Psychological Experiences Of Individuals Diagnosed With Coronavirus 2019 (Covid-19) Regarding Home Isolation

Öz

This research aims to explore the psychological experiences of individuals who have Coronavirus 2019 (Covid-19) disease in home isolation. The phenomenological approach is taken as basis in this research designed with qualitative research method. In this context, the psychological experiences of the patients who survived the illness process in home isolation were tried to be understood from their perspective. Through snowball sampling, data were collected in the form of face-to-face and telephone interviews with 10 Covid-19 patients, 7 of whom were female, 3 of whom were male, through a semi-structured interview form. The data were analyzed using Colaizzi's phenomenological method. The age distribution of the patients participating in the study is between 35-65. 3 patients have chronic illness. The findings obtained as a result of the interviews were evaluated under four main themes: "disease history", "emotions during the isolation process", "reactions caused by the disease" and "psychological appearance after isolation", and sub-themes related to these main themes were developed. When the disease histories of the interviewees were examined, it was observed that they denied the disease at the first stage, they were confused and fearful and felt guilty after the diagnosis was made. In the isolation process, loneliness and stigmatization predominate. It was stated that there were changes in the reactions caused by the disease, eating-drinking and cleaning habits, and there was a feeling of insecurity towards drugs. In the psychological appearance after isolation, it is seen that the support of family and relatives is glorified, there is relaxation and courage.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Covid-19
• coronavirus 2019
• isolation
• psychological difficulties
• stress factors
• Covid-19, coronavirus 2019, isolation, psychological difficulties, stress factors

Covid-19 Tanısı Olan Bireylerin Ev İzolasyonuna İlişkin Psikolojik Deneyimleri

Öz

Bu araştırma Koronavirüs 2019 (Covid-19) hastalığını ev izolasyonunda geçiren bireylerin psikolojik deneyimlerini keşfetmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Nitel araştırma yöntemiyle tasarlanmış olan bu araştırmada fenomenolojik yaklaşım temel alınmıştır. Bu bağlamda hastalık sürecini ev izolasyonunda atlatan hastaların psikolojik deneyimleri kendi bakış açıları doğrultusunda anlaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Kartopu örnekleme yoluyla 7’si kadın, 3’ü erkek toplam 10 Covid- 19 hastası ile yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu aracılığıyla yüz yüze ve telefon görüşmesi şeklinde veriler toplanmıştır. Veriler Colaizzi’nin fenomenolojik yöntemi kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Araştırmaya katılan hastaların yaş dağılımı 35-65 arasındadır. 3 hastada kronik rahatsızlık bulunmaktadır. Görüşmeler sonucunda elde edilen bulgular “hastalık öyküsü”, “izolasyon sürecindeki duygular”, “hastalığın yarattığı tepkiler” ve “izolasyon sonrası psikolojik görünüm” olmak üzere dört ana temada değerlendirilmiş ve bu ana temalara bağlı alt temalar geliştirilmiştir. Katılımcıların hastalık öyküleri incelendiğinde ilk aşamada hastalığı inkâr ettikleri, tanı konulduktan sonraki aşamada şaşkınlık ve korku içerisinde oldukları, suçluluk duygusu hissettikleri görülmüştür. İzolasyon sürecinde yalnızlık ve damgalanmışlık hissi ağır basmaktadır. Hastalığın yarattığı tepkilerde, yeme-içme ve temizlik alışkanlıklarında değişimlerin olduğu ve ilaçlara karşı güvensizlik duyulduğu belirtilmiştir. İzolasyon sonrası psikolojik görünümde ise aile ve akraba desteğinin yüceltildiği, rahatlama ve cesaretin olduğu görülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Covid-19
• koronavirüs 2019
• izolasyon
• psikolojik zorluklar
• stres faktörleri
• Covid-19, koronavirüs 2019, izolasyon, psikolojik zorluklar, stres faktörleri

Kaynakça

1. Baker, D. W. (2020). Trust in Health Care in the Time of COVID-19. JAMA, 324(23), 2373-2375.
2. Bhattacharya, P., Banerjee, D., ve Rao, T. S. (2020). The “untold” side of COVID-19: Social stigma and its consequences in India. Indian journal of psychological medicine, 42(4), 382-386.
3. Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., ve Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet.
4. Butler, M. J., & Barrientos, R. M. (2020). The impact of nutrition on COVID-19 susceptibility and long-term consequences. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 87, 53-54.
5. Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., ve Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research, 112934.
6. Cava, M. A., Fay, K. E., Beanlands, H. J., McCay, E. A., ve Wignall, R. (2005a). Risk perception and compliance with quarantine during the SARS outbreak. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 37(4), 343-347.
7. Cava, M. A., Fay, K. E., Beanlands, H. J., McCay, E. A., ve Wignall, R. (2005b). The experience of quarantine for individuals affected by SARS in Toronto. Public Health Nursing, 22(5), 398-406.
8. Chan, J. F. W., Yuan, S., Kok, K. H., To, K. K. W., Chu, H., Yang, J., ... ve Yuen, K. Y. (2020). A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. The lancet, 395(10223), 514-523.

