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Uluslararası Göçün Sağlık Statüsüne Etkisinin İncelenmesi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 32 Sayı: 4, 1389 - 1402, 31.10.2021
https://doi.org/10.33417/tsh.896615

Öz

Uzun yıllardır gerçekleşen uluslararası göç hareketi sonucunda göçmenlerin göç ettikleri ülkede sağlık hizmetlerine ulaşmalarındaki güçlükler, ekonomik zorluklar, dil problemleri vb. yaşamaları göçmenlerin sağlık statülerinin kötüleşmesine yol açmaktadır. Bu durum aynı zamanda göç edilen yerlerin sağlık statüsünde değişiklikler meydana getirebilmektedir. Bu anlamda bu çalışmada dünya genelinde en fazla göç alan ülkelerde göçün sağlık statüsüne etkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu amaca ulaşmak için ülkelerin göçmen sayıları, göçmenler içindeki kadınların oranı, 65 yaş ve üzeri nüfusun oranı (bağımsız değişkenler), doğumda beklenen yaşam süresi ve bebek ölüm hızı (bağımlı değişkenler) verilerine ulaşılmıştır. Ulaşılan veriler En Küçük Kareler (EKK) regresyon analizine tabi tutulmuştur. Bu kapsamda iki farklı model oluşturulmuştur. Birinci modele göre, tüm bağımsız değişkenlerin sağlık statüsü üzerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı etkiye sahip olduğu bulunmuştur. İkinci modele göre ise, göçmen sayıları ve göçmenler içindeki kadınların oranının sağlık statüsü üzerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı etkiye sahip olduğu bulunmuştur. Göçmenlerin ülkelerin sağlık statüsünü etkileyebileceği göz önüne alınarak ulusal ve uluslararası anlamda önlemler alınıp sağlık statüsünü geliştirici faaliyetler hayata geçirilebilir.

Kaynakça

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  • Ahmed, A. (2016). UK’s elderly care and migration regimes. In Torres, S., ve Karl, U. (Ed.), ageing in contexts of migration (s. 56–66). New York: Routledge.
  • Akıncı, B., Nergiz, A., ve Gedik, E. (2015). Uyum süreci üzerine bir değerlendirme: göç ve toplumsal kabul. Göç Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(2), 58-83.
  • Amankwaa, A. A., Bavon, A., ve Nkansah, P. T. (2003). Rural-urban migration and its effects on infant and child mortality in Ghana. African Population Studies, 18(2), 1-26.
  • Anglewicz, P., Vanlandingham, M., Manda-Taylor, L., ve Kohler, H. P. (2017). Cohort profile: internal migration in Sub-saharan Africa—the migration and health in Malawi (mhm) study. BMJ Open, 7(5), E014799.
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  • Arenas, E., Goldman, N., Pebley, A. R., ve Teruel, G. (2015). Return migration to Mexico: does health matter?. Demography, 52(6), 1853-1868.
  • Bollini, P., ve Wanner, P. (2006). Santé Reproductive Des Collectivité Migrantes: Disparités De Risques Et Possibilités D'intervention. Swiss Forum For Migration And Population Studies (SFM).
  • Bolzman, C., Poncioni-Derigo, R., Vial, M., ve Fibbi, R. (2004). Older labour migrants’ well being in Europe: the case of Switzerland. Ageing And Society, 24(3), 411–429.
  • Buz, S. ve Dikmen, A. (2021). Zorunlu göçe maruz kalan bireylerin psikososyal iyilik hali Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 32(1), 227-250. DOI: 10.33417/tsh.728689.
  • Carta, M.G., Bernal, M., Hardoy, M. C., ve Haro-Abad, J. M. (2005). Migration and mental health ın europe (the state of the mental health in Europe working group: appendix 1). Clinical Practice And Epidemiology In Mental Health, 1(1), 13.
  • Chakraborty, I., ve Maity, P. (2020). COVID-19 outbreak: migration, effects on society, global environment and prevention. Science Of The Total Environment, https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Scitotenv.2020.138882.
  • Chen, H. J. (2009). A brain gain or a brain drain? migration, endogenous fertility, and human capital formation. Economic Inquiry, 47(4), 766-782.
  • Chowdhury, A.A. (1986). Infant mortality in relation to ınternal migration in rural Bangladesh. Journal Of Biosocial Science, 18(4), 449-456.
  • Connolly, S., Ve O’Reilly, D. (2007). The contribution of migration to changes in the distribution of health over time: five-year follow-up study in northern Ireland. Social Science & Medicine, 65(5), 1004-1011.
  • Davies, A. A., Basten, A., ve Frattini, C. (2009). Migration: a social determinant of the health of migrants. Eurohealth, 16(1), 1-20.
  • De Nardi, M., French, E., ve Jones, J. B. (2009). Life expectancy and old age savings. American Economic Review, 99(2), 110-15.
  • Demirci, Ş., Konca, M., Yetim, B., ve İlgün, G. (2020). Effect of economic crisis on suicide cases: an ardl bounds testing approach. International Journal Of Social Psychiatry, 66(1), 34-4.
  • Dolberg, P., Sigurðardóttir, S. H., ve Trummer, U. (2018). Ageism and older immigrants. in contemporary perspectives on ageism 177-191. Berlin: Springer.
  • Neumayer, E., ve Plümper, T. (2007) The gendered nature of natural disasters: the impact of catastrophic events on the gender gap ın life expectancy, 1981–2002. Annals Of The Association Of American Geographers, 97(3), 551-566. DOI: 10.1111/ J.1467-8306.2007.00563.X.
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  • Gao, Y., Li, L. P., Kim, J. H., Congdon, N., Lau, J., ve Griffiths, S. (2010). The impact of parental migration on health status and health behaviours among left behind adolescent school children in China. BMC Public Health, 10(1), 56.
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Examination of the Impact of International Migration on Health Status

