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Afrika Birliği’nin Barış ve Güvenlik Politikasının Sınırları: Burundi Müdahalesi Örneği

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 173 - 186, 30.09.2022

Öz

Bu makalede, Afrika Birliği Örgütü'nden Afrika Birliği'ne barış ve güvenlik politikasının sınırları Burundi müdahalesi örneği üzerinden tartışılacaktır. "Afrikalı sorunlara Afrikalı çözümler" geliştirme amacıyla ve etkisizleşen BM sistemine bir tepki olarak Afrika Birliği Örgütü'nün Afrika Birliği'ne dönüştüğü yönünde literatürdeki yaygın kabulün aksine, bu makale kapsamında sözkonusu dönüşümün bizatihi BM tarafından desteklendiği ileri sürülmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Al Jazeera (2015, 25 Temmuz). Burundi President Nkurunziza Wins Disputed Election. Al Jazeera. http://www.Al Jazeera.com/news/2015/07/burundi-president-nkurunziza-wins-disputed-election-150724140417364.html (Erişim Tarihi: 22.06.2016).
  • Al Jazeera (2015, 25 Nisan). Burundi President Run for Third Term Despite Protest. Al Jazeera. http://www.Al Jazeera.com/news/africa/2015/04/burundi-president-run-term-protest-150425134353242.html (Erişim Tarihi: 22.06.2016).
  • Al Jazeera (2015, 15 Mayıs). President ‘Back in Burundi’ After Army Says Coup Failed. Al Jazeera. http://www.Al Jazeera.com/news/2015/05/president-burundi-army-coup-failed-150515002113225.html (Erişim Tarihi: 22.06.2016).
  • A/RES/36/210. (1981). Assistance to Chad. United Nations, General Assembly Resolution.
  • A/RES/47/218. (1992-1993). Administirative and Budgetary Aspects of the Financing of the United Nations Peace-Keeping Operations.
  • Agada, S. (2008). Lessons Learned From United Nations Peacekeeping Peacekeeping Experiences. United Nations Institute for Training and Research.
  • Agoagye, F. (2004). The African Mission in Burundi: Lessons Learned From the First African Union Peacekeeping Operation. Conflict Trends, (2), 9-15.
  • AHG/DECL 1 (XXIX) (1993). 1993 Cairo Declaration on the Occasion of the Thirtieth Anniversary of the Organization of African Unity. The Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the Organization of African Unity.
  • AHR/102/1981. (1981). Resolution on Chad. Organization of African Union. Assembly of Heads of State and Government. Eighteenth Ordinary Session. Nairobi. Kenya.
  • Andemichael, B. (1976). The OAU and the UN: Relations Between the Organization of African Unity and the United Nations. UNITAR Regional Study No. 2. New York and London: United Nations Institute for Training and Research.
  • Arend, A. C. (1996). The United Nations, Regional Organizations, and Military Operations: The Past and the Present. Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law, 7(3), 3-33.
  • Boulden, J. (2003). Dealing with Conflict in Africa: The United Nations and Regional Organization. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Boutros-Ghali, B., An Agenda for Peace. Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peace-Keeping. Report of the Secretary-General Pursuant to the Statement Adopted by the Summit Meeting of the Security Council on 31 January 1992.
  • Buzan, B. (1997). Rethinking Security after Cold War. Cooperation and Conflict, 32(1), 5-28.
  • Chafer, T. (1992). French African Policy: Towards Change. African Affairs, 91(362), 37-51.
  • Cilliers, J. and Sturman, K. (2004). Challenges Facing the AU’s Peace and Security Council. African Security Review, 13(1), 97-104.
  • CM/860/1981. (1981). Resolution on the Proposed Establishment of a Political Security Council. Organization of African Union. Council of Ministers. Thirty Seventh Ordinary Session. Nairobi. Kenya.
  • CM/867/1981 (1981). Resolution on the Establishment of the OAU Defence Force. Organization of African Union. Council of Ministers. Thirty Seventh Ordinary Session. Nairobi. Kenya.
