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Street Children

Yıl 2003, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2, 43 - 58, 15.10.2003

Yaşere Aktaş Arnas

Öz

Today, reasons such as the rapid population growth, famine, immigration from rural to urban areas, economic crises, unemployment, poverty, violence within the family and insufficient economic conditions have increased the number of the street children especially in the developing countries, and this has become one of the most important social problems the world is facing. In this article it is aimed to draw the common profile of the street children and some of the services provided for the street children in our country. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

street children

Kaynakça

  • Adlaf, E. M ve Zdanowioz, Y. M. (1999) A Cluster-Analytic Study of Substance Problems and Mental Among Street Youths. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 25 (4), 639-680.
  • Aksu, F ve Yoldaşcan, E. (2001). Adana’da Sokakta Çalışan/Yaşayan Çocukların Sosyo-demongrafik Özellikleri. Çocuk Forumu DErgsi, 4(1): 1-3.
  • Akşit, B., Karancı, N. ve Gündüz-Hoşgörür, A. 82001). Turkey Working Street Children İn Theree Metropolitan Cities: A Rapid Assessment. Htttp://WWW.İlo.Org/Public/English/Standards/Ipec/Simpoc/Guides/Index.Htm
  • Aptekar, L. (1994). “Street Children in The Developing World: A review of Their Condition”. Cross-Cultural Research. 28(3): 195-224.
  • Aptekar, L ve Abebe, B. (1997). “Conflict İn The Neighborhood : Street And Working Children İn The Public Spaces”. Childhood, 4(4): 477-490.
  • Aptekar, L, Maphalala, T.P., Dlamini, G., Makhanya, J. ve Magagula, S. (1997). “The Newly Emerging Problem of Street Children İn Swaziland”. J. Of Psychology İn Africa, 2, 123-141.
  • Aptekar, L ve Ciano, L. (1999). “Street Children İn Nairobi, Kenya: Gender Differences And Mental Health” Developmental Issues Among Homeless and Working Street Youth: New Directions in Childhood Development. Rafaelli, Mve R, Larson (Eds.) pp:35-46, SF, Ca: Jossay Bass.
  • Ayerst, S. L. (1999) “Depression and Street Youths”. Adolescence, 34, 567-575.
  • Balanon, L. G. (1989). Street Children: Strategies For Action. Child Wlfare Leagues of America. 68 (2): 159-166.
  • Barker, R. P. (1999). “Children Of The Street: A Re-İnterpretation Based On Evidence From Durban, Souths Africa”. London University of London, Department of Geography. Center of Developing Areas Research, 24. Pp. Retrieved January 1, 2003. Http://www.Gg.Phbnc.Ac.Uk/Cedar/Cedar-Papers/Paper29.Pdf-
  • Bassuk, E. L. ve Rosenberg, L. (1990). “Psychological Characteristics Of Homeless Children And Children With Home”. Pediatrics. 85 (3): 257-261.
  • Berti, L. C., Zylbert, S. ve Rolnitsky, L. (2001). “Comparison of Health Status of Children Using a School-Based Health Center of Comprehensive Care”. J. Petiatr Health Care, 15 (5): 244-250.
  • Campos, R., Raffaelli, M., Ude, W., Greco, M., Ruff, A., Rolf, J et al. (1994) “Social Networks and Daily Activities of Street Youth in Belo Horizonte, Brazil”. Child Development, 65, 319-330.
