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Kalpten Bir Ev: Koruyucu Aile Müdahale Programının Çocuk ve Ebeveynler Üzerindeki Etkisi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 32 Sayı: 3, 729 - 753, 30.07.2021
https://doi.org/10.33417/tsh.794922

Öz

Koruyucu ailelik çocuk koruma hizmetleri içerisinde en çok tercih edilen sistemlerden biridir. Bununla beraber, çocukların birçoğu bu ilişkiye önceki olumsuz bakım deneyimleriyle birlikte başlar ve bu durumun koruyucu ailedeki ebeveyn-çocuk ilişkisi üzerinde önemli bir etkisi vardır. Literatür, koruyucu ailelerin bu konuda yaşadıkları zorlukları göstermektedir. Bu çalışma, koruyucu ailelerin bu zorluklarla baş etmesine yardım etmek amacıyla farklı terapi yaklaşımlarından uyarlanmış ebeveyn-çocuk bağlanma ilişkisine odaklanan kısa dönemli yarı yapılandırılmış bir terapi modeli sunmaktadır. Bu müdahale programının uygulanabilirlik ve etkililik değerlendirmesine dair ön bulgular 3-6 yaş arası çocuğu olan altı koruyucu aile ile yapılan uygulamanın ardından nitel ve nicel yöntemlerle gösterilmiştir. Ebeveynlerin koruyucu aileliğe ve programa dair deneyimlerini değerlendirmek için müdahaleden önce ve sonra ebeveyn görüşmeleri yapılmış ve bu görüşmeler tematik analiz ile incelenmiştir. Müdahalenin çocuklar üzerindeki etkisini ölçmek için Çocuk Davranış Değerlendirme Ölçeği, Oyuncak Öykü Tamamlama Testi ve Oyun Değerlendirme Skalası puanları sürecin başında ve sonunda toplanmıştır. Sonuçlar, ebeveynlik becerilerinde ve çocukların oyun kapasitelerinde önemli değişimler göstermiştir. Ebeveynlerin mentalizasyon ve çocuğa uyumlanma becerilerinde ilerleme ve çocukların sembolik oyun becerilerinde anlamlı gelişme görülmüştür. Çocukların semptomlarında ve bağlanma modellerinde müdahaleden sonra anlamlı değişim olmamıştır. Bu sonuçlar, koruyucu aileler için uygulanabilir ve etkili bir müdahale programı (KAMP) sunarak Türkiye literatürüne ve klinik pratiğine katkıda bulunmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for the child behavior checklist /4-18 and profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
  • Achenbach, T. M., ve Rescorla, L. A. (2000). Mental health practitioners’ guide for the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA). Burlington: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
  • Adkins, T., Luyten, P., ve Fonagy, P. (2018). Development and preliminary evaluation of Family Minds: A mentalization-based psychoeducation program for foster parents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(8), 2519-2532.
  • Baysal, A. E. (2017). Koruyucu Aile Uygulamaları ve Sonuçları: İstanbul Örneği (Masters Dissertation, İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi).
  • Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss, volume 3: loss; sadness and depression.
  • Boyatzis, R. E. (1998). Transforming qualitative information: Thematic analysis and code development. sage.
  • Bretherton, I., Ridgeway, D., ve Cassidy, J. (1990). Assessing internal working models of the attachment relationship: An Attachment
Story Completion Task for 3-year-olds. In T. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & E.M. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the Preschool Years: Theory, Research, and Intervention. University of Chicago Press: Chicago, IL.
  • Chazan, S. E. (2001). Toward a nonverbal syntax of play therapy. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 21(3), 394-406.
  • Cooper, R. J. (2000). The impact of child abuse on children's play: A conceptual model. Occupational Therapy International, 7(4), 259-276.
  • Erdal, L. (2014). Türkiye'de sosyal politika ve koruyucu aile hizmet modeli. Sosyoekonomi, 22(2), 171-192.
  • Erol, N., ve Şimşek, Z. (2010). Okul çağı çocuk ve gençler için davranış değerlendirme ölçekleri el kitabı. Ankara: Mentis Yayıncılık.
  • Eyberg, S. (1988). Parent-child interaction therapy: Integration of traditional and behavioral concerns. Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 10(1), 33-46.
  • Fein, G. (1987). Pretend play: Creativity and consciousness. P. Gorlitz & J. Wohlwill (Eds.), Curiosity, imagination, and play (ss. 281–304). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Fonagy P. (1999). Transgenerational Consistencies of Attachment: A new theory, Developmental and Psychoanalytic Discussion Group, American Psychoanalytic Meeting, Washington, DC.
  • Fonagy, P., Luyten, P., Moulton-Perkins, A., Lee, Y. W., Warren, F., Howard, S., Ghinai, R., Hearon, P. ve Lowyck, B. (2016). Development and validation of a self-report measure of mentalizing: The reflective functioning questionnaire. PLoS One, 11(7), e0158678.