  • CM/958/1985. (1985). Resolution on the Proposed Establishment of An OAU Political Security Council. Organization of African Union. Council of Ministers. Forty First Ordinary Session. Addis Ababa. Ethiopia.
  • Constitutive Act of African Union. (2001). African Union
  • Denk, E. (2015). Uluslararası Örgütler Hukuku Birleşmiş Milletler Sistemi. Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Diehl, P. F. (1993). Institutional Alternatives to Traditional UN Peacekeeping: An Assessment of Regional and Multinational Options. Armed Forces and Society, 19(2), 209-230.
  • Elias, T. O. (1964). The Charter of the Organization of African Unity. The American Journal of International Law, 59(2), 243-267.
  • Elias, T. O. (1964). The Commission of Mediation, Conciliation, and Arbitration of the Organization of African Unity. The British Yearbook of International Law, 40, 336-355.
  • Francis, D.J. (2006). Uniting Africa, Building Regional Peace and Security Systems. Routledge.
  • Franck, T. M. (2003). What Happens Now? The United Nations after Iraq. The American Journal of International Law, 97(3), 607-620.
  • Freire, M. R., Lopes, P. D. ve Nascimento, D. (2016). ‘Responsibility to Protect’ and the African Union: Assessing the AU’s Capacity to Respond to Regional Complex Humanitarian and Political Emergencies. African Security Review, 25(3), 223-241.
  • Fromuth, P. J. (1993). The Making of a Security Community: The United Nations After the Cold War. Journal of International Affairs, 46(2), 341-366.
  • Gutto, S. (1996). The OAU’s New Mechanism of the Organization of African Unity for Conflict Prevention, Management and Resolution, and the Controversial Concept of Humanitarian Intervention in International Law. South African Law Journal, 113(2), 314-325.
  • Hamilton, R. (2006). The Reponsibility to Protect: From Document to Doctrine-But What of Implementation. Harvard Human Rights Journal, 19, 289-297.
  • Hoeffler, A. (2008). Dealing with the Consequences of Violent Conflicts in Africa. Background Paper for the African Development Bank Report.
  • ICISS. (2001). The Responsibility to Protect. Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Soverignty. International Development Research Centre.
  • Khadiagala, G. M. (2003). Burundi 2002-2012. Boulden, J. (Ed.). Responding to Conflict in Africa. Palgrave Macmillan. Latif, D. (2000). United Nations’ Changing Role in the Post Cold War Era. The Turkish Yearbook, 30, 23-66.
  • Lemerchand, R. (1997). Patterns of State Collapse and Reconstruction in Central Africa: Reflections on the Crises in the Great Lakes Region. African Studies Quarterly, 1(3), 5-22.
  • Levitt, J. I. (1998). Humanitarian Intervention by Regional Actors in Internal Conflicts The Cases of ECOWAS in Liberia and Siearra Leone. Temple International and Comparative Law Journal, 12(2), 333-377.
  • MacQueen, N. (1999) The United Nations since 1945: Peacekeeping and the Cold War, Essex: Pearson. Martin, G. (1990). Security and Conflict Management in Chad. Security Dialogue, 21(1), 37-47.
  • May, R. ve Massey, S. (1998). The OAU Interventions in Chad: Mission Impossible or Mission Evaded?. International Peacekeeping, 5(1), 46-65.
  • Mays, T. M. (2002). Africa’s First Peacekeeping Operation: The OAU in Chad, 1981-1982. London: Praeger.
  • Meray, S. L. (1962). Devletler Hukukuna Giriş. Ajans-Türk Matbaası.
  • Møller, B. (2009). The African Union As Security Actor. Crises States Research Centre Working Papers, 57.
  • Munya, P. M. (1999). The Organization of African Unity and Its Role in Regional Conflict Resolution and Dispute Settlement: A Critical Evaluation. Boston College Third World Journal, 19, 537-593.
  • Murithi, T. (2008). The African Union’s Evolving Role in Peace Operations: The African Union Mission in Burundi, the African Union Mission in Sudan and the African Union Mission in Somalia. African Security Review, 17(1), 69-82.