  • Cause, A.M., Paradise,M. Ginzler, J.A., Embry, L. Morgan, C.J., Lohr, Y. et al. (2000) “” The Characteristics and Mental Health of Homeless Adolescents: Age And Gender Differences” J. of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 8(4):23-239.
  • Çocuk ve Gençlik Merkezleri (N. D.) Çocuk Hizmetleri. 2003. Web Site: Http://www.Shcek.Gov.Tr/Dosyalar/Cocuk_Hizm/İdx_Cocuk.Htm
  • Conrad, B.S. (1998). “Maternal Dpressive Symptoms and Homeless Children’s Mental Health: Risk and Reiliency” Arch Psychology Nurs, 12(1):50-58.
  • Deretarla-Gül, E. ve Mağden, D. (2002). “Sokakta Çalışan Çocukların Ailede ve Sokakta Yaşadıkları Sorunlarınİncelenmesi”. Çocuk GElişimi ve Eğitim Dergisi, 1 (6-7), 1-7.
  • Gömleksiz, M., Gümüş, A., Alpaslan, İ. Ve Nafile, S. (1997). “Sokak Çocukları: Adana İlinde Bir Ön Çalışma”. Çukurova Ün. Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 21: 154-161.
  • Gövercin, H. (2000). Aile ve Çevre Özellikleri Açısından Gaziantep Sokaka Çocukları. H. Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Ankara.
  • Güller, M. (2001). “Çocuğun Güvenliği Bağlaında Çocuk –Suç İlişkisi ve Çocuk Polisi” Web site: Http://yayim.Meb.Go.Tr/Yayimlar/151/Guler.Htm
  • Hier, S.J. ve Korboot, P. J. (1990). “Social Adjustment And Symptomotology in Two Types of Homeless Adolescents: Runaways And Throways” Adolescents, 25 (100): 761-771.
  • Köksal, A. ve Alisinanoğlu, F. (1998). “Sokakt Açlışan Çocuklar üzerine Bir Araştırma” [A Research Working Children on Street]. Öğretmen Dünyası. 225:38-41.
  • Le Roux, J. (1996). “Street in South Africa Findings from İnterviews on the Back-ground of Street Children in Pretoria, South Africa”. Adolescence, 31, 423-431.
  • Le Roux, J ve Smith, C.S. (1998a) “Public Perception of, And Reactions to, Street Children”. Adolescence. 33: 891-899.
  • Le Roux, J ve Smith, C.S. (1998b) “Is The Street Children Phenomenon Synonymous With Deviant Behavior?” Adolescence, 33, 915-925.
  • Masten, A.S., Milliotis, D. Graham-Bermann, S. A., Ramirez, M. ve Neemann, J. (1993) “Children in Homeless Familiess: Risks to Mental Health and Development”. J. Consult Chin. Psychology, 61(2):335-343.
  • Manke, E.M. (1998). The Mental Health of Homeless School-Age Children”. J. Child Adolescence Psychiatry Nurs, 11(3):87-98. MEB Çalışan Çocukları Takipte (2001) Http://www.ogretmenlersitesi.com
  • Molnar, B.E., Shade, S.B., Kral, A.H, Booth, R.E ve Watters, J.K. (1998). “Suicidal Behavior and Sexual/Physical Abuse among Street Youth”. Children Abuse and Neglect, 22(3): 213-222.
  • Mufune, P. (2000). “Street Youth in Southern Africa”. International Social Science Journal, 164, 233-243.
  • Peralta, F. 81992). “Children of the Streets of Mexico”. Children and Youths Service Review. 14, 347-362.
  • Polat, O. (1999). “Türkiye’de Sokak Çocukları” çocuk Forumu, 2 (2):1-8.
  • Primas, P. J., Baca, G., Petticrew, D.A., Moffett, C., White, J., Prmas, H.R. ve Norman, S. (1993). “A multi-Dimensional Assessment of the Health Needs of Homeless İnfants and Pre-School Children in Phoenix”. J. Soc. Dist. Homel, 2(1): 61-72.
  • Raffaelli, M., Camps, R., Payne-Merritt, A., Sıqueıra, E., Antunes, C. M., Parker, R., Greco, M., Greco, D. ve Halsey N. (1993). “Sexual Parties and Attitudes of Street Youth in Belo Horizonte, Brazil” So. Sci. Med. 37 (5): 661-670.