  • Fonagy, P., Target, M., Steele, H. ve Steele, M. (1998). Reflective-functioning manual, version 5.0, for application to adult attachment interviews. London: University College London.
  • Gil, E. (1991). The healing power of play: Working with abused children. New York: Guilford Press.
  • Gordon, D. E. (1993). The inhibition of pretend play and its implications for development. Human Development, 36(4), 215-234.
  • Granot, D. ve Mayseles, O. (2001). Attachment security and adjustment to school in middle childhood. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 25(6), 530-541.
  • Hays, D. G., ve Singh, A. A. (2011). Qualitative inquiry in counseling and education. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Hughes, D . (1998). Building the bonds of attachment. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.
  • Hughes, D. (1999). Adopting children with attachment problems. Child Welfare, 78(5).
  • IBM Corp. (2015). IBM SPSS Statistics for Macintosh, version 23.0. Armonk, NY: Author.
  • Jernberg, A. (1984). Theraply: Child therapy for attachment fostering. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 21(1), 39-47.
  • Karataş, K. (2007). Türkiye’de Çocuk Koruma Sistemi ve Koruyucu Aile Uygulamaları Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Journal of Society & Social Work, 18(2).
  • Kaugars, A. S. ve Russ, S. W. (2009). Assessing preschool children's pretend play: Preliminary validation of the Affect in Play Scale-Preschool version. Early Education and Development, 20(5), 733-755.
  • Keck, G. ve Kupecky, R. (1995). Adopting the hurt child: Hope for families with special needs. Colorado Springs, CO: Pinon.
  • Kernberg, P. F., Chazan, S. E. ve Normandin, L. (1998). The Children’s Play Therapy Instrument (CPTI): Description, development, and reliability studies. The Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research, 7(3), 196- 207.
  • Luyten, P., Mayes, L. C., Nijssens, L ve Fonagy, P. (2017). The parental reflective functioning questionnaire: Development and preliminary validation. PLoS One, 12(5), e0176218.
  • Minnis, H., Everett, K., Pelosi, A. J., Dunn, J. ve Knapp, M. (2006). Children in foster care: Mental health, service use and costs. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 15, 63–70. doi:10.1007/ s00787-006-0452-8.
  • Redfern, S., Wood, S., Lassri, D., Cirasola, A., West, G., Austerberry, C., Luyten, P., Fonagy, P., ve Midgley, N. (2018). The Reflective Fostering Programme: background and development of a new approach. Adoption & Fostering, 42(3), 234-248.
  • Roy, P., Rutter, M. ve Pickles, A. (2000). Institutional care: Risk from family background or pattern of rearing? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 41, 139−150.
  • Rubin, K., Fein, G. ve Vandenberg, B. (1983). Play. P. Mussen (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology (Vol. 4, ss. 693–774). New York: Wiley.
  • Russ, S. W. (2004). Play in child development and psychotherapy: Toward empirically supported practice. New York: Routledge.
  • Schneider, C. ve Jones, E. E. (2006). Child psychotherapy Q-Set Coding manual. Berkeley: University of California. Unpublished manual.
  • Schofield, G. ve Beek, M. (2005) Providing a secure base: parenting children in long-term foster family care. Attachment & Human Development 7(1): 3-26.
  • Sinclair, I., Wilson, K., ve Gibbs, I. (2000) Supporting Foster Placements: Report two. York: Social Work Research and Development Unit, University of York.
  • Singer, D. G. ve Singer, J. L. (1990). The house of make-believe: Children’s play and the developing imagination. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Steward, D. S. ve O'Day, K. R. (2000). Permanency planning and attachment: A guide for agency practice. Handbook of Attachment Interventions (Second Edition) (ss. 147-167).
  • Stovall, K. C. ve Dozier, M. (1998). Infants in foster care: An attachment theory perspective. Adoption Quarterly, 2(1), 55-88.
  • T.C. Aile, Çalışma ve Sosyal Hizmetler Bakanlığı Koruyucu Aile Yanında Bakımı Sağlanan Çocuk Sayısı İstatistikleri. Erişim adresi https://ailevecalisma.gov.tr/chgm/istatistikler/
  • Uluç, S. (2005). Okul öncesi çocuklarda benliğe ilişkin inançlar, kişilerarası şemalar ve bağlanma ilişkisinin temsilleri arasındaki ilişki: Ebeveynlerin kişilerarası şemalarının ve bağlanma modellerinin etkisi. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
  • Walker, J. (2008). The use of attachment theory in adoption and fostering. Adoption & Fostering, 32(1), 49-57.
  • Winnicott, D. W. (1971). Playing and reality. London: Tavistock.
  • Yolcuoğlu, İ. G. (2009). Türkiye'de Çocuk Koruma Sisteminin Genel Olarak Değerlendirilmesi. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 18(18).