  • Naldi, G. (1989). Organization of African Unity: An Analysis of Its Role. Mansell Publishing.
  • O’Neill, J. T. ve Rees, N. (2005). United Nations Peacekeeping in The Post-Cold War Era, London: Routledge.
  • Olonisakin, F. (1996). UN Co‐operation with Regional Organizations in Peacekeeping: The Experience of ECOMOG and UNOMIL in Liberia. International Peacekeeping, 3(3), 33-51.
  • Organization of African Unity. (1991). The Kampala Document: Towards a Conference on Security, Stability, Development and Cooperation in Africa. Africa Leadership Forum.
  • Paliwal, S. (2010). The Primacy of Regional Organizations in International Peacekeeping : The African Example. Virginia Journal of International Law, 51, 186-230.
  • Peck, C. (1998). Sustainable Peace: The Role of the UN and Regional Organizations in Preventing Conflict. Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.
  • Powell, K. (2005). The African Union Emerging Peace and Security Regime: Opportunities and Challenges for Delivering on the Responsibility to Protect. ISS Monograph Series, 119.
  • Reyntjens, F. (1993). The Proof of the Pudding is in the Eating: The June 1993 Elections in Burundi. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 31(4), 563-583.
  • Report of the Chairperson of the Commission on the Establishment of a Continental Peace and Security Architecture and the Status of Peace Process in Africa. (2004). Solemn Launching.
  • Reuters Africa. (2015, 14 Aralık). Death Toll from Day of Clashes in Burundi Capital Rises Nearly 90. Reuters Africa. http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN0TW06O20151214. (Erişim Tarihi: 22.06.2016).
  • Roberts, A. (1994). The Crises in Peacekeeping. Institutt for Forsvarssudier.
  • S/RES/1244. (1999). On the Situation Relating Kosovo. United Nations, Security Council Resolution.
  • S/RES/1545. (2004). Authorizes UN Operation in Burundi for Initial Six Month Period. United Nations, Security Council Resolution.
  • S/RES/2248. (2015) Burundi. United Nations, Security Council Resolution.
  • S/RES/504. (1982). Chad. United Nations, Security Council Resolution.
  • S/RES/788. (1992). Liberia. United Nations, Security Council Resolution.
  • Sarkin, J. (2009). The Role of the United Nations, the African Union and Africa’s Sub-Regional Organizations in Dealing with Africa’s Human Rights Problems: Connecting Humanitarian Intervention and the Responsibility to Protect. Journal of African Law, 53(1), 1-33.
  • Scheffer, D. J. (1992). Toward a Modern Doctrine of Humanitarian Intervention. University of Toledo Law Review, 1992 Symposium Issue: War and the Law, 23(2), 253-295.
  • Seaman, K. (2014). UN-Tied Nations: The United Nations, Peacekeeping and Global Governance. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Sesay, A. (1991). The Limits of Peacekeeping by a Regional Organisation: The OAU Peacekeeping Force in Chad. Conflict Quarterly, 11(1), 7-26.
  • Stahn, C. (2007). Responsibilty to Protect: Political Rhetoric or Emerging Legal Norm?. The American Journal of International Law, 101(1), 99-120.
  • Stock, C. (2011). Documentation of the Expert Workshop New Horizons and Old Problems for UN Peacekeeping, Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES).
  • Thakur, R. (2006). The United Nations, Peace and Security: From Collective Security to Responsibility to Protect. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • The African Union. (2015, 29 Aralık). The African Union Welcomes the Resumption of the Inter-Burundian Dialogue and Reiterates Its Call to the Parties to Extend Full Cooperation to the Mediation [Press Release]. https://reliefweb.int/report/burundi/african-union-welcomes-resumption-inter-burundian-dialogue-and-reiterates-its-call
  • The Guardian (2015, 30 Kasım). Burundi President Threatens to Fight African Union Peacekeepers. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/30/burundi-president-pierre-nkurunziza-threatens-fight-african-union-peacekeepers (Erişim Tarihi: 22.06.2016).
