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Mahremiyet, Verileştirme ve Dijital Kovid-19 Takip Uygulamaları

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 11, 72 - 87, 30.01.2021
https://doi.org/10.37679/trta.826421

Öz

İlk dalga Kovid-19 salgınının ardından otoriteler ve bazı özel şirketler salgınla mücadeleyi ve filyasyonu yaygınlaştırmak adına çeşitli dijital uygulamalar üretme hazırlıklarına başlamıştır. Kullanıcıların riskli kişilerle temas kurup kurmadığını takip eden bu uygulamaların kişilerin Küresel Konumlama Sistemi (GPS) ve bluetooth gibi teknolojiler vasıtasıyla lokasyonlarını ve bireyler arası mesafeleri ölçmesi, güvenlik ve mahremiyet kaygısını da beraberinde getirmektedir. Google ve Apple, 20 Mayıs 2020 tarihinde, bireylerin Kovid-19 pozitif vakalarla yakın temasa maruz kalıp kalmadıklarının tespit edilmesini kolaylaştırmaya yönelik "teknolojiyi halk sağlığı otoritelerine yardım için kullanmak" sloganıyla, kamu sağlığı otoritelerinin oluşturdukları dijital filyasyon uygulamaları tarafından kullanılabilen maruz kalma ara yüzünü tanıtmıştır. Bu arayüzün diğer merkezî (centralised)filyasyon uygulamalarına nazaran dağıtık (decentralised) bir sistemle işliyor olması, bu sisteme kullanıcıların mahremiyeti açısından güven oluşturmaktadır.
Koronavirüs salgını sırasında teknolojik çözümlerin kullanılması temas takibi için avantajlı görünse de bazı kısıtlamaları da beraberinde getirmektedir. Sosyolojik bir perspektiften bakıldığında, bu çözümleri kullanmanın kritik bir sonucu, insanların verileştirilmesidir ve bu durum bireylerin metalaştırılmasına giden yolu açmaktadır. Bu makale, farklı aktörler tarafından oluşturulmuş dijital filyasyon uygulamaları aracılığıyla üretilen verinin, veri sahipliğinin ve mahremiyet ölçülerinin biyopolitika üzerinden güncel bir okumasını yaparak dijital filyasyon uygulamaları hakkında bir durum değerlendirmesi sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Aynı zamanda, uygulama kullanıcılarının mahremiyeti ihlal edecek durum ve sistemlerin farkına varmak adına veri okuryazarı olmalarının ehemmiyetini göstermeyi hedeflemektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Agamben, Giorgio; Benvenuto, S. (2020). Coronavirus and philosophers. European Journal of Psychoanalysis. https://www.journal-psychoanalysis.eu/coronavirus-and-philosophers/
  • Ajana, B. (2017). Digital health and the biopolitics of the Quantified Self. DIGITAL HEALTH, 3, 2055207616689509. https://doi.org/10.1177/2055207616689509
  • Apple and Google partner on COVID-19 contact tracing technology. (t.y.). Apple Newsroom. Geliş tarihi 19 Ocak 2021, gönderen https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2020/04/apple-and-google-partner-on-covid-19-contact-tracing-technology/
  • Bauman, Z. (2007). Liquid Times: Living in an Age of Uncertainty. Polity.
  • Bian, S., Zhou, B., & Lukowicz, P. (2020). Social Distance Monitor with a Wearable Magnetic Field Proximity Sensor. Sensors, 20(18), 5101. https://doi.org/10.3390/ s20185101
  • Busvine, D., & Rinke, A. (2020, April 22). Switzerland, Austria align with ‘Gapple’ on corona contact tracing. Reuters.
  • https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-europe-tech-idUSL3N2CA36L Ciucci, M., & Gouardères, F. (2020). National COVID-19 contact tracing apps (BRIEFING
  • PE 652.711; ITRE in Focus, p. 9). Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document. html?reference=IPOL_BRI(20 20)652711
  • Cohen, J. E. (2018). The Biopolitical Public Domain: The Legal Construction of the Surveillance Economy. Philosophy & Technology, 31(2), 213–233. https://doi. org/10.1007/s13347-017-0258-2
  • Couldry, N., & Mejias, U. A. (2019). Data Colonialism: Rethinking Big Data’s Relation to the Contemporary Subject. Television & New Media, 20(4), 336–349. https:// doi.org/10.1177/1527476418796632
  • Cristi, Renato. (2020). Pandemics and Philosophy. European Journal of Psychoanalysis. https://www.journal-psychoanalysis.eu/pandemics-and-philosophy/