A Home of Hearts: The Effectiveness of an Intervention Program for Foster Families

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 32 Sayı: 3, 729 - 753, 30.07.2021
https://doi.org/10.33417/tsh.794922

Öz

Most of the children enter foster care system with their earlier adverse caretaking experiences. Literature demonstrates the difficulties foster families face following the placement of the child. This study presents a short-term semi-structured play therapy model, adapted from different therapy approaches, with an aim to support foster families in dealing with these difficulties. A preliminary evaluation of the applicability and effectiveness of the intervention is presented through qualitative and quantitative methods following the implementation of the program with six foster families who have three-to-six years old children. To examine the experiences of foster parents during the program, parent interviews were conducted before and after the intervention and were analyzed by using thematic analysis. To assess intervention outcome on children, Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), Attachment Story Completion Task, and Play Assessment ratings were collected pre- and post-intervention. Results revealed significant improvements in parenting skills and children’s play capacities. Parents indicated better mentalization and attunement skills on parent-child interaction, and children showed progress in symbolic play capacity. No significant results were found regarding children’s symptoms and attachment patterns after the intervention. These results contribute to the literature and clinical practice by presenting an applicable and effective intervention (KAMP) for foster families.

Kaynakça

  • Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for the child behavior checklist /4-18 and profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
  • Achenbach, T. M., ve Rescorla, L. A. (2000). Mental health practitioners’ guide for the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA). Burlington: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
  • Adkins, T., Luyten, P., ve Fonagy, P. (2018). Development and preliminary evaluation of Family Minds: A mentalization-based psychoeducation program for foster parents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(8), 2519-2532.
  • Baysal, A. E. (2017). Koruyucu Aile Uygulamaları ve Sonuçları: İstanbul Örneği (Masters Dissertation, İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi).
  • Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss, volume 3: loss; sadness and depression.
  • Boyatzis, R. E. (1998). Transforming qualitative information: Thematic analysis and code development. sage.
  • Bretherton, I., Ridgeway, D., ve Cassidy, J. (1990). Assessing internal working models of the attachment relationship: An Attachment
Story Completion Task for 3-year-olds. In T. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & E.M. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the Preschool Years: Theory, Research, and Intervention. University of Chicago Press: Chicago, IL.
  • Chazan, S. E. (2001). Toward a nonverbal syntax of play therapy. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 21(3), 394-406.
  • Cooper, R. J. (2000). The impact of child abuse on children's play: A conceptual model. Occupational Therapy International, 7(4), 259-276.
  • Erdal, L. (2014). Türkiye'de sosyal politika ve koruyucu aile hizmet modeli. Sosyoekonomi, 22(2), 171-192.
  • Erol, N., ve Şimşek, Z. (2010). Okul çağı çocuk ve gençler için davranış değerlendirme ölçekleri el kitabı. Ankara: Mentis Yayıncılık.
  • Eyberg, S. (1988). Parent-child interaction therapy: Integration of traditional and behavioral concerns. Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 10(1), 33-46.
  • Fein, G. (1987). Pretend play: Creativity and consciousness. P. Gorlitz & J. Wohlwill (Eds.), Curiosity, imagination, and play (ss. 281–304). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Fonagy P. (1999). Transgenerational Consistencies of Attachment: A new theory, Developmental and Psychoanalytic Discussion Group, American Psychoanalytic Meeting, Washington, DC.
  • Fonagy, P., Luyten, P., Moulton-Perkins, A., Lee, Y. W., Warren, F., Howard, S., Ghinai, R., Hearon, P. ve Lowyck, B. (2016). Development and validation of a self-report measure of mentalizing: The reflective functioning questionnaire. PLoS One, 11(7), e0158678.
  • Fonagy, P., Target, M., Steele, H. ve Steele, M. (1998). Reflective-functioning manual, version 5.0, for application to adult attachment interviews. London: University College London.
  • Gil, E. (1991). The healing power of play: Working with abused children. New York: Guilford Press.
  • Gordon, D. E. (1993). The inhibition of pretend play and its implications for development. Human Development, 36(4), 215-234.
