SOSYAL HİZMET UZMANLARININ STRESLE BAŞA ÇIKMA YÖNTEMLERİ

Öz

Sosyal hizmet uzmanları (SHU) psikolojik, ekonomik ve sosyal yönden sorunlar yaşayan birey ve gruplara hizmet sunarken birçok zorluk ve engelle karşılaşmaktadır. Bu durum onların ruhsal, sosyal, davranışsal ve işteki performanslarını olumsuz yönde etkileyebilecek stresin ortaya çıkmasına neden olmaktadır. SHU gün boyu bu stresörlerle mücadele ederken kullandıkları başa çıkma yöntemleri onların başarılı ya da başarısız olmalarında önemli bir yer tutmaktadır.

Bu araştırma, Ankara'da Aile ve Sosyal Politikalar Bakanlığı [ASPB] ve bağlı kurumlarda çalışan SHU'nın başa çıkma yöntemlerini belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Araştırma toplam 142 SHU üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada Görüşme Formu ve Stresle Başa Çıkma Tarzları Ölçeği (SBÖ) kullanılmıştır. Tarama modeliyle gerçekleştirilen bu çalışmada tam sayım yöntemi uygulandığından örnekleme yapılmamıştır. Analizler Sosyal Bilimler İçin İstatistik Paketi, (SPSS) programı 22.0 sürümü kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Verilerin analizi için parametrik testler tercih edilmiştir. Değişkenlerin niteliğine göre t testi, One way ANOVA ve Pearson Çarpım Momentleri Korelasyonu (r) kullanılmıştır.

Sonuçlar, stresle başa çıkarken SHU’nın çoğunlukla kendine güvenli yaklaşımını (x̄: 2,33) ve en az çaresiz yaklaşımı (x̄: 0,60) [Ranj: 0-3] kullandığını göstermektedir. Medeni durum, yaş, eğitim durumu, çalışılan alan ve iş doyumu kendine güvenli yaklaşım alt ölçeğiyle; cinsiyet ve çalışılan alan boyun eğici yaklaşım alt ölçeğiyle ve cinsiyet ve işten elde edilen doyumun sosyal destek alt ölçeğiyle ilişkili olduğu bulunmuştur (p<0,05).

Araştırma, sosyal hizmet alanında stresden kaçınmanın neredeyse imkânsız olduğunu göstermiştir. Yöneticiler, nitelikli personelin sayısını ve ücretlerini artıracak, çalışma koşullarını iyileştirecek, iş yükünü azaltacak, SHU’na esnek zaman yönetimi için fırsatlar sunacak stres yönetim program ve uygulamalarını hayata geçirebilmelidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Stres,Stresle Başa Çıkma,Sosyal Hizmet,Sosyal Hizmet Uzmanı,Sosyal Hizmet Kurumları

The Ways to Cope with Stress of Social Worker’s

Öz

Social workers (SWs) face many difficulties and obstacles in serving individuals and groups with psychological, economic and social problems. This situation may cause stress to affect their mental, social, behavioral and intellectual performance negatively. The way SWs cope with these stressors all day long has an important place to be successful or unsuccessful.

This research aims to examine the coping strategies of SWs who work under institutions of Ministry of Family and Social Policies, [MFSP] in Ankara, Turkey. A total number of 142 of SWs participated in the study. The Survey and Ways of Coping Inventory (WCI) were used in the study. The general survey method was followed. Since the “full enumeration” method was used, sampling procedure was not required. The analyses were conducted using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program version 22.0. Parametric tests were preferred for the analysis of data. One-way ANOVA (F), Pearson Moment Correlation (r) and, the t-test were used for analysis.

Results show that SWs used the self-confidence approach (x̄: 2,33) mostly and the helpless approach (x̄: 0,60) [range of score: 0-3] at minimum while they cope with stress. Factors such as; marital status, age, educational status, working area and job satisfaction were found to be effective on self confident approach subscale also, gender and working area were found to be effective on submissive subscale; working area on helpless and gender and job satisfaction were found to be effective on seeking social support subscale (p<0.05).

