
• Dyer-Witheford, N. (2002): Global Body, Global Brain/Global Factory, Global War: Revolt of the Value-Subjects’, The Commoner, 3. (2010): ‘Digital Labour, Species-Becoming and the Global Worker’, Ephemera, 10:3/4, 484-503.
• Eagleton, T.. (2011): Why Marx Was Right, London: Yale University Press.
• Eatwell, J., Murray M. Peter N. (1987): The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics. Volume 3: K to P, London: Macmillan Press.
• Finnwatch (2007): Connecting Components, Dividing Communities: The Production of Consumer Electronics in the DR Congo and Indonesia, makeITfair-Report: http://germanwatch.org/corp/it-tin.pdf (accessed 27 August 2013).
• Finnwatch & Swedwatch. (2010): Voices from the Inside: Local Views on Mining Reform in Eastern DRC, makeITfair.
• Fuchs, C. (2008): Internet and Society: Social Theory in the Information Age. New York: Routledge. (2010): ‘Labor in Informational Capitalism and on the Internet’, The Information Society, 26:3, 179-196. (2011): Foundations of Critical Media and Information Studies, Abingdon Routledge. (2012a): ‘Conference Report: The 4th ICTs and Society Conference: Critique, Democracy and Philosophy in 21st Century Information Society’, Nordicom Information, 34:3-4, 89-99. (2012b): ‘New Marxian Times! Reflections on the 4th ICTs and Society Conference ‘Critique, Democracy and Philosophy in 21st Century Information Society: Towards Critical Theo-ries of Social Media’’, tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique, 10:1, 114-121. (2014a): Digital Labour and Karl Marx. New York: Routledge. (2014b): Social Media: A Critical Introduction, London: Sage.
• Fuchs, C. Vincent M. (eds) (2012): ‘Marx is Back. The Importance of Marxist Theory and Research for Critical Communication Studies Today’, tripleC: Communication, Capitalism Critique, 10:2, 127-632.
• Fuchs, C. Marisol S. (eds) (2014): Critique, Social Media and the Information Society, New York: Routledge.
• Garnham, N. (1990): Capitalism and Communication, London: Sage. (1995a): ‘Political Economy and Cultural Studies: Reconciliation or Divorce?’, Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 12:1, 62-71 . Garnham, N. (1995b): ‘Reply to Grossberg and Carey’, Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 12:1, 95-100. (2000a): Emancipation, the Media, and Modernity, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Gill, R. (2002): Cool, Creative and Egalitarian? Exploring Gender in Project-Based New-Media Work in Euro’, Information, Communication & Society, (2006): Technobohemians or the New Cybertariat?, Amsterdam: Institute of Network Cultures.
• Grossberg, L. (1995): ‘Cultural Studies vs. Political Economy: Is Anybody Else Bored with this Debate?’ Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 12:1, 72-81. (2010): Cultural Studies in the Future Tense, Durham, MA: Duke University Press.
• Gulias, M. (2011): ‘A Marxist Methodology for Cultural Studies’, Paul Smith (ed.): The Renewal of Cultural Studies, Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 143-151.
• Hall, S. et al. (1978): Policing the Crisis, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Hall, S. (1992/1996): ‘Cultural Studies and its Theoretical Legacies’, David Morley & Kuan-Hsing Chen (eds): Stuart Hall. Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies, London: Routledge, 262-275.
• Hardt, M. Antonio N. (2004): Multitude, New York: Penguin.
• Hartley, J. (ed.) (2005): Creative Industries, Oxford: Blackwell.
• (2012): Digital Futures for Cultural and Media Studies, Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
• Harvey, D. (2010): A Companion to Marx’s Capital, London: Verso.
• Hong, Y. (2011): Labor, Class Formation, and China’s Informationized Policy and Economic Development, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
• Huws, U. (2003): The Making of a Cybertariat: Virtual Work in a Real World, New York: Monthly Review Press.
• Ilavarasan, V. (2007): ‘Is Indian Software Workforce a Case of Uneven and Combined Development?’, Equal Opportunities International, 26:8, 802-822.
• (2008): ‘Software Work in India: A Labour Process View’, Carol Upadhya & A.R. Vasavi In an Outpost of the Global Economy: Work and Workers in India’s Information Tech-nology Industry, New Dehli: Routledge, 162-189.