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 32 Sayı: 4, 1389 - 1402, 31.10.2021
https://doi.org/10.33417/tsh.896615

Öz

As a result of the international migration movement that has occurred for many years, migrants face with difficulties in accessing to health services, economic difficulties, language problems, etc. in the country where the migrants migrated to. Therefore, it causes the migrants' health status to deteriorate. This situation may also cause changes in the health status of the migrated countries. In this sense, this study aimed to examine the effect of migration on health status in countries allowing the highest number of migrants worldwide. To achieve this aim, data on the number of migrants, the proportion of women among total migrants, the proportion of 65 and over population among total migrants (independent variables), life expectancy at birth, and infant mortality rate (dependent variables) were reached in the countries. The data reached were subjected to Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression analysis. In this context, two different models were established. According to the first model, all independent variables were found to had a statistically significant effect on health status. According to the second model, it was found that the number of migrants and the proportion of women among total migrants had a statistically significant effect on health status. Considering that migrants may affect the health status of countries, efforts can be taken to improve health status by taking measures nationally and internationally.

Kaynakça

  • Adams, J.R.H., ve Page, J. (2005). Do international migration and remittances reduce poverty in developing countries?. World Development, 33(10), 1645-1669.
  • Adhikari, R., Jampaklay, A., Chamratrithirong, A., Richter, K., Pattaravanich, U., ve Vapattanawong, P. (2014). The impact of parental migration on the mental health of children left behind. Journal Of Immigrant And Minority Health, 16(5), 781-789.
  • Ahmed, A. (2016). UK’s elderly care and migration regimes. In Torres, S., ve Karl, U. (Ed.), ageing in contexts of migration (s. 56–66). New York: Routledge.
  • Akıncı, B., Nergiz, A., ve Gedik, E. (2015). Uyum süreci üzerine bir değerlendirme: göç ve toplumsal kabul. Göç Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(2), 58-83.
  • Amankwaa, A. A., Bavon, A., ve Nkansah, P. T. (2003). Rural-urban migration and its effects on infant and child mortality in Ghana. African Population Studies, 18(2), 1-26.
  • Anglewicz, P., Vanlandingham, M., Manda-Taylor, L., ve Kohler, H. P. (2017). Cohort profile: internal migration in Sub-saharan Africa—the migration and health in Malawi (mhm) study. BMJ Open, 7(5), E014799.
  • Anthamatten, P. ve Hazen, H. (2011). An introduction to the geography of health. London: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Arenas, E., Goldman, N., Pebley, A. R., ve Teruel, G. (2015). Return migration to Mexico: does health matter?. Demography, 52(6), 1853-1868.
  • Bollini, P., ve Wanner, P. (2006). Santé Reproductive Des Collectivité Migrantes: Disparités De Risques Et Possibilités D'intervention. Swiss Forum For Migration And Population Studies (SFM).
  • Bolzman, C., Poncioni-Derigo, R., Vial, M., ve Fibbi, R. (2004). Older labour migrants’ well being in Europe: the case of Switzerland. Ageing And Society, 24(3), 411–429.
  • Buz, S. ve Dikmen, A. (2021). Zorunlu göçe maruz kalan bireylerin psikososyal iyilik hali Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 32(1), 227-250. DOI: 10.33417/tsh.728689.
  • Carta, M.G., Bernal, M., Hardoy, M. C., ve Haro-Abad, J. M. (2005). Migration and mental health ın europe (the state of the mental health in Europe working group: appendix 1). Clinical Practice And Epidemiology In Mental Health, 1(1), 13.
  • Chakraborty, I., ve Maity, P. (2020). COVID-19 outbreak: migration, effects on society, global environment and prevention. Science Of The Total Environment, https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Scitotenv.2020.138882.
