Araştırma Makalesi
Savaş Alanları Turizmi: Birleşik Krallık (İngiltere) Savaş Alanları Kaynak Merkezi (UK Battlefield Resource Center) Örneği ve Kurtuluş Savaşı Savaş Alanları Turizm Potansiyeli
Öz
İnsanlık tarihi boyunca yaşanan savaşlar
birçok ölüm ve yıkım meydana getirmiştir. Tarih boyunca savaşların yaşandığı
alanlara ziyaretler geçekleştirilmiştir. İletişim teknolojilerinde yaşanan
gelişmeler ile bilgi çağı olarak adlandırılan çağımızda, toplumları turizm
hareketlerine yönelten birçok deneyimler ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu deneyimlerden bir
tanesi de savaş alanlarına yönelik turizm olgusudur. Bu araştırmada tarih
boyunca var olan fakat akademi dünyasında yeni ele alınmaya başlanan savaş
alanları turizmi araştırılmıştır. Ülkemiz tarihinde yaşanmış savaşlar ve bu savaşların
alanlarına yönelik turizm potansiyeli de göz önünde bulundurularak bu turizm
türüne yönelik İngiltere’de yer alan “Battlefield Trust” örgütü ve bu örgütün
savaş alanları merkezi kendine has benzersiz özellikleri nedeniyle örnek olay
araştırması ile detaylı bir şekilde incelenmiştir. Örgütten ve örgütün savaş
alanları merkezi web sitesinden elde edilen bilgiler ve belgeler içerik analizi
yöntemiyle araştırılmıştır. Ayrıca ülkemizin yakın tarihinde yaşanmış Kurtuluş
Savaşının geçtiği belli başlı savaş alanlarının listesi çıkarılmış ve bu
alanlara yönelik potansiyel turizm talebine ilişkin çeşitli öneriler
getirilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kültür ve Miras Turizmi Ölüm Turizmi Karanlık Turizm Savaş Alanları
Kaynakça
- Adams, P, C. (2007). Footsteps Across Time The Evolution, Use and Relevance of Battlefield Visits to the British Armed Forces, (Crenfield University, Defence College of Management and Technology, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Crenfield. Ashworth, G. ve Tunbridge, J. (1990). The Tourist Historic City, Belhaven Press, New York. Ashworth, G, J. (2000). “Heritage, Tourism and Places: A Review”, Tourism Recreation Research, 25 (1), s. 19-29, Ashworth, G, J; “Tourism and the Heritage of Atrocity: Managing the Heritage of South African Apartheid for Entertainment”, New Horizons in Tourism: Strange Experiences and Stranger Practices, Hz. T, V, Singh, CABI, Cambridge MA, 2004, s. 95-108. Ballesteros, R. E., ve Ramirez, H., M. (2007). “Identity and Community: Reflestions on the Development of Minning Heritage Tourism İn Southern Spain”, Tourism Management, 28, s. 677-687. Basarin, V. J. (2011). Battlefield Tourism-Anzac Day Commemorations at Gallipoli: An Empirical Analysis, (Deakin University, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Avusturalya. Blom, T. (2000) “Morbid Tourism -a Postmodern Market with an Example from Althorp”, Norsk Geogr Tidsskr, 54, s. 29-36. Bowes, R. (1989). “Tourism and Heritage: A New Approach to the Product”, Recreation Research Review, 14(4), s. 35-40. Carley, K. (1993). “Coding Choices for Textual Analysis: A Comparision of Content Analysis and Map Analysis”, Sociological Methodology, 23, s. 75-126. Dann, G, M, S. (1995). Tourism: the Nostalgia Industry of the Future. In Theobald, Global Tourism, Ed. William, F, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, s. 