The research has shown that it is almost impossible to escape stress in the field of social work. Managers should be able to imagine stress management programs and practices that will increase the salary, the number of qualified personnel, improve working conditions, reduce workload, and provide opportunities for flexible time management for SWs.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Stress,Job Stress,Coping with Stress,Social Work,Social Worker,Social Work Institutions

Kaynakça

1. Acker, G.M. (1999). The impact of clients’ mental illness on social workers’ job satisfaction and burnout. Health Soc Work. 24, 112-119.
2. Arches, J. (1991). Social structure, burnout, and job satisfaction. Social Work. 36, 202-206.
3. Barber, G. (1986). Correlates of job satisfaction among human service workers. Administration in Social Work. 10, 25-38.
4. Bennett, P., Evans, R. ve Tattersall, A. (1993). Stress and coping in social workers: a preliminary investigation. British Journal of Social Work. 23, 31-44.
5. Caplan, R.D. (1979). Social support, person-environment fit and coping. İçinde Mental Health and the Economy. Ed. Louis, A. Ferman ve Jeannne, P. Gordus (Kalamazoo, Mich: Upjohn Institute). 89-138.
6. Carrilio, T., ve Eisenberg, D. (1984). Using peer support to prevent worker burnout. Social Work. 65, 307-310.
7. Corcoran, K.J. (1987). The association of burnout in social work practitioners' impression of their clients: Empirical evidence. İçinde: D. F. Gillespie (Ed.), Burnout among Social Workers (57-66). New York: Haworth Press.
8. Cournoyer, B.R. (1988). Personal and professional distress among social caseworkers. Social Casework: the Journal of Contemporary Social Work. May, 259-64.