  • The Organization of African Union. (1999). Sirte Declaration, Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Assemble of Heads of State and Government. Sirte. Libya.
  • The Peace and Security Council of African Union. (2015). Communiqué of the 565th meeting of the PSC on the situation in Burundi. 17 December 2015. http://www.peaceau.org/en/article/communique-of-the-565th-meeting-of-the-psc-on-the-situation-in-burundi#sthash.1TLF6bl1.dpuf (erişim tarihi: 30.05.2016).
  • Tieku, T. K. (2004). Explaining the Clash and Accomodation of Interests of Major Actors in the Creation of the African Union. African Affairs, 103, 249-267.
  • Tigerstrom, B. v. (2007). Human Security and International Law: Prospects and Problems. Oxford: Hart Publishing. Touval, S. (1967). The Organization of African Unity and African Borders. International Organization, 21(1), 102-127.
  • Uvin, P. (1999). Ethnicity and Power in Burundi and Rwanda: Different Paths to Mass Violence. Comparative Politics, 31(3), 253-271.
  • Vines, A. (2013). A Decade of African Peace and Security Architecture. International Affairs, 89(1), 89-109.
  • Wiessner, S. ve Willard, A. R. (1999). Policy-Oriented Jurisprudence and Human Rights Abuses in Internal Conflict: Toward a World Order of Human Dignity. American Journal of International Law, 93(291), 316-334.
  • Williams, P. D. (2013). Peace Operations in Africa: Lessons Learned Since 2000. Africa Security Brief, 25, 1-8.
  • Williams, P. D. (2007). From Non-Intervention to Non-Indiffeence: The Origins and Development of the African Union’s Security Culture. African Affairs, 106(423), 253-279.
  • Wilson, J. M. (2006). Law and Order in an Emerging Democracy: Lessons from the Reconstruction of Kosovo’s Police and Justice Systems. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 605(1), 152-177.

THE LIMITS OF THE AFRICAN UNION’S PEACE AND SECURITY POLICY: THE CASE OF THE INTERVENTION IN BURUNDI

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 173 - 186, 30.09.2022

Öz

In this article, the limits of the peace and security policy from the Organization of African Unity to the African Union will be discussed within the example of the Burundi intervention. In contrary to the widespread acceptence in the literature that the Organization of African Unity has been transformed into the African Union as a reaction to incapabilities of UN system and in order to develop "African solutions to African problems;" in this article it will be argued that UN itself supports this transformation process.

Kaynakça

  • Al Jazeera (2015, 25 Temmuz). Burundi President Nkurunziza Wins Disputed Election. Al Jazeera. http://www.Al Jazeera.com/news/2015/07/burundi-president-nkurunziza-wins-disputed-election-150724140417364.html (Erişim Tarihi: 22.06.2016).
  • Al Jazeera (2015, 25 Nisan). Burundi President Run for Third Term Despite Protest. Al Jazeera. http://www.Al Jazeera.com/news/africa/2015/04/burundi-president-run-term-protest-150425134353242.html (Erişim Tarihi: 22.06.2016).
  • Al Jazeera (2015, 15 Mayıs). President ‘Back in Burundi’ After Army Says Coup Failed. Al Jazeera. http://www.Al Jazeera.com/news/2015/05/president-burundi-army-coup-failed-150515002113225.html (Erişim Tarihi: 22.06.2016).
  • A/RES/36/210. (1981). Assistance to Chad. United Nations, General Assembly Resolution.
  • A/RES/47/218. (1992-1993). Administirative and Budgetary Aspects of the Financing of the United Nations Peace-Keeping Operations.
  • Agada, S. (2008). Lessons Learned From United Nations Peacekeeping Peacekeeping Experiences. United Nations Institute for Training and Research.
  • Agoagye, F. (2004). The African Mission in Burundi: Lessons Learned From the First African Union Peacekeeping Operation. Conflict Trends, (2), 9-15.