  • Demirtaş, T., & Tekiner, H. (2020). Filiation: A Historical Term the COVID-19 Outbreak Recalled in Turkey. https://doi.org/10.14744/etd.2020.54782
  • Downey, A. (2020, April 29). NHSX differs with Apple and Google over contact-tracing app.
  • https://www.digitalhealth.net/2020/04/nhsx-differs-with-apple-and-google-over-contac t-tracing-app/
  • Foucault, M., Davidson, A. I., & Burchell, G. (2008). The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1978-1979. Palgrave Macmillan UK.
  • Foucault, Michel. (1995). Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Vintage Books.
  • Foucault, Michel, Bertani, M., Fontana, A., Ewald, F., & Macey, D. (2003). Society must be defended: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1975-76 (1st ed). Picador.
  • Foucault, Michel. (2011). Toplumu Savunmak Gerekir. Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Fuchs, C. (2011). A Contribution to the Critique of the Political Economy of Google. Fast Capitalism, 8(1).
  • Han, B.-C. (2017). In the Swarm: Digital Prospects. MIT Press.
  • Hughes, C., & Southern, A. (2019). The world of work and the crisis of capitalism: Marx and the Fourth Industrial Revolution: Journal of Classical Sociology. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468795X18810577
  • Iacoboni, J. (2020, Mayıs 1). Is it Safe? The Immuni App: Digital Surveillance during the Coronavirus Pandemic. Byline Times.
  • https://bylinetimes.com/2020/05/01/is-it-safe-the-immuni-app-digital-surveillance-duri ng-the-coronavirus-pandemic/
  • Kelion, L. (2020, Nisan 27). NHS rejects Apple-Google coronavirus app plan. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-52441428
  • Kelion, L. (2020, Nisan 21). Coronavirus: Apple and France in stand-off over contact-tracing app—BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-52366129
  • Marwick, A. (2012). The Public Domain: Surveillance in Everyday Life. Surveillance & Society, 9(4), 378–393. https://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v9i4.4342
  • Mobile OS market share 2019. (t.y.). Statista. Geliş tarihi 19 Ocak 2021, gönderen https:// www.statista.com/statistics/272698/global-market-share-held-by-mobile-operating-systems-since-2009/
  • Nguyen, D. (2020). Mediatisation and datafication in the global COVID-19 pandemic: On the urgency of data literacy. Media International Australia, 1329878X20947563. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X20947563
  • O’Brien, C. (2020, Nisan 29). HSE Covid-19 tracing app data will be stored on individual devices. The Irish Times.
  • https://www.irishtimes.com/business/technology/hse-covid-19-tracing-app-data-will-b e-stored-on-individual-devices-1.4240304
  • Rinke, D., & Busvine, A. (2020, Nisan 26). Germany flips to Apple-Google approach on smartphone contact tracing. Reuters.
  • https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-europe-tech-idUSKCN22807J Sharon, T. (2020). Blind-sided by privacy? Digital contact tracing, the Apple/Google API and big tech’s newfound role as global health policy makers. Ethics and Information Technology, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10676-020-09547-x
  • Stanley, J., & Callas, J. (t.y.). Tracking Apps are Unlikely to Help Stop COVID-19. American Civil Liberties Union. Geliş tarihi 19 Ocak 2021, gönderen https://www.aclu. org/news/privacy-technology/tracking-apps-are-unlikely-to-help-stop-covid-19/
  • Vincent, J. (2020, May 5). Without Apple and Google, the UK’s contact-tracing app is in trouble. The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/5/21248288/ uk-covid-19-contact-tracing-app-bluetooth-restrictions-apple-google
  • Yang, D., Yurtsever, E., Renganathan, V., Redmill, K. A., & Özgüner, Ü. (2020). A Vision-based Social Distancing and Critical Density Detection System for COVID-19. ArXiv:2007.03578 [Cs, Eess]. http://arxiv.org/abs/2007.03578 York, S. W. and J. C. (2020, June 17). Almanya’nın Corona-Warn-App Uygulaması: Sık Sorulan Sorular (Ahmet Alphan Sabancı, Trans.). Electronic Frontier Foundation. https://www.eff.org/tr/deeplinks/2020/06/germanys-corona-warn-app-frequently-aske d-questions

