Bipolar Affektif Bozukluk Tanılı Bireylerin Deneyimleri ve Stigmatizasyon Durumlarının Fenomenolojik Desen Kullanılarak Niteliksel Olarak Değerlendirilmesi

Öz

Bipolar bozukluk, depresif ve manik/hipomanik ataklar yaşayan, işlev kaybına neden olan ciddi bir ruhsal bozukluktur. Cinsiyet ayrımı olmaksızın nüfusun yaklaşık %1'ini etkileyenen kalıcı, önemli ve ciddi psikiyatrik bozukluklardan biridir. Bu bozukluğu yaşayan bireyler stigmatizasyon/damgalanma deneyimi yaşayabilir, hem aileden hem de sosyal çevreden dışlanabilirler. Kişiler yalnızca durumlarının ve eşlik eden semptomların karmaşıklığıyla değil, aynı zamanda olumsuz tutumların ve toplumsal etiketlemenin ağırlığıyla da mücadele etmek zorundadır. Çalışmanın amacı, bipolar affektif bozukluk tanılı bireylerin deneyimleri ve stigmatizasyon durumlarını derinlemesine görüşmeler ile ve fenomenolojik desen kullanarak niteliksel olarak değerlendirmektir. Bu araştırma niteliksel (kalitatif) bir araştırmadır. İstanbul’da bulunan bir kamu üniversitesi tıp fakültesi hastanesi psikiyatri polikliniğine başvuran “bipolaraffektif bozukluk” tanılı, remisyon döneminde olan, araştırmaya katılmayı gönüllü olarak kabul eden 23-61 yaş arası 12 hasta ile görüşülmüştür. Örneklem, genel psikiyatri polikliniğine gelen hastalardan amaçlı örneklemeye uygun olarak maksimum çeşitlilik ile seçilmiştir. Çalışma Eylül-Ekim 2023 ayında yapılmıştır. Görüşmelerde derinlemesine, yarı yapılandırılmış yüz yüze görüşme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada dört ana tema belirlenmiştir; bunlar, bipolar bozukluk ve tanı alma süreci, bipolar bozukluk sebebiyle karşılaşılan sorunlar ve deneyimler, atak dönemindeki deneyimler ve damgalanma hissi ve damgalayıcı durumlarla baş etme durumlarıdır. Katılımcıların bir kısmı tanılarını kabul ederken, diğer katılımcılar direnç göstermiştir. Bazı katılımcılar tanılarını kabul ettiği için damgalanmadan fazla etkilenmezken, çoğu katılımcı ise damgalanma korkusuyla tanılarını gizlemeyi tercih etmiştir. İş bulma ve sosyal ilişkilerde çeşitli zorluklar yaşamışlardır. Destekleyici aile ve bilgi birikimine sahip olanlar, damgalanmadan daha az etkilenmiştir. Damgalamanın hastaların yaşam kalitesine etkisini en aza indirmek için tanıları hakkında bilgilendirilmelerinin faydalı olabileceğini düşünülmüştür. Damgalanmanın azaltılması için toplumsal ve bireysel eğitim ve farkındalık artırılmalıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• bipolar affektif bozukluk
• damgalama
• stigmatizasyon
• kendini damgalama
• niteliksel

Qualitative Evaluation of the Experiences and Stigmatization of Individuals Diagnosed with Bipolar Affective Disorder (BAD) Using Phenomenological Design

Öz

Bipolar affective disorder (BAD) is a chronic and serious mental condition marked by depressive and manic/hypomanic episodes, often causing significant functional impairment. It affects about 1% of the population and can lead to social exclusion and stigmatization. The most important reason they fight against stigma is the public's perception of the disease. This qualitative study aimed to explore the experiences and perceptions of stigma among individuals diagnosed with bipolar affective disorder (BAD), using in-depth interviews and a phenomenological approach. The study was conducted in September–October 2023 at a public university hospital in İstanbul. Twelve patients aged 23–61, in remission and volunteering to participate, were selected using purposive sampling with maximum variation. Data were collected through semi-structured, face-to-face interviews. Four main themes emerged: receiving the diagnosis, challenges related to the disorder, experiences during episodes, and stigma and coping. While some participants accepted their diagnosis, others showed resistance. Many preferred to hide their condition due to fear of stigma, which affected their social relationships and job opportunities. The study suggests that increasing both societal and individual awareness through education may help reduce stigmatization and improve the quality of life for individuals with BAD.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• bipolar affective disorder
• qualitative
• stigma
• self-stigma

Kaynakça

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