  • Granot, D. ve Mayseles, O. (2001). Attachment security and adjustment to school in middle childhood. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 25(6), 530-541.
  • Hays, D. G., ve Singh, A. A. (2011). Qualitative inquiry in counseling and education. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Hughes, D . (1998). Building the bonds of attachment. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.
  • Hughes, D. (1999). Adopting children with attachment problems. Child Welfare, 78(5).
  • IBM Corp. (2015). IBM SPSS Statistics for Macintosh, version 23.0. Armonk, NY: Author.
  • Jernberg, A. (1984). Theraply: Child therapy for attachment fostering. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 21(1), 39-47.
  • Karataş, K. (2007). Türkiye’de Çocuk Koruma Sistemi ve Koruyucu Aile Uygulamaları Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Journal of Society & Social Work, 18(2).
  • Kaugars, A. S. ve Russ, S. W. (2009). Assessing preschool children's pretend play: Preliminary validation of the Affect in Play Scale-Preschool version. Early Education and Development, 20(5), 733-755.
  • Keck, G. ve Kupecky, R. (1995). Adopting the hurt child: Hope for families with special needs. Colorado Springs, CO: Pinon.
  • Kernberg, P. F., Chazan, S. E. ve Normandin, L. (1998). The Children’s Play Therapy Instrument (CPTI): Description, development, and reliability studies. The Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research, 7(3), 196- 207.
  • Luyten, P., Mayes, L. C., Nijssens, L ve Fonagy, P. (2017). The parental reflective functioning questionnaire: Development and preliminary validation. PLoS One, 12(5), e0176218.
  • Minnis, H., Everett, K., Pelosi, A. J., Dunn, J. ve Knapp, M. (2006). Children in foster care: Mental health, service use and costs. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 15, 63–70. doi:10.1007/ s00787-006-0452-8.
  • Redfern, S., Wood, S., Lassri, D., Cirasola, A., West, G., Austerberry, C., Luyten, P., Fonagy, P., ve Midgley, N. (2018). The Reflective Fostering Programme: background and development of a new approach. Adoption & Fostering, 42(3), 234-248.
  • Roy, P., Rutter, M. ve Pickles, A. (2000). Institutional care: Risk from family background or pattern of rearing? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 41, 139−150.
  • Rubin, K., Fein, G. ve Vandenberg, B. (1983). Play. P. Mussen (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology (Vol. 4, ss. 693–774). New York: Wiley.
  • Russ, S. W. (2004). Play in child development and psychotherapy: Toward empirically supported practice. New York: Routledge.
  • Schneider, C. ve Jones, E. E. (2006). Child psychotherapy Q-Set Coding manual. Berkeley: University of California. Unpublished manual.
  • Schofield, G. ve Beek, M. (2005) Providing a secure base: parenting children in long-term foster family care. Attachment & Human Development 7(1): 3-26.
  • Sinclair, I., Wilson, K., ve Gibbs, I. (2000) Supporting Foster Placements: Report two. York: Social Work Research and Development Unit, University of York.
  • Singer, D. G. ve Singer, J. L. (1990). The house of make-believe: Children’s play and the developing imagination. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Steward, D. S. ve O'Day, K. R. (2000). Permanency planning and attachment: A guide for agency practice. Handbook of Attachment Interventions (Second Edition) (ss. 147-167).
  • Stovall, K. C. ve Dozier, M. (1998). Infants in foster care: An attachment theory perspective. Adoption Quarterly, 2(1), 55-88.
  • T.C. Aile, Çalışma ve Sosyal Hizmetler Bakanlığı Koruyucu Aile Yanında Bakımı Sağlanan Çocuk Sayısı İstatistikleri. Erişim adresi https://ailevecalisma.gov.tr/chgm/istatistikler/
  • Uluç, S. (2005). Okul öncesi çocuklarda benliğe ilişkin inançlar, kişilerarası şemalar ve bağlanma ilişkisinin temsilleri arasındaki ilişki: Ebeveynlerin kişilerarası şemalarının ve bağlanma modellerinin etkisi. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
  • Walker, J. (2008). The use of attachment theory in adoption and fostering. Adoption & Fostering, 32(1), 49-57.
  • Winnicott, D. W. (1971). Playing and reality. London: Tavistock.
  • Yolcuoğlu, İ. G. (2009). Türkiye'de Çocuk Koruma Sisteminin Genel Olarak Değerlendirilmesi. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 18(18).
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sosyoloji (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Selin Kitiş 0000-0003-0239-3859

Yudum Söylemez Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-7018-8705

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Temmuz 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Eylül 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 32 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Kitiş, S., & Söylemez, Y. (2021). Kalpten Bir Ev: Koruyucu Aile Müdahale Programının Çocuk ve Ebeveynler Üzerindeki Etkisi. Toplum Ve Sosyal Hizmet, 32(3), 729-753. https://doi.org/10.33417/tsh.794922