  • Rafferty, Y. ve Shinn, M. (1991) “The İmpact of Homelessness on Children”. American Psychologist. 46 (11):1170-1179.
  • Robertson, M.J. ve Toro, P.A (1998).” Homeless Youth: Research, Intervention and Policy”. The 1998 National Symposium on Homelessness Research. Retrieved January 16, 2003 from http://www.Aspe.Hhs.Gov/Progsys/Homeless/Symposium/3-Youth.Htm
  • Ryan, D.K. Kilmer, R.P., Cause, A.M. Watanabe, H. ve Hoyt, D.R. (2000) “Psychological Consequences of Child Maltreatment İn Homeless Adolescents: Untangling The Unique Effects of Maltreatment And Family Environment1. Child Abuse and Neglect. 24 (3), 333-352.
  • San Agustion, M. Cohen, R., Rubin, D., Cleary, S.D., Erickson, C.J. ve Allen, J.K. (1999) “The Montefiore Community Children’s Project: A Controlled Study of Cognitive and Emotional Problems of Homeless Mothers and Children”. J. Urban Health, 76(1):39-50.
  • Scanlon, T.J., Tomkins, A. Lynch, M. A ve Scalon, F. (1998). “Street Children İn Latin America”. BMJ 316:1596-1600.
  • Swart-Kruger, J. ve Richter, L. (1997). “AIDS Related Knowledge, Attitudes And Behavior among Street Youth: Reflections on Power, Sexuality and the Autonomous Self”. Social Science and Medicine, 45 (6): 957-966.
  • Teal, K. (N.D). Homeless and Education. Retrieved December 01, 2003 from Http://www.Preservice.Org/T0110780/Homelesspaper.Html
  • Türkmen, M. (1998). “Adana’da Sokakta Çalışan Çocukların Sosyo-Demografik Özellikleri” Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Dergisi, 41:509-515.
  • Vostanis, P., Grattan, E. ve Cumella, S. (1998). “Mental Health Problem of Homeless Children and Families: Longitudinal Study”. Brit. Med. J. 316 (7135):899-902.
  • Yapchai, C.J., Toro, P.A. ve Mccaskill, P. A. (2001). Behavioral and Cognitive Functioning Among Homeless and Housed Poor Children: A Comperative Study. Unpublished Manuscript under Editorial Review. Dep. Of Psychology, Wayne State University. Www.Science.Wayne.Edu.
  • Waldron, A.M. Tobin, G. ve Mcquald, P. (2001). “Mental Health Status of Hıomeless Children and Their Families”. Irish J. Of Psychological Medicine, 18(1):11-15.
  • Weinreb, L., Goldberg, R. Bassuk, E. ve Perloff, J. (1998). “Determinants of Health and Service Use Patterns in Homeless and Low-Income Housed Children”. Pediatrics, 102 (3). 554-562.
  • Wladron, A. M., Tobin, G. ve Mcquaid, P. (2001). “Mental Health Status of Homeless Children and Their Families” Irish J. Of Psychology Med. 18 (1). 11-15.
  • VII. Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı Değerlendirmesi Raporu. (2001). Aiel ve Çocuk Özel İhtisas Komisyonu. Web Site: Http://www.dpt.gov.tr/
  • Yapchai, C.J., Toro, P.A. ve Mccaskill, P. A. (2001). Behavioral and Cognitive Functioning Among Homeless and Housed Poor Children: A Comperative Study. Unpublished Manuscript under Editorial Review. Dep. Of Psychology, Wayne State University. Www.Science.Wayne.Edu.
  • Yılmaz, S. (1998). Sokak Çocukları. H.Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Ankara.
  • Zima, B.T., Wells, K.B ve Freeman, H.E. (1994) “Emotional and Behavioral Problems and Severe Academic Delays among Sheltered Homeless Children in Los Angeles Country”. Am. J. Public Health, 84(2):260-264.