35-37. Dunkley, R, A. (2007). “Re-Peopling Tourism: A 'Hot Approach, to Studying Thanatourist Experiences”, The Critical Tun? in Tourism Studies: Innovative Research Methodologies (Advances in Tourism Research), Ed. Morgan I, ve Pritchard, N, Oxford, Elsevier, s. 371-386. Fyall, A., ve Garrod, B. (1998). “Heritage Tourism: at What Price?”, Managing Leisure, 3 (4), s. 213-228, Gunn, C. A. (1997). Attractions: First Power, Third Ed., Vacationscape, Taylor & Francis, Washington. Hewison, R. (1987). The Heritage Industry: Britain in a Climate of Decline, Methuen, Londra. Hollinshead, K. (1988). “First Blush of the Long Time: The Market Development of the Australia’s Living Aborginal Heritage: Tourism Research Expanding Boundaries”, Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of Travel and Tourism Research Association, s. 183-198. Jamal, T, B, ve Kim, H. (2005) “Bridging the Interdisciplinary Divide: Towards an Integrated Framework for Heritage Tourism Research”, Tourist Studies, 5 (1), s. 55-83. Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, B. (1998). Destination Culture: Tourism, Museums and Heritage, Ca: University of California Press, Berkley. Johnson, P. ve Thomas, B. (1995). “Heritage as Business”, Heritage, Tourism and ,Society, Ed. Herbert, D., Mansell Publishing House, Londra, s. 170-190. Kenneth, E, F. (2003). Shadowed Ground: America’s Landscapes of Violence and Tragedy, Revised Edition, Austin: University of Texas Press, Texas. Kurnaz, H. A., Çeken, H. ve Kılıç, B. (2013). “Hüzün Turizmi Katılımcılarının Seyahat Motivasyonlarının Belirlenmesi”, İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5 (2), s. 57-73. Lowenthal, D. (2005). “Natural and Cultural Heritage”, International Journal of Heritage Studies, 11 (1), s. 81-92. Lennon, J. J. ve Foley, M. (2000). Dark Tourism: The Attraction of Death An Disaster, Continuum, Londra.
- Lloyd, D. W. (1998). Battlefield Tourism Pilgrimage and the Commemoration of the Great War in Britain, Australia and Canada, Berg, New York. MacCannell, D. (1999). The Tourist, MacMillan, Londra. Mckrecher, B., Cros, H., ve Mckrecher, R. (2002). Cultural Tourism: The Partnership Between Tourism and Cultural Heritage Management, Haworth Hospitality Press, USA, s. 23. Miles, S.T. (2011). Battlefield Tourism: Meanings and Interpretations,(University of Glasgow, College of Arts, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Glasgow. Nuryanti, W. (1996). “Heritage and Postmodern Tourism”, Annals of Tourism Research, 23 (2), s. 249-260. Prentice, R. (1993). Tourism and Heritage Attraction, Routledge, Londra. Prideaux, S. (2007). “Echoes of War: Battlefield Tourism”, Battlefield Tourism History, Place and Interpretation, Ed. Ryan, C., Elsevier, Londra, s. 17-27. Rojek, C; “Indexing, Dragging and the Social Construction of Tourist Sights”, Touring Cultures, Hz. Rojek, C, ve Urry, J, Routledge, Londra, 1997, s. 52-73. Rose, G. (1995). “Place and Identity: A Sense of Place”, A Place in the World?:Places, Cultures and Globalization, Ed. Massey, D. ve Jess, P., Oxford University Press, Oxford, s. 87-132. Schouten, F. (1995). “Heritage as Historical Reality”, Heritage, Tourism and Society, Ed. Herbert, D., (pp. 