  • AHG/DECL 1 (XXIX) (1993). 1993 Cairo Declaration on the Occasion of the Thirtieth Anniversary of the Organization of African Unity. The Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the Organization of African Unity.
  • AHR/102/1981. (1981). Resolution on Chad. Organization of African Union. Assembly of Heads of State and Government. Eighteenth Ordinary Session. Nairobi. Kenya.
  • Andemichael, B. (1976). The OAU and the UN: Relations Between the Organization of African Unity and the United Nations. UNITAR Regional Study No. 2. New York and London: United Nations Institute for Training and Research.
  • Arend, A. C. (1996). The United Nations, Regional Organizations, and Military Operations: The Past and the Present. Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law, 7(3), 3-33.
  • Boulden, J. (2003). Dealing with Conflict in Africa: The United Nations and Regional Organization. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Boutros-Ghali, B., An Agenda for Peace. Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peace-Keeping. Report of the Secretary-General Pursuant to the Statement Adopted by the Summit Meeting of the Security Council on 31 January 1992.
  • Buzan, B. (1997). Rethinking Security after Cold War. Cooperation and Conflict, 32(1), 5-28.
  • Chafer, T. (1992). French African Policy: Towards Change. African Affairs, 91(362), 37-51.
  • Cilliers, J. and Sturman, K. (2004). Challenges Facing the AU’s Peace and Security Council. African Security Review, 13(1), 97-104.
  • CM/860/1981. (1981). Resolution on the Proposed Establishment of a Political Security Council. Organization of African Union. Council of Ministers. Thirty Seventh Ordinary Session. Nairobi. Kenya.
  • CM/867/1981 (1981). Resolution on the Establishment of the OAU Defence Force. Organization of African Union. Council of Ministers. Thirty Seventh Ordinary Session. Nairobi. Kenya.
  • CM/958/1985. (1985). Resolution on the Proposed Establishment of An OAU Political Security Council. Organization of African Union. Council of Ministers. Forty First Ordinary Session. Addis Ababa. Ethiopia.
  • Constitutive Act of African Union. (2001). African Union
  • Denk, E. (2015). Uluslararası Örgütler Hukuku Birleşmiş Milletler Sistemi. Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Diehl, P. F. (1993). Institutional Alternatives to Traditional UN Peacekeeping: An Assessment of Regional and Multinational Options. Armed Forces and Society, 19(2), 209-230.
  • Elias, T. O. (1964). The Charter of the Organization of African Unity. The American Journal of International Law, 59(2), 243-267.
  • Elias, T. O. (1964). The Commission of Mediation, Conciliation, and Arbitration of the Organization of African Unity. The British Yearbook of International Law, 40, 336-355.
  • Francis, D.J. (2006). Uniting Africa, Building Regional Peace and Security Systems. Routledge.
  • Franck, T. M. (2003). What Happens Now? The United Nations after Iraq. The American Journal of International Law, 97(3), 607-620.
  • Freire, M. R., Lopes, P. D. ve Nascimento, D. (2016). ‘Responsibility to Protect’ and the African Union: Assessing the AU’s Capacity to Respond to Regional Complex Humanitarian and Political Emergencies. African Security Review, 25(3), 223-241.
  • Fromuth, P. J. (1993). The Making of a Security Community: The United Nations After the Cold War. Journal of International Affairs, 46(2), 341-366.
  • Gutto, S. (1996). The OAU’s New Mechanism of the Organization of African Unity for Conflict Prevention, Management and Resolution, and the Controversial Concept of Humanitarian Intervention in International Law. South African Law Journal, 113(2), 314-325.
  • Hamilton, R. (2006). The Reponsibility to Protect: From Document to Doctrine-But What of Implementation. Harvard Human Rights Journal, 19, 289-297.
  • Hoeffler, A. (2008). Dealing with the Consequences of Violent Conflicts in Africa. Background Paper for the African Development Bank Report.
  • ICISS. (2001). The Responsibility to Protect. Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Soverignty. International Development Research Centre.