Sokak Çocukları

Yıl 2003, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2, 43 - 58, 15.10.2003

Yaşere Aktaş Arnas

Öz

Günümüzde tüm dünyada hızlı nüfus artışı, kıtlık, kırsal kesimden şehre göçler, ekonomik kriz, işssizlik, fakirlik, aile içi şiddet ve ekonomik koşulların yetersiz olması gibi nedenlerle son yıllarda özellikle de gelişmekte olan ülkelerde soskak çocuklarının sayısı hızla artmış ve bugün dünyadaki en önemli sosyal porblemlerden birisini oluşturmaya başlamıştır. Bu makalede sokak çocuklarının ortak bir profile ortaya koyulmaya çalışılacak ve ülkemizde sokak çocuklarına yönelik verilen hizmetlerden bazıları sunulacaktır. 

 


Anahtar Kelimeler

sokak çocukları

Kaynakça

  • Adlaf, E. M ve Zdanowioz, Y. M. (1999) A Cluster-Analytic Study of Substance Problems and Mental Among Street Youths. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 25 (4), 639-680.
  • Aksu, F ve Yoldaşcan, E. (2001). Adana’da Sokakta Çalışan/Yaşayan Çocukların Sosyo-demongrafik Özellikleri. Çocuk Forumu DErgsi, 4(1): 1-3.
  • Akşit, B., Karancı, N. ve Gündüz-Hoşgörür, A. 82001). Turkey Working Street Children İn Theree Metropolitan Cities: A Rapid Assessment. Htttp://WWW.İlo.Org/Public/English/Standards/Ipec/Simpoc/Guides/Index.Htm
  • Aptekar, L. (1994). “Street Children in The Developing World: A review of Their Condition”. Cross-Cultural Research. 28(3): 195-224.
  • Aptekar, L ve Abebe, B. (1997). “Conflict İn The Neighborhood : Street And Working Children İn The Public Spaces”. Childhood, 4(4): 477-490.
  • Aptekar, L, Maphalala, T.P., Dlamini, G., Makhanya, J. ve Magagula, S. (1997). “The Newly Emerging Problem of Street Children İn Swaziland”. J. Of Psychology İn Africa, 2, 123-141.
  • Aptekar, L ve Ciano, L. (1999). “Street Children İn Nairobi, Kenya: Gender Differences And Mental Health” Developmental Issues Among Homeless and Working Street Youth: New Directions in Childhood Development. Rafaelli, Mve R, Larson (Eds.) pp:35-46, SF, Ca: Jossay Bass.
  • Ayerst, S. L. (1999) “Depression and Street Youths”. Adolescence, 34, 567-575.
  • Balanon, L. G. (1989). Street Children: Strategies For Action. Child Wlfare Leagues of America. 68 (2): 159-166.
  • Barker, R. P. (1999). “Children Of The Street: A Re-İnterpretation Based On Evidence From Durban, Souths Africa”. London University of London, Department of Geography. Center of Developing Areas Research, 24. Pp. Retrieved January 1, 2003. Http://www.Gg.Phbnc.Ac.Uk/Cedar/Cedar-Papers/Paper29.Pdf-
  • Bassuk, E. L. ve Rosenberg, L. (1990). “Psychological Characteristics Of Homeless Children And Children With Home”. Pediatrics. 85 (3): 257-261.
  • Berti, L. C., Zylbert, S. ve Rolnitsky, L. (2001). “Comparison of Health Status of Children Using a School-Based Health Center of Comprehensive Care”. J. Petiatr Health Care, 15 (5): 244-250.
  • Campos, R., Raffaelli, M., Ude, W., Greco, M., Ruff, A., Rolf, J et al. (1994) “Social Networks and Daily Activities of Street Youth in Belo Horizonte, Brazil”. Child Development, 65, 319-330.
  • Cause, A.M., Paradise,M. Ginzler, J.A., Embry, L. Morgan, C.J., Lohr, Y. et al. (2000) “” The Characteristics and Mental Health of Homeless Adolescents: Age And Gender Differences” J. of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 8(4):23-239.