21-31). Mansell Publishing House, Londra, s. 21-31. Seaton, A. V. (1996). “Guided by the Dark; from Thanatopsis to Thanatourism”, International Journal of Heritage Studies, 2 (4), s. 234-244. Sharpley, R. (2009). Shedding Light on Dark Tourism. The Darker Side of Travel The Theory and Practice of Dark Tourism Ed. Sharpley R. ve Stone P. Smith, V. L. (1998). “War and Tourism: An American Etnography”, Annals of Tourism Research, 25 (1), s. 202-227. Stone, P, R. (2006). “A Dark Tourism Spectrum: Towards a Typology of Death and Macabre Related Tourist Sites Attractions and Exhibitions”, Tourism: An Interdisciplinary International Journal, 52 (2), s. 145-160. Stone, P, R, ve Sharpley, R. (2008). “Consuming Dark Tourism: A Thanatological Perspective”, Annals of Tourism Research, 35 (2), s. 574-595. Timothy, D, J, ve Boyd, S, W. (2006). “Heritage Tourism in the 21st Century: Valued Traditions and New Perspectives”, Journal of Heritage tourism, 1 (1), s. 1-16. Timothy, D, J. (2011). Cultural Heritage and Tourism: An Introduction, Channel View, Ontario. Urry, J. (1990). The Tourist Gaze, Sage, Londra. Upton, A. (2015). Understanding the Reflections of Battlefield Tourist Regarding Their Experiences to Sitesi Associate with WWI and Vieatnam War: An Analysis of Travel Blogs, (MIT, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tez)i, Amerika. Verdery, K. (1999). The Political Lives of Dead Bodies: Reburial and Post Socialist Change, Columbia University Press, New York. Wilson, J, Z. (2008). Prison: Cultural Memory and Dark Tourism, Peter Lang Publishing, New York. Yin, R, K. (1984). Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Sage, Newbury Park CA. http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1500/ (Erişim Tarihi: 21 Şubat 2017). http://tinet.ita.doc.gov/outreachpages/download_data_table/2014-cultural-heritage-profile.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 18 Şubat 2017) http://www.battlefieldstrust.com/page50.asp (Erişim Tarihi: 11 Mayıs 2017). http://www.battlefieldstrust.com/resource-centre/index.asp (Erişim Tarihi: 11 Mayıs 2017). http://www.battlefieldstrust.com/media/314.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 17 Mayıs 2017). http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4172.0main+features172014 (Erişim Tarihi: 7 Mart 2017). http://www.destinationbc.ca/getattachment/Programs/Guides-Workshops-and-Webinars/Guides/Tourism-Business-Essentials-Guides/TBE-Guide-Cultural-and-Heritage-Tourism-Jan2014.pdf.aspx (Erişim Tarihi: 16 Mayıs 2017). -http://www.grief-tourism.com/category/types-of-grief-tourism/ (Erişim Tarihi: 16 Mayıs 2017). http://www.tdk.gov.tr/index.php?option=com_bts&arama=kelime&guid=TDK.GTS.58f7b837b69a60.38238929 (Erişim Tarihi: 5 Mayıs 2017). https://www.nps.gov/tps/how-to.../charter_draft5.doc (Erişim Tarihi: 2 Mayıs 2017). http://www.grief-tourism.com/category/types-of-grief-tourism/ (Erişim Tarihi: 16 Mayıs 2017). http://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler/2015/04/150425_gelibolu_safak_ayini (Erişim Tarihi: 1 Mayıs 2017). https://www.ischool.utexas.edu/~ssoy/usesusers/l391d1b.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 17 Mayıs 2017).