• Jameson, Frederic (2011): Representing Capital, London: Verso.
• Kolakowski, L. (2005): Main Currents of Marxism: The Founders, the Golden Age, the Breakdown, New York: W.W. Norton.
• Martin, R. (2011): ‘Marxism after Cultural Studies’, Paul Smith (ed.): The Renewal of Cultur-al Studies, Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 152-159.
• Marx, K. (1858/1993): Grundrisse: Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy, London: Penguin. (1867/1990): Capital. Volume 1, London: Penguin. (1894/1991): Capital. Volume III, London: Penguin.
• Maxwell, R. (ed.) 2001. Culture Works: The Political Economy of Culture, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. Maxwell R. Toby M. (2005/2006): ‘Cultural Labor. Special Issue’, Social Semiotics, 15:3 & 16:1.
• McGuigan, J. (2006): ‘Review of John Hartley’s Creative Industries’, Global Media and Communication, 2:3, 372-374.
• McKercher C. Mosco V. (eds) (2006): ‘The Labouring of Communication’, Cana-dian Journal of Communication, 31:3.
• McKercher, C. Mosco V. (2007): Knowledge Workers in the Information Economy, Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
• Miller, T. (2010): ‘Culture + Labour = Precariat’, Communication and Critical/Cultural Stud-ies, 7:1, 96-99. (2011): ‘Cultural Studies in an Indicative Mode’, Communication and Critical/Cultural Stud-ies, 8:3, 319-322.
• Mosco, V. (2009): The Political Economy of Communication, London: Sage. 2nd edition. (2011a): ‘Communication and Cultural Labor’, Paul Smith (ed.): The Renewal of Cultural Studies, Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 230-237. (2011b): ‘The Political Economy of Labor’, Janet Wasco, Graham Murdock & Helena Sousa (eds): The Handbook of Political Economy of Communications, Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 358-380.
• Mosco, V. Catherine M. (2008): The Laburing of Communication. Will Knowledge Workers of the World Unite? Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
• Mosco, V., Catherine M. Ursula H. (2010): ‘Getting the Message: Communications Workers and Global Value Chains’, Work Organisation, Labour & Globalisation, 4:2.
• MSNBC (2008): Facebook Asks Users to Translate for Free. ‘Crowdsourcing’ Aids Company’s Aggressive Worldwide Expansion: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24205912/ns/technology_and_science-internet/t/facebook-asks-users-translate-free/#.UP7-ChjSF7w.
• Negri, A. (1991): Marx Beyond Marx, London: Pluto.
• Nest, M. (2011): Coltan, Cambridge, MA: Polity Press.
• Pellow, David N. & Lisa Sun-Hee Park (2002): The Silicon Valley of Dreams: Environmental Injustice, Immigrant Workers, and the High-Tech Global Economy, New York: New York University Press.
• Qiu, Jack L. (2009): Working-Class Network Society. Communication Technology and the Info-mation Have-Less in Urban China, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
• Ross, A. (2008): ‘The New Geography of Work: Power to the Precarious?’, Theory, Culture & Society, 25:7-8, 31-49. (2009): Nice Work If You Can Get It. Life and Labour in Precarious Times, New York: New York University Press.
• Ross, A. Paul S. (2011): ‘Cultural Studies: A Conversation’, Paul Smith (ed.) (2011): The Renewal of Cultural Studies, Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 245-258.
• Roth, K. H. (2005): Der Zustand der Welt. Gegen-Perspektiven, Hamburg: VSA.
• Roth, K. H. & Marcel L. (2009): ‘Ergebnisse und Perspektiven’, Marcel van der Linden & Karl Heinz Roth (eds): Über Marx hinaus. Arbeitsgeschichte und Arbeitsbegriff in der Konfrontation mit den globalen Arbeitsverhältnissen des 21. Jahrhunderts, Berlin: Assoziation A, 557-600.
• Sandoval, M. (2013): ‘Foxconned Labour as the Dark Side of the Information Age: Working Conditions at Apple’s Contract Manufacturers in China’, tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique, 12:1, 318-347. (2014): From Corporate to Social Media: Critical Perspectives on Corporate Social Respon-sibility in Media and Communication Industries, New York: Routledge. Scholz, Trebor (ed.) (2013): Digital Labor: The Internet as Playground and Factory, New York: Routledge.