  • Chen, H. J. (2009). A brain gain or a brain drain? migration, endogenous fertility, and human capital formation. Economic Inquiry, 47(4), 766-782.
  • Chowdhury, A.A. (1986). Infant mortality in relation to ınternal migration in rural Bangladesh. Journal Of Biosocial Science, 18(4), 449-456.
  • Connolly, S., Ve O’Reilly, D. (2007). The contribution of migration to changes in the distribution of health over time: five-year follow-up study in northern Ireland. Social Science & Medicine, 65(5), 1004-1011.
  • Davies, A. A., Basten, A., ve Frattini, C. (2009). Migration: a social determinant of the health of migrants. Eurohealth, 16(1), 1-20.
  • De Nardi, M., French, E., ve Jones, J. B. (2009). Life expectancy and old age savings. American Economic Review, 99(2), 110-15.
  • Demirci, Ş., Konca, M., Yetim, B., ve İlgün, G. (2020). Effect of economic crisis on suicide cases: an ardl bounds testing approach. International Journal Of Social Psychiatry, 66(1), 34-4.
  • Dolberg, P., Sigurðardóttir, S. H., ve Trummer, U. (2018). Ageism and older immigrants. in contemporary perspectives on ageism 177-191. Berlin: Springer.
  • Neumayer, E., ve Plümper, T. (2007) The gendered nature of natural disasters: the impact of catastrophic events on the gender gap ın life expectancy, 1981–2002. Annals Of The Association Of American Geographers, 97(3), 551-566. DOI: 10.1111/ J.1467-8306.2007.00563.X.
  • Eriksson, K., ve Niemesh, G. (2016). Death in the promised land: the great migration and black ınfant mortality. Available At SSRN 3071053.
  • Farr, W. (1864). Supplement to the 25th annual report of the registrar general. London: HMSO.
  • Franzini, L., ve Fernandez-Esquer, M. E. (2004). Socioeconomic, cultural, and personal ınfluences on health outcomes in low ıncome Mexican-origin individuals in Texas. Social Science And Medicine, 59, 1629-1646.
  • Gao, Y., Li, L. P., Kim, J. H., Congdon, N., Lau, J., ve Griffiths, S. (2010). The impact of parental migration on health status and health behaviours among left behind adolescent school children in China. BMC Public Health, 10(1), 56.
  • Garcia, M. A., Saenz, J. L., Downer, B., Chiu, C. T., Rote, S., ve Wong, R. (2018). Age of migration differentials in life expectancy with cognitive impairment: 20-year findings from the hispanic-EPESE. The Gerontologist, 58(5), 894-903.
  • Gorter, C., Nijkamp, P., ve Poot, J. (2018). Regional and urban perspectives on international migration: an overview. Gorter, C., Nijkamp, P., Ve Poot, J. (Ed.). crossing borders: regional and urban perspectives on international migration. London:Routledge.
  • Gushulak, B. D., Pottie, K., Roberts, J. H., Torres, S., ve Desmeules, M. (2011). Migration and health in Canada: health in the global village. Cmaj, 183(12), E952-E958.
  • Hamilton, E. R., Villarreal, A., ve Hummer, R. A. (2009). Mother’s, household, and community US migration experience and infant mortality in rural and urban Mexico. Population Research And Policy Review, 28(2), 123-142.
  • Harper, S. (2011). Migration and global environmental change. pd7: environment, migration and the demographic deficit. Oxford Institute Of Population Ageing, University Of Oxford. Retrieved From Http://Dev.Ageing.Ox.Ac.Uk/Files/11-1145-Pd7-Environment-Migration-And-Demographic-Deficit.Pdf
  • Hausman, J. A. (1978). Specification tests in econometrics. Econometrica 46, 1251–71.
  • Hewner, S. J. (1998). Fertility, migration, and mortality ın an old order amish community. american journal of human biology. The Official Journal Of The Human Biology Association, 10(5), 619-628.
  • Hildebrandt, N., ve Mckenzie, D. J. (2005). The effects of migration on child health in Mexico. Washington:The World Bank.
  • Hummer, R. A., Powers, D. A., Pullum, S. G., Gossman, G. L., ve Frisbie, W. P. (2007). paradox found (again): infant mortality among the Mexican-origin population in the United States. Demography, 44(3), 441-457.
  • Hutcheson G.D., ve Sofroniou, N. (1999). The multivariate social scientist London: Sage Publications.