  • Khadiagala, G. M. (2003). Burundi 2002-2012. Boulden, J. (Ed.). Responding to Conflict in Africa. Palgrave Macmillan. Latif, D. (2000). United Nations’ Changing Role in the Post Cold War Era. The Turkish Yearbook, 30, 23-66.
  • Lemerchand, R. (1997). Patterns of State Collapse and Reconstruction in Central Africa: Reflections on the Crises in the Great Lakes Region. African Studies Quarterly, 1(3), 5-22.
  • Levitt, J. I. (1998). Humanitarian Intervention by Regional Actors in Internal Conflicts The Cases of ECOWAS in Liberia and Siearra Leone. Temple International and Comparative Law Journal, 12(2), 333-377.
  • MacQueen, N. (1999) The United Nations since 1945: Peacekeeping and the Cold War, Essex: Pearson. Martin, G. (1990). Security and Conflict Management in Chad. Security Dialogue, 21(1), 37-47.
  • May, R. ve Massey, S. (1998). The OAU Interventions in Chad: Mission Impossible or Mission Evaded?. International Peacekeeping, 5(1), 46-65.
  • Mays, T. M. (2002). Africa’s First Peacekeeping Operation: The OAU in Chad, 1981-1982. London: Praeger.
  • Meray, S. L. (1962). Devletler Hukukuna Giriş. Ajans-Türk Matbaası.
  • Møller, B. (2009). The African Union As Security Actor. Crises States Research Centre Working Papers, 57.
  • Munya, P. M. (1999). The Organization of African Unity and Its Role in Regional Conflict Resolution and Dispute Settlement: A Critical Evaluation. Boston College Third World Journal, 19, 537-593.
  • Murithi, T. (2008). The African Union’s Evolving Role in Peace Operations: The African Union Mission in Burundi, the African Union Mission in Sudan and the African Union Mission in Somalia. African Security Review, 17(1), 69-82.
  • Naldi, G. (1989). Organization of African Unity: An Analysis of Its Role. Mansell Publishing.
  • O’Neill, J. T. ve Rees, N. (2005). United Nations Peacekeeping in The Post-Cold War Era, London: Routledge.
  • Olonisakin, F. (1996). UN Co‐operation with Regional Organizations in Peacekeeping: The Experience of ECOMOG and UNOMIL in Liberia. International Peacekeeping, 3(3), 33-51.
  • Organization of African Unity. (1991). The Kampala Document: Towards a Conference on Security, Stability, Development and Cooperation in Africa. Africa Leadership Forum.
  • Paliwal, S. (2010). The Primacy of Regional Organizations in International Peacekeeping : The African Example. Virginia Journal of International Law, 51, 186-230.
  • Peck, C. (1998). Sustainable Peace: The Role of the UN and Regional Organizations in Preventing Conflict. Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.
  • Powell, K. (2005). The African Union Emerging Peace and Security Regime: Opportunities and Challenges for Delivering on the Responsibility to Protect. ISS Monograph Series, 119.
  • Reyntjens, F. (1993). The Proof of the Pudding is in the Eating: The June 1993 Elections in Burundi. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 31(4), 563-583.
  • Report of the Chairperson of the Commission on the Establishment of a Continental Peace and Security Architecture and the Status of Peace Process in Africa. (2004). Solemn Launching.
  • Reuters Africa. (2015, 14 Aralık). Death Toll from Day of Clashes in Burundi Capital Rises Nearly 90. Reuters Africa. http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN0TW06O20151214. (Erişim Tarihi: 22.06.2016).
  • Roberts, A. (1994). The Crises in Peacekeeping. Institutt for Forsvarssudier.
  • S/RES/1244. (1999). On the Situation Relating Kosovo. United Nations, Security Council Resolution.
  • S/RES/1545. (2004). Authorizes UN Operation in Burundi for Initial Six Month Period. United Nations, Security Council Resolution.
  • S/RES/2248. (2015) Burundi. United Nations, Security Council Resolution.
  • S/RES/504. (1982). Chad. United Nations, Security Council Resolution.
  • S/RES/788. (1992). Liberia. United Nations, Security Council Resolution.
