Child Protection in Domestic Violence Cases: Developing Healthy Parenting Skills: Interventions to Develop Healthy Mother- and Father-Child Interactions

Yıl 2022, , 653 - 668, 30.04.2022

Zeynep Turhan

https://doi.org/10.33417/tsh.951362

Öz

The goal of this study is to explore how the social services can make father-child and mother-child interaction healthier and safer in the cases of domestic violence. It is important to discover the patterns of relationship and interaction between father and his child after domestic violence to recognise whether he has healthy parental behaviors. Having information about their parental skills can contribute to develop a safe visitation environment and effective protection of the child. Literature review was the method for this study to recognise the health and safety of child and parent interactions in domestic violence cases. This study draws attention to the importance of the implementation of parenting programmes or any support training to improve parents’ skills and knowledge of being a healthy and positive parenting. It was especially highlighted that the social policy makers require both victims and perpetrators to benefit from these support services and interventions in domestic violence cases as a mandatory act. In addition, it was discussed how to ensure the well-being of the child by highlighting the destructive effects of the father who used violence towards his partner or wife. By emphasizing the parental skills of a father who applied violence on his spouse and a mother who was a survivor, suggestions were made on how to ensure safe father-child visitation environments and healthy mother-child interactions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

domestic violence, child protection, child-parent interactions, parental skills

Kadına Yönelik Şiddet Vakalarında Çocuğun Korunması: Olumlu Ebeveyn Becerilerinin Geliştirilmesi İçin Anne-Baba-Çocuk Müdahaleleri

Öz

Aile içi şiddet vakalarında, sosyal hizmetlerin baba-çocuk ve anne-çocuk etkileşiminin nasıl daha sağlıklı ve güvenli bir hale getirebileceğine açıklık getirmek bu çalışmanın temel amacıdır. Aile içi şiddet sonrasında babanın çocuğuyla kurduğu ilişki ve etkileşim şekillerinin neler olduğunu keşfetmek sağlıklı ebeveyn davranışlarına sahip olup olmadıklarını anlamak için önemlidir. Bu kişilerin ebeveyn becerileri konusunda bilgi sahibi olmak güvenli görüşme ortamlarının oluşturulmasına ve çocuğun etkili korunmasına katkı sağlayabilir. Aile içi şiddetin yaşandığı ailelerde çocuk ve ebeveyn etkileşimlerinin sağlıklı ve güvenli olmasına yönelik ilgili literatür taraması bu çalışmanın yöntemidir. Bu çalışma sağlıklı ve olumlu ebeveyn olma becerisi ve bilgisini geliştirecek destek eğitimlerinin uygulanmasının önemine dikkat çeker. Özellikle sosyal politika yapıcıların aile içi şiddet olaylarında hem mağdurun hem de failin bu destek hizmetlerine katılımlarının zorunlu hale getirmesinin altı çizilmiştir. Ayrıca aile içinde eşine şiddet uygulayan babanın çocuk üzerindeki yıkıcı etkilerinin altı çizilerek çocuğun iyi hal durumunun nasıl sağlanacağı tartışılmıştır. Eşine şiddet uygulamış bir babanın ve mağdur olan annenin ebeveyn becerileri üzerinde durularak denetimli ve güvenli baba-çocuk görüşmelerinin ve sağlıklı anne-çocuk etkileşimlerinin nasıl sağlanabileceğini içeren öneriler sunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

aile içi şiddet, çocuğun korunması, çocuk-ebeveyn etkileşimleri, ebeveyn becerileri