Privacy, Datafication and COVID-19 Digital Contact-tracing Apps

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 11, 72 - 87, 30.01.2021
https://doi.org/10.37679/trta.826421

Öz

After the first wave of the COVID-19 outbreak, public health authorities and some private companies started preparations to produce various digital applications in order to ease contact tracing in the fight against the pandemic. The fact that these applications use Global Positioning System (GPS) and/or bluetooth technologies to obtain location of their users and measure their distances to other individuals constantly brought the question of security and privacy. On May 20, Google and Apple introduced the exposure notifications API to be used by contact tracing applications of public health authorities to make it easier to identify whether individuals have been in close contact with COVID-19 positive cases with the slogan of 'Using technology to help public health authorities'. The fact that this interface operates with a distributed system compared to the other centralised contact tracing applications has created trust in this system in terms of privacy. Although using technological solutions seems advantageous for contact-tracing during Coronavirus pandemic; it brings some limitations as well. From a sociological perspective, a critical outcome of using these solutions is datafication of people; hence, pave the way towards commodification of them. This research aims to describe the present situation about the ownership and privacy measures of the data obtained via the digital contact tracing applications of different actors over the concept of `biopolitics'. Meanwhile, it aims to project the significance of being data literate in order to protect the application users in any case of violation of privacy.