  • IOM (International Organization For Migration). (2009). Uluslararası göç hukuku göç terimleri sözlüğü. Online Erişim. Erişim Adresi: Http://Www. Goc. Gov. Tr/Files/Files/Goc_Terimleri_Sozlugu. Pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 14.05.2020.
  • IOM (International Organization For Migration). (2018). World migration report 2018. Geneva: International Organization For Migration.
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  • Justice For Immigrants. (2017). Root causes of migration. https://Justiceforimmigrants.Org/What-We-Are-Working-On/İmmigration/Root-Causes-Of-Migration/. Erişim Tarihi: 14.05.2020.
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  • Kleinman, J. C., Fingerhut, L. A., ve Prager, K. (1991). Differences in ınfant mortality by race, nativity status, and other maternal characteristics. American Journal Of Diseases Of Children, 145(2), 194-199.
  • Landale, N. S., Gorman, B. K., ve Oropesa, R. S. (2006). Selective migration and infant mortality among puerto ricans. Maternal And Child Health Journal, 10(4), 351-360.
  • Landale, N. S., Oropesa, R. S., ve Gorman, B. K. (2000). Migration and ınfant death: assimilation or selective migration among puerto ricans?. American Sociological Review, 65(6), 888-909.
  • Lassetter, J. H., ve Callister, L. C. (2009). The impact of migration on the health of voluntary migrants in Western societies: a review of the literature. Journal Of Transcultural Nursing, 20(1), 93-104.
  • Lee, E. S. (1966). A theory of migration. Demography, 3(1), 47-57.
  • Lu, Y. (2010). Rural-urban migration and health: evidence from longitudinal data in Indonesia. Social Science & Medicine, 70(3), 412-419.
  • Macpherson, D. W., Gushulak, B. D., ve Macdonald, L. (2007). Health and foreign policy: influences of migration and population mobility. Bulletin Of The World Health Organization, 85, 200-206.
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  • Nagi, S. Z., Ve Haavio‐Mannila, E. (1980). Migration, health status and utilization of health services. Sociology Of Health & Illness, 2(2), 174-193.
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  • Nimwegen, N.v., ve Erf, R.v.D. (2010). Europe at the crossroads: demographic challenges and ınternational migration. Journal Of Ethnic And Migration Studies, 36(9), 1359-1379. DOI: 10.1080/1369183X.2010.515132.
  • Norman, P., Boyle, P., ve Rees, P. (2005). Selective migration, health and deprivation: a longitudinal analysis. Social Science & Medicine, 60(12), 2755-2771.
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  • Omariba, D. W. R., & Boyle, M. H. (2010). Rural–urban migration and cross-national variation in ınfant mortality in less developed countries. Population Research And Policy Review, 29(3), 275-296.
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  • Suwal, J. V. (2001). The main determinants of infant mortality in Nepal. Social Science & Medicine, 53(12), 1667-1681.
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  • Thorslund, M., Wastesson, J.W., Agahi, N., Lagergren, M., ve Parker, M.G. (2013). The rise and fall of women’s advantage: a comparison of national trends in life expectancy at age 65 years. Eur J Ageing, 10, 271–277.
  • Uitenbroek, D. G., Ve Verhoeff, A. P. (2002). Life expectancy and mortality differences between migrant groups living in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Social Science And Medicine, 54, 1379-1388.
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  • Zaiceva, A. (2014). The impact of aging on the scale of migration. IZA World Of Labor, 99, 1-10.
Toplam 80 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Oğuz Işık 0000-0001-7368-7024

Yasin Çilhoroz 0000-0002-5171-7779

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ekim 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Mart 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 32 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Işık, O., & Çilhoroz, Y. (2021). Uluslararası Göçün Sağlık Statüsüne Etkisinin İncelenmesi. Toplum Ve Sosyal Hizmet, 32(4), 1389-1402. https://doi.org/10.33417/tsh.896615