9. Chen, D., Song, F., Tang, L., Zhang, H., Shao, J., Qiu, R., ... ve Ye, Z. (2020). Quarantine experience of close contacts of COVID-19 patients in China: A qualitative descriptive study. General hospital psychiatry, 66, 81-88.
10. Chia, M. L., Him Chau, D. H., Lim, K. S., Yang Liu, C. W., Tan, H. K., & Tan, Y. R. (2021). Managing COVID-19 in a novel, rapidly deployable community isolation quarantine facility. Annals of internal medicine, 174(2), 247-251.
11. Demirtaş-Madran, H. A. (2020). Exploring the motivation behind discrimination and stigmatization related to COVID-19: a social psychological discussion based on the main theoretical explanations. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 3204.
12. French, M. T., Mortensen, K., ve Timming, A. R. (2020). Psychological Distress and Coronavirus Fears During the Initial Phase of the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States. The Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics, 23(3), 93-100.
13. Gharpure, R., Hunter, C. M., Schnall, A. H., Barrett, C. E., Kirby, A. E., Kunz, J., ... & Garcia‐Williams, A. G. (2020). Knowledge and practices regarding safe household cleaning and disinfection for COVID‐19 prevention—United States, May 2020.
14. Hwang, T. J., Rabheru, K., Peisah, C., Reichman, W., ve Ikeda, M. (2020). Loneliness and social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic. International psychogeriatrics, 32(10), 1217-1220.
15. James, P. B., Wardle, J., Steel, A., ve Adams, J. (2019). Post‐Ebola psychosocial experiences and coping mechanisms among Ebola survivors: a systematic review. Tropical Medicine ve International Health, 24(6), 671-691.
16. Karakaş, M. (2020). Covid-19 salgınının çok boyutlu sosyolojisi ve yeni normal meselesi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, 40(1), 541-573.
17. Kim, H. C., Yoo, S. Y., Lee, B. H., Lee, S. H., ve Shin, H. S. (2018). Psychiatric findings in suspected and confirmed middle east respiratory syndrome patients quarantined in hospital: a retrospective chart analysis. Psychiatry investigation, 15(4), 355.
18. Lei, L., Huang, X., Zhang, S., Yang, J., Yang, L., ve Xu, M. (2020). Comparison of prevalence and associated factors of anxiety and depression among people affected by versus people unaffected by quarantine during the COVID-19 epidemic in Southwestern China. Medical science monitor: international medical journal of experimental and clinical research, 26, e924609-1.
19. Lin, E. C. L., Peng, Y. C., ve Tsai, J. C. H. (2010). Lessons learned from the anti-SARS quarantine experience in a hospital-based fever screening station in Taiwan. American journal of infection control, 38(4), 302-307.
20. Meidan, D., Schulmann, N., Cohen, R., Haber, S., Yaniv, E., Sarid, R., & Barzel, B. (2021). Alternating quarantine for sustainable epidemic mitigation. Nature communications, 12(1), 1-12.
21. Memiş Doğan, M. ve Düzel, B. (2020). Covid-19 özelinde korku-kaygı düzeyleri. Electronic Turkish Studies, 15(4).
22. Odriozola-González, P., Planchuelo-Gómez, Á., Irurtia-Muñiz, M. J., ve de Luis-García, R. (2020). Psychological symptoms of the outbreak of the COVID-19 crisis and confinement in the population of Spain.
23. Özmete, E. and Pak, M. (2020) The Relationship between Anxiety Levels and Perceived Social Support during the Pandemic of COVID-19 in Turkey, Social Work in Public Health, 35:7, 603-616.
24. Park, H. C., Lee, S. H., Kim, J., Kim, D. H., Cho, A., Jeon, H. J., ... ve Lee, Y. K. (2020). Effect of isolation practice on the transmission of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus among hemodialysis patients: A 2-year prospective cohort study. Medicine, 99(3), e18782.
25. Petzold, M. B., Bendau, A., Plag, J., Pyrkosch, L., Mascarell Maricic, L., Betzler, F.,ve Ströhle, A. (2020). Risk, resilience, psychological distress, and anxiety at the beginning of the COVID‐19 pandemic in Germany. Brain and behavior, 10(9), e01745.
26. Pietrabissa, G., ve Simpson, S. G. (2020). Psychological consequences of social isolation during COVID-19 outbreak. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 2201.
27. Prentice, C., Quach, S., & Thaichon, P. (2020). Antecedents and consequences of panic buying: The case of COVID‐19. International Journal of Consumer Studies.
28. Rossi, R., Socci, V., Talevi, D., Mensi, S., Niolu, C., Pacitti, F., Di Marco, A., Rossi, A., Siracusano, A., ve Di Lorenzo, G. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown measures impact on mental health among the general population in Italy. An N= 18147 web-based survey. medRxiv
29. Saltzman, L. Y., Hansel, T. C., ve Bordnick, P. S. (2020). Loneliness, isolation, and social support factors in post-COVID-19 mental health. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy.
30. Shankar, A., McMunn, A., Banks, J., & Steptoe, A. (2011). Loneliness, social isolation, and behavioral and biological health indicators in older adults. Health Psychology, 30(4), 377.
31. Sun, N., Wei, L., Wang, H., Wang, X., Gao, M., Hu, X., ve Shi, S. (2021). Qualitative study of the psychological experience of COVID-19 patients during hospitalization. Journal of affective disorders, 278, 15-22.
32. Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., McIntyre, R. S., ve Ho, C. (2020). A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 87, 40-48.
33. Williams, S. N., Armitage, C. J., Tampe, T., ve Dienes, K. (2020). Public perceptions and experiences of social distancing and social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic: A UK-based focus group study. BMJ open, 10(7), e039334.
34. World Health Organization. (‎2020)‎. Coronavirus disease (‎‎COVID-19)‎‎: situation report, 163. World Health Organization. Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports
35. World Health Organization. (‎2021)‎. Coronavirus dashbord. Retrieved from: https://covid19.who.int/
36. Xiang, Y. T., Yang, Y., Li, W., Zhang, L., Zhang, Q., Cheung, T., ve Ng, C. H. (2020). Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(3), 228-229.
37. Zhu, N., Zhang, D., Wang, W., Li, X., Yang, B., Song, J., ... ve Tan, W. (2020). A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. New England journal of medicine, 727–733.