  • Çocuk ve Gençlik Merkezleri (N. D.) Çocuk Hizmetleri. 2003. Web Site: Http://www.Shcek.Gov.Tr/Dosyalar/Cocuk_Hizm/İdx_Cocuk.Htm
  • Conrad, B.S. (1998). “Maternal Dpressive Symptoms and Homeless Children’s Mental Health: Risk and Reiliency” Arch Psychology Nurs, 12(1):50-58.
  • Deretarla-Gül, E. ve Mağden, D. (2002). “Sokakta Çalışan Çocukların Ailede ve Sokakta Yaşadıkları Sorunlarınİncelenmesi”. Çocuk GElişimi ve Eğitim Dergisi, 1 (6-7), 1-7.
  • Gömleksiz, M., Gümüş, A., Alpaslan, İ. Ve Nafile, S. (1997). “Sokak Çocukları: Adana İlinde Bir Ön Çalışma”. Çukurova Ün. Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 21: 154-161.
  • Gövercin, H. (2000). Aile ve Çevre Özellikleri Açısından Gaziantep Sokaka Çocukları. H. Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Ankara.
  • Güller, M. (2001). “Çocuğun Güvenliği Bağlaında Çocuk –Suç İlişkisi ve Çocuk Polisi” Web site: Http://yayim.Meb.Go.Tr/Yayimlar/151/Guler.Htm
  • Hier, S.J. ve Korboot, P. J. (1990). “Social Adjustment And Symptomotology in Two Types of Homeless Adolescents: Runaways And Throways” Adolescents, 25 (100): 761-771.
  • Köksal, A. ve Alisinanoğlu, F. (1998). “Sokakt Açlışan Çocuklar üzerine Bir Araştırma” [A Research Working Children on Street]. Öğretmen Dünyası. 225:38-41.
  • Le Roux, J. (1996). “Street in South Africa Findings from İnterviews on the Back-ground of Street Children in Pretoria, South Africa”. Adolescence, 31, 423-431.
  • Le Roux, J ve Smith, C.S. (1998a) “Public Perception of, And Reactions to, Street Children”. Adolescence. 33: 891-899.
  • Le Roux, J ve Smith, C.S. (1998b) “Is The Street Children Phenomenon Synonymous With Deviant Behavior?” Adolescence, 33, 915-925.
  • Masten, A.S., Milliotis, D. Graham-Bermann, S. A., Ramirez, M. ve Neemann, J. (1993) “Children in Homeless Familiess: Risks to Mental Health and Development”. J. Consult Chin. Psychology, 61(2):335-343.
  • Manke, E.M. (1998). The Mental Health of Homeless School-Age Children”. J. Child Adolescence Psychiatry Nurs, 11(3):87-98. MEB Çalışan Çocukları Takipte (2001) Http://www.ogretmenlersitesi.com
  • Molnar, B.E., Shade, S.B., Kral, A.H, Booth, R.E ve Watters, J.K. (1998). “Suicidal Behavior and Sexual/Physical Abuse among Street Youth”. Children Abuse and Neglect, 22(3): 213-222.
  • Mufune, P. (2000). “Street Youth in Southern Africa”. International Social Science Journal, 164, 233-243.
  • Peralta, F. 81992). “Children of the Streets of Mexico”. Children and Youths Service Review. 14, 347-362.
  • Polat, O. (1999). “Türkiye’de Sokak Çocukları” çocuk Forumu, 2 (2):1-8.
  • Primas, P. J., Baca, G., Petticrew, D.A., Moffett, C., White, J., Prmas, H.R. ve Norman, S. (1993). “A multi-Dimensional Assessment of the Health Needs of Homeless İnfants and Pre-School Children in Phoenix”. J. Soc. Dist. Homel, 2(1): 61-72.
  • Raffaelli, M., Camps, R., Payne-Merritt, A., Sıqueıra, E., Antunes, C. M., Parker, R., Greco, M., Greco, D. ve Halsey N. (1993). “Sexual Parties and Attitudes of Street Youth in Belo Horizonte, Brazil” So. Sci. Med. 37 (5): 661-670.
  • Rafferty, Y. ve Shinn, M. (1991) “The İmpact of Homelessness on Children”. American Psychologist. 46 (11):1170-1179.
  • Robertson, M.J. ve Toro, P.A (1998).” Homeless Youth: Research, Intervention and Policy”. The 1998 National Symposium on Homelessness Research. Retrieved January 16, 2003 from http://www.Aspe.Hhs.Gov/Progsys/Homeless/Symposium/3-Youth.Htm