Yıl 2018,
Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1, 105 - 142, 05.04.2018
Öz
Kaynakça
- Adams, P, C. (2007). Footsteps Across Time The Evolution, Use and Relevance of Battlefield Visits to the British Armed Forces, (Crenfield University, Defence College of Management and Technology, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Crenfield. Ashworth, G. ve Tunbridge, J. (1990). The Tourist Historic City, Belhaven Press, New York. Ashworth, G, J. (2000). “Heritage, Tourism and Places: A Review”, Tourism Recreation Research, 25 (1), s. 19-29, Ashworth, G, J; “Tourism and the Heritage of Atrocity: Managing the Heritage of South African Apartheid for Entertainment”, New Horizons in Tourism: Strange Experiences and Stranger Practices, Hz. T, V, Singh, CABI, Cambridge MA, 2004, s. 95-108. Ballesteros, R. E., ve Ramirez, H., M. (2007). “Identity and Community: Reflestions on the Development of Minning Heritage Tourism İn Southern Spain”, Tourism Management, 28, s. 677-687. Basarin, V. J. (2011). Battlefield Tourism-Anzac Day Commemorations at Gallipoli: An Empirical Analysis, (Deakin University, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Avusturalya. Blom, T. (2000) “Morbid Tourism -a Postmodern Market with an Example from Althorp”, Norsk Geogr Tidsskr, 54, s. 29-36. Bowes, R. (1989). “Tourism and Heritage: A New Approach to the Product”, Recreation Research Review, 14(4), s. 35-40. Carley, K. (1993). “Coding Choices for Textual Analysis: A Comparision of Content Analysis and Map Analysis”, Sociological Methodology, 23, s. 75-126. Dann, G, M, S. (1995). Tourism: the Nostalgia Industry of the Future. In Theobald, Global Tourism, Ed. William, F, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, s. 35-37. Dunkley, R, A. (2007). “Re-Peopling Tourism: A 'Hot Approach, to Studying Thanatourist Experiences”, The Critical Tun? in Tourism Studies: Innovative Research Methodologies (Advances in Tourism Research), Ed. Morgan I, ve Pritchard, N, Oxford, Elsevier, s. 371-386. Fyall, A., ve Garrod, B. (1998). “Heritage Tourism: at What Price?”, Managing Leisure, 3 (4), s. 213-228, Gunn, C. A. (1997). Attractions: First Power, Third Ed., Vacationscape, Taylor & Francis, Washington. Hewison, R. (1987). The Heritage Industry: Britain in a Climate of Decline, Methuen, Londra. Hollinshead, K. (1988). “First Blush of the Long Time: The Market Development of the Australia’s Living Aborginal Heritage: Tourism Research Expanding Boundaries”, Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of Travel and Tourism Research Association, s. 183-198. Jamal, T, B, ve Kim, H. (2005) “Bridging the Interdisciplinary Divide: Towards an Integrated Framework for Heritage Tourism Research”, Tourist Studies, 5 (1), s. 55-83. Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, B. (1998). Destination Culture: Tourism, Museums and Heritage, Ca: University of California Press, Berkley. Johnson, P. ve Thomas, B. (1995). “Heritage as Business”, Heritage, Tourism and ,Society, Ed. Herbert, D., Mansell Publishing House, Londra, s. 170-190. Kenneth, E, F. (2003). Shadowed Ground: America’s Landscapes of Violence and Tragedy, Revised Edition, Austin: University of Texas Press, Texas. Kurnaz, H. A., Çeken, H. ve Kılıç, B. (2013). “Hüzün Turizmi Katılımcılarının Seyahat Motivasyonlarının Belirlenmesi”, İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5 (2), s. 57-73. Lowenthal, D. (2005). “Natural and Cultural Heritage”, International Journal of Heritage Studies, 11 (1), s. 81-92. Lennon, J. J. ve Foley, M. (2000). Dark Tourism: The Attraction of Death An Disaster, Continuum, Londra.