9. Dillon, C. (1990). Managing stress in health social work roles today. Social Work in Health Care, 14, 91–108.
10. Egan, M. ve Kadushin, G. (1995). Competitive allies: Rural nurses’ and social workers’ perceptions of the social work role in the hospital setting. Social Work in Health Care, 20, 1–23.
11. Farber, B. (1983). Introduction: A critical perspective on burnout. İçinde B. A. Farber (Ed.), Stress and burnout in the human service professions (1-22). New York: Pergamon Press.
12. Felton, J.S. (1998). Burnout as a clinical entity-its importance in health care workers. Occupational Med. (Oxf), 48 (4), 237-50.
13. Freudenberger, H. J. (1975). The staff burnout syndrome in alternative institutions. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice. 12, 73-82.
14. Freudenberger, H. J., ve Richelson, G. (1980). Burnout: the high cost of high achievement. Garden City, NY: Anchor Press.
15. Gibson, F., McGrath, A., ve Reid, N. (1989). Occupational stress in social work. British Journal of Social Work. 19, 1-16.
16. Gilbar, O. (1998). Relationship between burnout and sense of coherence in health social workers. Social Work in Health Care, 26, 39–49.
17. Glicken, M.D. (2011) Social work in the 21st century: An introduction to social welfare, social issues, and profession. http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/38142_Chapter2.pdf.
18. Gök, Ş. (1995) Anksiyete ve depresyonda stresle başa çıkma. (İ.Ü. Psikiyatri ABD Yayınlanmamşı Uzmanlık Tezi), İstanbul.
19. Grasso, A.J. (1994). Management style, job satisfaction, and service effectiveness. Administration in Social Work. 18 (4), 89-105.
20. Greene, R. (1986). Countertransference issues in social work with aged. Journal of Gerontological Social Work. 9 (3), 79-88.
21. Hagen, J.L. (1989). Income maintenance workers: Burned-out, dissatisfied, and leaving. Journal of Social Service Research. 13, 47-63.
22. Harel, Z. (1988) Coping with extreme stress and aging. Social Casework: The Journal of Contemporary Social Work. (November), 575-583.
23. Himle, D.P., Jayaratne, S., ve Thyness, P. (1989). The effects of emotional support on burnout work stress and mental health among Norwegian and American social workers. Journal of Social Service Research. 13, 27-45.
24. Hisli Ş.N., ve Durak, A. (1995). Stresle başaçıkma tarzları ölçeği: Üniversite öğrencileri için uyarlanması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi. 10 (34): 56-73.
25. Işıkhan, V. (1996). İnsana yönelik hizmet sunan kurumlarda hizmet kalitesi. Sosyal Hizmet. Sosyal Hizmet Uzmanları Derneği Yayını, 5, 10-11: 28-36.
26. Işıkhan, V. (1998). Yönetim Stresi. SSK Yayınları, Ankara.
27. Işıkhan, V. (2001). Stres yönetimi. Sosyal Hizmetler Dergisi. Başbakanlık Sosyal Hizmetler ve Çocuk Esirgeme Kurumu Yayını, 1, (12): 17-24.
28. Işıkhan, V. (2003). Çalışma Hayatında Stres ve Başa Çıkma Yolları. Sandal Yayınları, Ankara.
29. Işıkhan, V. (2017). Stres Yönetimi: Tükenmişlikten Mutluluğa, Nika Yayınları, Ankara.
30. Işıkhan. V. (2006). Ruh hastası evsiz kadınların sorunları ve sosyal hizmet yaklaşımları. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet. 17 (1). Jayaratne, S., Tripodi, T., ve Chess, W.A. (1983). Perceptions of emotional support stress and strain in male and female social workers. Social Work Research and Abstracts. 19, 19-27.
31. Jayaratne, S., ve Chess, W.A. (1984). Job satisfaction, burnout and turnover: A national study. Social Work. 29 (5), 448-453.
32. Jones, C. ve Novak, T. (1993). Social work today. British Journal of Social Work, 23, 195–212.
33. Jones, F., Fletcher, B., ve Ibbetson, K. (1991). Stressors and strains amongst social workers: demands, supports, constraints and psychological health. British Journal of Social Work. 21, 443-469.
34. Karasar, N. (2015). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. Nobel yayınları, Ankara.
35. Keefe, T. (1988). Stress-coping skills: An ounce of prevention in direct practice. The Journal of Contemporary Social Work. October, 475-482.
36. Kim, T.K. Solomon, P., ve Jang, C. (2012) Development of social work education in China: Background, current status, and prospects. Journal of Social Work Education, 48, 635-653.
37. Koeske, G., ve Koeske, R. (1989). Work load and burnout: Can social support and perceived accomplishment help? Social Work. 34, 243-248.
38. Koeske, G.F., ve Kelly, T. (1995). The impact of over involvement on burnout and job satisfaction. Am J Orthopsychiat. 65, 282-292.
39. Lawton, H.W., ve Magarelli, A. (1980). Stress among public child welfare workers. Catalyst. 2 (3), 57-65.
40. Lazarus, F., ve Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, Appraisal and Coping. (New York: Springer), 1-21.
41. LeCroy, C.W., ve Rank, M.R. (1987). Factors associated with burnout in the social services: An exploratory study. Journal of Social Service Research. 10, 23-39.
42. Leiter, M.P., ve Maslach, C. (1988). The impact of interpersonal environment on burnout and organizational commitment. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 9, 397-308.
43. Lloyd, C., King, R., Chenoweth, L. (2002). Social work, stress and burnout: A review, Journal of Mental Health (2002) 11, 3, 255–265.
44. Martin, U., ve Schinke, S.P. (1998). Organizational and individual factors influencing job satisfaction and burn-out of mental health workers. Social Work in Health Care. 28 (2), 51-62.
45. Maslach, C. (1978) The client role in staff burn-out. Journal of Social Issues. 34,111-124.
46. Maslach, C. (1982). Burnout: The Cost of Caring. New Jersey, Prentice Hall., 32-39.
47. National Association of Social Workers. (2015). Social work profession. http://www.socialworkers.org/pressroom/features/general/profession.asp
48. Pines, A. ve Kafry, D. (1978). Occupational tedium in the social services. Social Work, November, 499–507.
49. Pines, A., ve Maslach, C. (1978). Characteristics of staff burnout in mental health settings. Hospital and Community Psychiatry. 29, 233-237.
50. Poulin, J.E., ve Carolyn, A.W. (1993). Burnout in gerontological social work. Social Work. 38 (3), 305-310.
51. Poulin, J.E., ve Carolyn, A.W. (1993). Burnout in gerontological social work. Social Work. 38 (3), 305-310.
52. Savicki, V., ve Cooley, E. (1987). The relationship of work environment and client contact to burnout in mental health professionals. Journal of Counseling and Development. 65, 349-252.
53. Sze, W., ve Ivker, B. (1986). Stress in social workers: The impact of settings and role. Social Casework. 67, 141-148.
54. Takeda, F., Ibaraki, N., Yokoyama, E., Miyake, T., ve Ohida, T. (2005). The relationship of job type to burnout in social workers at social welfare offices. J Occup Health. 47, 119-125.
55. Um, M.Y. ve Harrison, D.F. (1998). Role stressors, burnout, mediators, and job satisfaction: A stressstrain-outcome model and an empirical test. Social Work Research, 22, 100–115.
56. Ursprung, A. (1986). Incidence and correlates of burnout in residential service settings. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin. 29, 225-239.
57. Wermeling, L. (2013) Why social workers leave the profession: Understanding the profession and workforce. Administration in Social Work, 37, 329-339.
58. Zeng, S., Cheung, M., Leung, P.& He, E. (2015). Voices from Social Work Graduates in China: Reasons for Not Choosing Social Work as a Career. Social Work. 61(1):69-78.doi: 10.1093/sw/swv051.