  • Ryan, D.K. Kilmer, R.P., Cause, A.M. Watanabe, H. ve Hoyt, D.R. (2000) “Psychological Consequences of Child Maltreatment İn Homeless Adolescents: Untangling The Unique Effects of Maltreatment And Family Environment1. Child Abuse and Neglect. 24 (3), 333-352.
  • San Agustion, M. Cohen, R., Rubin, D., Cleary, S.D., Erickson, C.J. ve Allen, J.K. (1999) “The Montefiore Community Children’s Project: A Controlled Study of Cognitive and Emotional Problems of Homeless Mothers and Children”. J. Urban Health, 76(1):39-50.
  • Scanlon, T.J., Tomkins, A. Lynch, M. A ve Scalon, F. (1998). “Street Children İn Latin America”. BMJ 316:1596-1600.
  • Swart-Kruger, J. ve Richter, L. (1997). “AIDS Related Knowledge, Attitudes And Behavior among Street Youth: Reflections on Power, Sexuality and the Autonomous Self”. Social Science and Medicine, 45 (6): 957-966.
  • Teal, K. (N.D). Homeless and Education. Retrieved December 01, 2003 from Http://www.Preservice.Org/T0110780/Homelesspaper.Html
  • Türkmen, M. (1998). “Adana’da Sokakta Çalışan Çocukların Sosyo-Demografik Özellikleri” Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Dergisi, 41:509-515.
  • Vostanis, P., Grattan, E. ve Cumella, S. (1998). “Mental Health Problem of Homeless Children and Families: Longitudinal Study”. Brit. Med. J. 316 (7135):899-902.
  • Yapchai, C.J., Toro, P.A. ve Mccaskill, P. A. (2001). Behavioral and Cognitive Functioning Among Homeless and Housed Poor Children: A Comperative Study. Unpublished Manuscript under Editorial Review. Dep. Of Psychology, Wayne State University. Www.Science.Wayne.Edu.
  • Waldron, A.M. Tobin, G. ve Mcquald, P. (2001). “Mental Health Status of Hıomeless Children and Their Families”. Irish J. Of Psychological Medicine, 18(1):11-15.
  • Weinreb, L., Goldberg, R. Bassuk, E. ve Perloff, J. (1998). “Determinants of Health and Service Use Patterns in Homeless and Low-Income Housed Children”. Pediatrics, 102 (3). 554-562.
  • Wladron, A. M., Tobin, G. ve Mcquaid, P. (2001). “Mental Health Status of Homeless Children and Their Families” Irish J. Of Psychology Med. 18 (1). 11-15.
  • VII. Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı Değerlendirmesi Raporu. (2001). Aiel ve Çocuk Özel İhtisas Komisyonu. Web Site: Http://www.dpt.gov.tr/
  • Yapchai, C.J., Toro, P.A. ve Mccaskill, P. A. (2001). Behavioral and Cognitive Functioning Among Homeless and Housed Poor Children: A Comperative Study. Unpublished Manuscript under Editorial Review. Dep. Of Psychology, Wayne State University. Www.Science.Wayne.Edu.
  • Yılmaz, S. (1998). Sokak Çocukları. H.Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Ankara.
  • Zima, B.T., Wells, K.B ve Freeman, H.E. (1994) “Emotional and Behavioral Problems and Severe Academic Delays among Sheltered Homeless Children in Los Angeles Country”. Am. J. Public Health, 84(2):260-264.
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sosyoloji (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Yaşere Aktaş Arnas Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Ekim 2003
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Ağustos 2003
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2003 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Aktaş Arnas, Y. (2003). Sokak Çocukları. Toplum Ve Sosyal Hizmet, 14(2), 43-58.