• Smith, P. (2006): ‘Looking Backwards and Forwards at Cultural Studies’, Toby Miller (ed.): A Companion to Cultural Studies, Malden, MA: Blackwell, 331-340. (2011a): ‘Introduction’, Paul Smith (ed.): The Renewal of Cultural Studies, Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1-8. (2011b): The Renewal of Cultural Studies, Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
• SOMO (Centre for Research on Multinational Corporations (2007): Capacitating Electronics: The Corrosive Effects of Platinum and Palladium Mining on Labour Rights and Communities. makeITfair Report: http://somo.nl/publications-nl/Publication_2545-nl/at_download/fullfile (accessed 27 August 2013).
• Sparks, Colin (1996): ‘Stuart Hall, Cultural Studies and Marxism’, David Morley & Kuan-Hsing Chen: Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies, London: Routledge, 71-101.
• Students, Scholars against Corporate Misbehaviour (SACOM) (2010): Workers as Machines: Military Management in Foxconn: http://sacom.hk/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/report-on-foxconn-workers-as-machines_sacom.pdf
• Students, Scholars against Corporate Misbehaviour (SACOM) (2011a): Foxconn and Apple Fail to Fulfill Promises: Predicaments of Workers after Suicides: http://sacom.hk/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/2011-05-06_foxconn-and-apple-fail-to-fulfill-promises1.pdf
• Students, Scholars against Corporate Misbehaviour (SACOM) (2011b): iSlave behind the iPhone: Foxconn Workers in Central China: http://sacom.hk/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/20110924-islave-behind-the-iphone.pdf
• Students, Scholars against Corporate Misbehaviour (SACOM) (2012): New iPhone, Old Abuses: Have Working Conditions at Foxconn in China Improved?: http://www.scribd.com/doc/106445655
• Swedwatch (2007): Powering the Mobile World: Cobalt Production for Batteries in the DR Congo and Zambia, makeITfair Report: http://germanwatch.org/corp/it-cob.pdf
• Tapscott, D. & Anthony D. W. (2007): Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything, New York: Penguin.
• Thompson, E. (1957): ‘Socialist Humanism’, The New Reasoner, 1:2, 105-143. (1973): ‘An Open Letter to Leszek Kolakowski’, Edward P. Thompson: The Poverty of The-ory and other Essays, New York: Monthly Review Press, 303-402. (1978): ‘The Poverty of Theory or An Orrery of Errors’, Edward P. Thompson: The Poverty of Theory and other Essays, New York: Monthly Review Press, 1-210.
• Turner, G. (2012): What’s become of Cultural Studies? London: Sage.
• Upadhya, C. A.R. Vasavi (2008): In an Outpost of the Global Economy: Work and Workers in India’s Information Technology Industry, New Dehli: Routledge.
• Vercellone, C. (2007): ‘From Formal Subsumption to General Intellect: Elements for a Marxist Reading of the Thesis of Cognitive Capitalism’, Historical Materialism, 15:1, 13-36. (2010): ‘The Crisis of the Law of Value and the Becoming-Rent of Profit’, Andrea Fumagalli & Sandro Mezzadra (eds): Crisis in the Global Economy, Los Angeles, CA: Semiotext(e), 85-118.
• Virno, P. (2003): A Grammar of the Multitude, New York: Semiotext(e).
• Williams, R. (1958): Culture & Society: 1780-1950, New York: Columbia University Press. (1975): ‘You’re a Marxist, aren’t you?’ Raymond Williams: Resources of Hope, London: Verso, 65-76. (1977): Marxism and Literature, Oxford: Oxford University Press. (1981): The Sociology of Culture, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. (1989): What I Came to Say, London: Hutchinson Radius.
• Zhao, Y. (2007): ‘Short-Circuited? The Communication of Labor Struggles in China’, Catherine McKercher & Vincent Mosco: Knowledge Workers in the Information Society, Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 229-247. (2008): Communication in China, New York: Rowman & Littlefield. (2010): ‘China’s Pursuit of Indigenous Innovations in Information Technology Developments: Hopes, Follies and Uncertainties’, Chinese Journal of Communication, 3:3, 266-289.
• Žižek, S. (2010): Living in the End Times, London: Verso.