Kaynakça

• Alderson, S., Westmarland, N., & Kelly, L. (2013). The need for accountability to, and support for, children of men on domestic violence perpetrator programmes. Child Abuse Review, 22(November 2012), 182–193. https://doi.org/10.1002/car
• Amato, P. R., & Kane, J. B. (2011). Parents’ marital distress, divorce, and remarriage: links with daughters’ early family formation transitions. Journal of Family Issues, 32(8), 1073–1103. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X11404363
• Anthony, C. J., Di Perna, J. C., & Amato, P. . (2014). Divorce, approaches to learning, and children’s academic achievement: A longitudinal analysis of mediated and moderated effects. Journal of School Psychology, 52(3), 249–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JSP.2014.03.003
• Areán, J. D., & Davis, L. (2007). Working with fathers in batterer intervention programs: Lessons from the fathering after violence initiative. In J. L. Edleson & O. J. Williams (Eds.), Parenting by men who batter (pp. 118–131).
• Bancroft, L. (2005). When dad hurts mom: helping your children heal the wounds of witnessing abuse. Berkley Pub. Group. Bancroft, L., Silverman, J. G., & Ritchie, D. (2012). The batterer as parent: addressing the impact of domestic violence on family dynamics. SAGE.
• Barran, D. (2014). Effective help for children exposed to domestic abuse. Journal of Family Health Care, 24, 10–12. Başoğul, C., Lök, N., & Öncel, S. (2017). Çocukların aile içi şiddetten korunmasında ailelere yönelik girişimler. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 9(2), 123–135. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.281334
• Bayındır, N. (2010). Aile içinde yaşanan şiddee karşı çocuğun gösterdiği tepkiler. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 2(2), 1–9.
• Beyza, İ. (2015). Kadına yönelik aile içi şiddetle mücadelede ŞÖNİM ’lerin rolü: Ankara örneği 1. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies International, 36, 449–464.
• Bilgin, E. (2018). Sığınma evi̇nde kalan kadınların toplumsal ci̇nsi̇yet rolleri̇ tutumları ve yardim arama davranışlarının i̇ncelenmesi̇. Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
• Borrego, J., Gutow, M. R., Reicher, S., & Barker, C. H. (2008). Parent–child interaction therapy with domestic violence populations. Journal of Family Violence, 23(6), 495–505. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-008-9177-4
• Cameron, G., Coady, N., & Hoy, S. (2014). Perspectives on being a father from men involved with child welfare services. Child & Family Social Work, 19(1), 14–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2206.2012.00876.x
• Campbell, J. C. (2002). Health consequences of intimate partner violence. Lancet, 359(9314), 1331–1336. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08336-8 Carlson, E. B. (1997). Trauma assessments: A clinician’s guide. Guilford Press.
• Cavanaugh, M. M., Solomon, P., & Gelles, R. J. (2011). The dialectical psychoeducational workshop (DPEW): The conceptual framework and curriculum for a preventative intervention for males at risk for IPV. Violence against Women, 17(8), 970–989. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801211414266
• Cohen, J., & Mannario, A. (2008). Trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy for children and parents. Child Adolesc Ment Health, 13, 158–162.
• Coker, A. L. (2006). Preventing intimate partner violence: how we will rise to this challenge. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 30(6), 528–529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2006.03.002
• Devries, K., Watts, C., Yoshihama, M., Kiss, L., Schraiber, L. B., Deyessa, N., Heise, L., Durand, J., Mbwambo, J., Jansen, H., Berhane, Y., Ellsberg, M., & Garcia-Moreno, C. (2011). Violence against women is strongly associated with suicide attempts: evidence from the WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence against women. Social Science & Medicine, 73(1), 79–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.05.006
• Ergöçmen, B. A., Yüksel-Kaptanoğlu, İ., & Jansen, H. A. F. M. H. (2013). Intimate partner violence and the relation between help-seeking behavior and the severity and frequency of physical violence among women in Turkey. Violence against Women, 19(9), 1151–1174. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801213498474
• Eryurt, M. A., & Seçkiner, P. Ç. (2015). Consequences of Violence against Women. In I. Yuksel-Kaptan, A. Cavlin, & B. A. Ergocmen (Eds.), Research on domestic violence against women in Turkey (pp. 129–153). Republic of Turkey Ministry of Family and Social Policies.
• Fagan, J., & Iglesias, A. (1999). Father involvement program effects on fathers, father figures, and their head start children: a quasi-experimental study. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 14(2), 243–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0885-2006(99)00008-3 Featherstone, B., & Peckover, S. (2007). Letting them get away with it: Fathers, domestic violence and child welfare. Critical Social Policy, 27(2), 181–202. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261018306075708