Kaynakça

  • Agamben, Giorgio; Benvenuto, S. (2020). Coronavirus and philosophers. European Journal of Psychoanalysis. https://www.journal-psychoanalysis.eu/coronavirus-and-philosophers/
  • Ajana, B. (2017). Digital health and the biopolitics of the Quantified Self. DIGITAL HEALTH, 3, 2055207616689509. https://doi.org/10.1177/2055207616689509
  • Apple and Google partner on COVID-19 contact tracing technology. (t.y.). Apple Newsroom. Geliş tarihi 19 Ocak 2021, gönderen https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2020/04/apple-and-google-partner-on-covid-19-contact-tracing-technology/
  • Bauman, Z. (2007). Liquid Times: Living in an Age of Uncertainty. Polity.
  • Bian, S., Zhou, B., & Lukowicz, P. (2020). Social Distance Monitor with a Wearable Magnetic Field Proximity Sensor. Sensors, 20(18), 5101. https://doi.org/10.3390/ s20185101
  • Busvine, D., & Rinke, A. (2020, April 22). Switzerland, Austria align with ‘Gapple’ on corona contact tracing. Reuters.
  • https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-europe-tech-idUSL3N2CA36L Ciucci, M., & Gouardères, F. (2020). National COVID-19 contact tracing apps (BRIEFING
  • PE 652.711; ITRE in Focus, p. 9). Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document. html?reference=IPOL_BRI(20 20)652711
  • Cohen, J. E. (2018). The Biopolitical Public Domain: The Legal Construction of the Surveillance Economy. Philosophy & Technology, 31(2), 213–233. https://doi. org/10.1007/s13347-017-0258-2
  • Couldry, N., & Mejias, U. A. (2019). Data Colonialism: Rethinking Big Data’s Relation to the Contemporary Subject. Television & New Media, 20(4), 336–349. https:// doi.org/10.1177/1527476418796632
  • Cristi, Renato. (2020). Pandemics and Philosophy. European Journal of Psychoanalysis. https://www.journal-psychoanalysis.eu/pandemics-and-philosophy/
  • Demirtaş, T., & Tekiner, H. (2020). Filiation: A Historical Term the COVID-19 Outbreak Recalled in Turkey. https://doi.org/10.14744/etd.2020.54782
  • Downey, A. (2020, April 29). NHSX differs with Apple and Google over contact-tracing app.
  • https://www.digitalhealth.net/2020/04/nhsx-differs-with-apple-and-google-over-contac t-tracing-app/
  • Foucault, M., Davidson, A. I., & Burchell, G. (2008). The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1978-1979. Palgrave Macmillan UK.
  • Foucault, Michel. (1995). Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Vintage Books.
  • Foucault, Michel, Bertani, M., Fontana, A., Ewald, F., & Macey, D. (2003). Society must be defended: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1975-76 (1st ed). Picador.
  • Foucault, Michel. (2011). Toplumu Savunmak Gerekir. Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Fuchs, C. (2011). A Contribution to the Critique of the Political Economy of Google. Fast Capitalism, 8(1).
  • Han, B.-C. (2017). In the Swarm: Digital Prospects. MIT Press.
  • Hughes, C., & Southern, A. (2019). The world of work and the crisis of capitalism: Marx and the Fourth Industrial Revolution: Journal of Classical Sociology. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468795X18810577
  • Iacoboni, J. (2020, Mayıs 1). Is it Safe? The Immuni App: Digital Surveillance during the Coronavirus Pandemic. Byline Times.
  • https://bylinetimes.com/2020/05/01/is-it-safe-the-immuni-app-digital-surveillance-duri ng-the-coronavirus-pandemic/
  • Kelion, L. (2020, Nisan 27). NHS rejects Apple-Google coronavirus app plan. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-52441428
  • Kelion, L. (2020, Nisan 21). Coronavirus: Apple and France in stand-off over contact-tracing app—BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-52366129
  • Marwick, A. (2012). The Public Domain: Surveillance in Everyday Life. Surveillance & Society, 9(4), 378–393. https://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v9i4.4342
  • Mobile OS market share 2019. (t.y.). Statista. Geliş tarihi 19 Ocak 2021, gönderen https:// www.statista.com/statistics/272698/global-market-share-held-by-mobile-operating-systems-since-2009/
  • Nguyen, D. (2020). Mediatisation and datafication in the global COVID-19 pandemic: On the urgency of data literacy. Media International Australia, 1329878X20947563. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X20947563
  • O’Brien, C. (2020, Nisan 29). HSE Covid-19 tracing app data will be stored on individual devices. The Irish Times.
  • https://www.irishtimes.com/business/technology/hse-covid-19-tracing-app-data-will-b e-stored-on-individual-devices-1.4240304
  • Rinke, D., & Busvine, A. (2020, Nisan 26). Germany flips to Apple-Google approach on smartphone contact tracing. Reuters.
  • https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-europe-tech-idUSKCN22807J Sharon, T. (2020). Blind-sided by privacy? Digital contact tracing, the Apple/Google API and big tech’s newfound role as global health policy makers. Ethics and Information Technology, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10676-020-09547-x
  • Stanley, J., & Callas, J. (t.y.). Tracking Apps are Unlikely to Help Stop COVID-19. American Civil Liberties Union. Geliş tarihi 19 Ocak 2021, gönderen https://www.aclu. org/news/privacy-technology/tracking-apps-are-unlikely-to-help-stop-covid-19/
  • Vincent, J. (2020, May 5). Without Apple and Google, the UK’s contact-tracing app is in trouble. The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/5/21248288/ uk-covid-19-contact-tracing-app-bluetooth-restrictions-apple-google
  • Yang, D., Yurtsever, E., Renganathan, V., Redmill, K. A., & Özgüner, Ü. (2020). A Vision-based Social Distancing and Critical Density Detection System for COVID-19. ArXiv:2007.03578 [Cs, Eess]. http://arxiv.org/abs/2007.03578 York, S. W. and J. C. (2020, June 17). Almanya’nın Corona-Warn-App Uygulaması: Sık Sorulan Sorular (Ahmet Alphan Sabancı, Trans.). Electronic Frontier Foundation. https://www.eff.org/tr/deeplinks/2020/06/germanys-corona-warn-app-frequently-aske d-questions
Toplam 35 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İletişim ve Medya Çalışmaları
Bölüm Makale
Yazarlar

Safa Nur Altuncu 0000-0003-2874-2623

M. Tarık Altuncu 0000-0003-0516-1201

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Ocak 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 16 Kasım 2020
Kabul Tarihi 19 Ocak 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 11

Kaynak Göster

APA Altuncu, S. N., & Altuncu, M. T. (2021). Mahremiyet, Verileştirme ve Dijital Kovid-19 Takip Uygulamaları. TRT Akademi, 6(11), 72-87. https://doi.org/10.37679/trta.826421