  • Sarkin, J. (2009). The Role of the United Nations, the African Union and Africa’s Sub-Regional Organizations in Dealing with Africa’s Human Rights Problems: Connecting Humanitarian Intervention and the Responsibility to Protect. Journal of African Law, 53(1), 1-33.
  • Scheffer, D. J. (1992). Toward a Modern Doctrine of Humanitarian Intervention. University of Toledo Law Review, 1992 Symposium Issue: War and the Law, 23(2), 253-295.
  • Seaman, K. (2014). UN-Tied Nations: The United Nations, Peacekeeping and Global Governance. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Sesay, A. (1991). The Limits of Peacekeeping by a Regional Organisation: The OAU Peacekeeping Force in Chad. Conflict Quarterly, 11(1), 7-26.
  • Stahn, C. (2007). Responsibilty to Protect: Political Rhetoric or Emerging Legal Norm?. The American Journal of International Law, 101(1), 99-120.
  • Stock, C. (2011). Documentation of the Expert Workshop New Horizons and Old Problems for UN Peacekeeping, Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES).
  • Thakur, R. (2006). The United Nations, Peace and Security: From Collective Security to Responsibility to Protect. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • The African Union. (2015, 29 Aralık). The African Union Welcomes the Resumption of the Inter-Burundian Dialogue and Reiterates Its Call to the Parties to Extend Full Cooperation to the Mediation [Press Release]. https://reliefweb.int/report/burundi/african-union-welcomes-resumption-inter-burundian-dialogue-and-reiterates-its-call
  • The Guardian (2015, 30 Kasım). Burundi President Threatens to Fight African Union Peacekeepers. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/30/burundi-president-pierre-nkurunziza-threatens-fight-african-union-peacekeepers (Erişim Tarihi: 22.06.2016).
  • The Organization of African Union. (1999). Sirte Declaration, Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Assemble of Heads of State and Government. Sirte. Libya.
  • The Peace and Security Council of African Union. (2015). Communiqué of the 565th meeting of the PSC on the situation in Burundi. 17 December 2015. http://www.peaceau.org/en/article/communique-of-the-565th-meeting-of-the-psc-on-the-situation-in-burundi#sthash.1TLF6bl1.dpuf (erişim tarihi: 30.05.2016).
  • Tieku, T. K. (2004). Explaining the Clash and Accomodation of Interests of Major Actors in the Creation of the African Union. African Affairs, 103, 249-267.
  • Tigerstrom, B. v. (2007). Human Security and International Law: Prospects and Problems. Oxford: Hart Publishing. Touval, S. (1967). The Organization of African Unity and African Borders. International Organization, 21(1), 102-127.
  • Uvin, P. (1999). Ethnicity and Power in Burundi and Rwanda: Different Paths to Mass Violence. Comparative Politics, 31(3), 253-271.
  • Vines, A. (2013). A Decade of African Peace and Security Architecture. International Affairs, 89(1), 89-109.
  • Wiessner, S. ve Willard, A. R. (1999). Policy-Oriented Jurisprudence and Human Rights Abuses in Internal Conflict: Toward a World Order of Human Dignity. American Journal of International Law, 93(291), 316-334.
  • Williams, P. D. (2013). Peace Operations in Africa: Lessons Learned Since 2000. Africa Security Brief, 25, 1-8.
  • Williams, P. D. (2007). From Non-Intervention to Non-Indiffeence: The Origins and Development of the African Union’s Security Culture. African Affairs, 106(423), 253-279.
  • Wilson, J. M. (2006). Law and Order in an Emerging Democracy: Lessons from the Reconstruction of Kosovo’s Police and Justice Systems. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 605(1), 152-177.
Toplam 77 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Fadime Gözde Çolak 0000-0002-0318-551X

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 29 Eylül 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 29 Temmuz 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Çolak, F. G. (2022). Afrika Birliği’nin Barış ve Güvenlik Politikasının Sınırları: Burundi Müdahalesi Örneği. Türkiye Siyaset Bilimi Dergisi, 5(2), 173-186.

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