• Fox, G. L., & Benson, M. L. (2004). Violent men, bad dads? Fathering profiles of men involved in intimate partner violence. In Conceptualizing and measuring father involvement (pp. 359–384). Routledge.
• Grych, J. H., Raynor, S. R., & Fosco, G. M. (2004). Family processes that shape the impact of interparental conflict on adolescents. Development and Psychopathology, 16, 645–665.
• Hamby, S., Finkelhor, D., Turner, H., & Ormrod, R. (2010). The overlap of witnessing partner violence with child maltreatment and other victimizations in a nationally representative survey of youth. Child Abuse & Neglect, 34, 734–741.
• Herrenkohl, T. I., Sousa, C., Tajima, E. A., Herrenkohl, R. C., & Moylan, C. A. (2008). Intersection of child abuse and children’s exposure to domestic violence. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 9(2), 84–99. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838008314797
• Hetherington, E. M., & Stanley-Hagan, M. (1999). The adjustment of children with divorced parents: A risk and resiliency perspective. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40, 129–140.
• Holden, G. W., & Ritchie, K. L. (1991). Linking extreme marital discord, child rearing, and child behavior problems: Evidence from battered women. Child Development, 62, 311–327.
• Holden, George W. (1998). Introduction: The development of research into another consequence of family violence. In G. W. Holde, R. Geffner, & E. N. Jouriles (Eds.), Children exposed to marital violence: Theory, research, and applied issues. American Psychological Association.
• Holt, S., Buckley, H., & Whelan, S. (2008). The impact of exposure to domestic violence on children and young people: a review of the literature. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32(8), 797–810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.02.004
• Humphreys, C., Diemer, K., Bornemisza, A., Spiteri-Staines, A., Kaspiew, R., & Horsfall, B. (2018). More present than absent: Men who use domestic violence and their fathering. Child & Family Social Work, 24, 321–329. Hunter, E., & Graham-Bermann, S. (2013). Intimate partner violence and child adjustment: moderation by father contact? Journal of Family Violence, 28, 435–444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-013-9517-x
• Jaffe, P. G., Crooks, C. V., & Wolfe, D. A. (2003). Legal and policy responses to children exposed to domestic violence: the need to evaluate intended and unintended consequences. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 6(3), 205–213. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024914517072
• Johnston, J., & Roseby, V. (1995). Domestic violence and parent-child relationships in families disputing custody. Australian Journal of Family Law, 9(1), 12–25.
• Johnston, Janet, Roseby, V., & Kuehnle, K. (2009). In the name of the child: A developmental approach to understanding and helping children of conflicted and violent divorce (2nd ed.). Springer Publishing Company.
• Kadının Statüsü Genel Müdürlüğü. (2009). Türkiye’de kadına yönelik şiddet araştırması.
• Karadağ, G. (2015). Aile içi şiddet, çocuğa yansımaları. Türkiye Klinikleri Halk Sağlığı Hemşireliği - Özel Konular, 1(2), 37–41. Kernic, M. a, Monary-Ernsdorff, D. J., Koepsell, J. K., & Holt, V. L. (2005). Children in the crossfire: child custody determinations among couples with a history of intimate partner violence. Violence Against Women, 11(8), 991–1021. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801205278042
• Kılıç, C. (2010). Aile egitim programları veTürkiye’deki örnekleri. Abant Izzet Baysal Üniversitesi Dergisi, 10(1), 100–111.
• Kolbo, J. R., Blakely, E. H., & Engleman, D. (1996). Children who witness domestic violence: a review of empirical literature. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 11(2), 281–293. https://doi.org/10.1177/088626096011002010
• Laing, L., Heward-Belle, S., & Toivonen, C. (2018). Practitioner perspectives on collaboration across domestic violence, child protection, and family Law: who’s minding the gap? Australian Social Work, 71(2), 215–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/0312407X.2017.1422528
• Lamb, M. E., & Lewis, C. (2013). Father-child relationships. In N. J. Cabrera & C. S. Tamis-Lemonda (Eds.), Handbook of Father Involvement: Multidisciplinary Perspectives (2nd ed., p. 504). Routledge.
• Larsen, M. M., Krohn, J., Püschel, K., & Seifert, D. (2012). Experiences of health and health care among women exposed to intimate partner violence: qualitative findings from Germany. Health Care for Women International, 35(4), 359–379.
• Levendosky, A. A., Huth-Bocks, A. C., Shapiro, D. L., & Semel, M. A. (2003). The Impact of Domestic Violence on the Maternal - Child Relationship and Preschool-Age Children’s Functioning. Journal of Family Psychology, 17(3), 275–287. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.17.3.275
• Miller, L. E., Howell, K. H., Hunter, E. C., & Graham-Bermann, S. A. (2012). Enhancing safety-planning through evidence-based interventions with preschoolers exposed to intimate partner violence. Child Care in Practice, 18(1), 67–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/13575279.2011.621885
• Müderrisoğlu, S., Dedeoğlu, C., Akco, S., & Akbulut, B. (2014). Research on domestic violence against children aged 0-8 years in Turkey.