- Lloyd, D. W. (1998). Battlefield Tourism Pilgrimage and the Commemoration of the Great War in Britain, Australia and Canada, Berg, New York. MacCannell, D. (1999). The Tourist, MacMillan, Londra. Mckrecher, B., Cros, H., ve Mckrecher, R. (2002). Cultural Tourism: The Partnership Between Tourism and Cultural Heritage Management, Haworth Hospitality Press, USA, s. 23. Miles, S.T. (2011). Battlefield Tourism: Meanings and Interpretations,(University of Glasgow, College of Arts, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Glasgow. Nuryanti, W. (1996). “Heritage and Postmodern Tourism”, Annals of Tourism Research, 23 (2), s. 249-260. Prentice, R. (1993). Tourism and Heritage Attraction, Routledge, Londra. Prideaux, S. (2007). “Echoes of War: Battlefield Tourism”, Battlefield Tourism History, Place and Interpretation, Ed. Ryan, C., Elsevier, Londra, s. 17-27. Rojek, C; “Indexing, Dragging and the Social Construction of Tourist Sights”, Touring Cultures, Hz. Rojek, C, ve Urry, J, Routledge, Londra, 1997, s. 52-73. Rose, G. (1995). “Place and Identity: A Sense of Place”, A Place in the World?:Places, Cultures and Globalization, Ed. Massey, D. ve Jess, P., Oxford University Press, Oxford, s. 87-132. Schouten, F. (1995). “Heritage as Historical Reality”, Heritage, Tourism and Society, Ed. Herbert, D., (pp. 21-31). Mansell Publishing House, Londra, s. 21-31. Seaton, A. V. (1996). “Guided by the Dark; from Thanatopsis to Thanatourism”, International Journal of Heritage Studies, 2 (4), s. 234-244. Sharpley, R. (2009). Shedding Light on Dark Tourism. The Darker Side of Travel The Theory and Practice of Dark Tourism Ed. Sharpley R. ve Stone P. Smith, V. L. (1998). “War and Tourism: An American Etnography”, Annals of Tourism Research, 25 (1), s. 202-227. Stone, P, R. (2006). “A Dark Tourism Spectrum: Towards a Typology of Death and Macabre Related Tourist Sites Attractions and Exhibitions”, Tourism: An Interdisciplinary International Journal, 52 (2), s. 145-160. Stone, P, R, ve Sharpley, R. (2008). “Consuming Dark Tourism: A Thanatological Perspective”, Annals of Tourism Research, 35 (2), s. 574-595. Timothy, D, J, ve Boyd, S, W. (2006). “Heritage Tourism in the 21st Century: Valued Traditions and New Perspectives”, Journal of Heritage tourism, 1 (1), s. 1-16. Timothy, D, J. (2011). Cultural Heritage and Tourism: An Introduction, Channel View, Ontario. Urry, J. (1990). The Tourist Gaze, Sage, Londra. Upton, A. (2015). Understanding the Reflections of Battlefield Tourist Regarding Their Experiences to Sitesi Associate with WWI and Vieatnam War: An Analysis of Travel Blogs, (MIT, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tez)i, Amerika. Verdery, K. (1999). The Political Lives of Dead Bodies: Reburial and Post Socialist Change, Columbia University Press, New York. Wilson, J, Z. (2008). Prison: Cultural Memory and Dark Tourism, Peter Lang Publishing, New York. Yin, R, K. (1984). Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Sage, Newbury Park CA. http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1500/ (Erişim Tarihi: 21 Şubat 2017). http://tinet.ita.doc.gov/outreachpages/download_data_table/2014-cultural-heritage-profile.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 18 Şubat 2017) http://www.battlefieldstrust.com/page50.asp (Erişim Tarihi: 11 Mayıs 2017). http://www.battlefieldstrust.com/resource-centre/index.asp (Erişim Tarihi: 11 Mayıs 2017). http://www.battlefieldstrust.com/media/314.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 17 Mayıs 2017). http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4172.0main+features172014 (Erişim Tarihi: 7 Mart 2017). http://www.destinationbc.ca/getattachment/Programs/Guides-Workshops-and-Webinars/Guides/Tourism-Business-Essentials-Guides/TBE-Guide-Cultural-and-Heritage-Tourism-Jan2014.pdf.aspx (Erişim Tarihi: 16 Mayıs 2017). -http://www.grief-tourism.com/category/types-of-grief-tourism/ (Erişim Tarihi: 16 Mayıs 2017). http://www.tdk.gov.tr/index.php?option=com_bts&arama=kelime&guid=TDK.GTS.58f7b837b69a60.38238929 (Erişim Tarihi: 5 Mayıs 2017). https://www.nps.gov/tps/how-to.../charter_draft5.doc (Erişim Tarihi: 2 Mayıs 2017). http://www.grief-tourism.com/category/types-of-grief-tourism/ (Erişim Tarihi: 16 Mayıs 2017). http://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler/2015/04/150425_gelibolu_safak_ayini (Erişim Tarihi: 1 Mayıs 2017). https://www.ischool.utexas.edu/~ssoy/usesusers/l391d1b.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 17 Mayıs 2017).
Toplam 2 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
|---|---|
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 5 Nisan 2018 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 10 Temmuz 2017 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2018 Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1 |