Kendi Kendine Yeterli Turizm Gelişimini Ölçme (SRTD) : Ölçek Geliştirme ve Doğrulama

Öz

Atmanirbhar Bharat, Hindistan Hükümeti'nin, yerli üretimi, inovasyonu ve ekonomik büyümeyi teşvik ederek, yabancı kaynaklara olan bağımlılığı azaltarak öz güveni teşvik etme girişimidir. Turizm, Hindistan ekonomisini ve öz güveni yönlendirmede hayati bir rol oynar ve bu da değerlendirmesi için standart bir ölçek oluşturmayı gerekli kılar. Bu çalışma, madde oluşturma, pilot test ve faktör analizi kullanarak güvenilir bir ölçek geliştirir. Araştırma, turizmde Atmanirbharta'yı (öz güven) ölçmek için kesin, güvenilir ve geçerli bir ölçek geliştirerek bir boşluğu ele aldı. Bulgular, turizmde öz güvenin çeşitli toplumsal ve yönetişim yönlerini bütünleştiren çok yönlü bir kavram olduğunu göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Güçlendirme
• Atmanirbharta
• Özgüven Turizmi Gelişimi
• Ölçek Gelişimi
• Ekonomik Büyüme.

Measuring Self-Reliant Tourism Development (SRTD) : Scale Development and Validation

Öz

Atmanirbhar Bharat is a Government of India initiative to foster self-reliance by promoting domestic manufacturing, innovation, and economic growth, reducing dependence on foreign resources. Tourism plays a vital role in driving the Indian economy and self-reliance, making it essential to establish a standard scale for its evaluation. This study develops a reliable scale using item generation, pilot testing, and factor analysis. The research addressed a gap by developing a conclusive, reliable and valid scale to measure Atmanirbharta (self-reliance) in tourism. The findings indicate that self-reliance in tourism is a multifaceted concept that integrates various societal and governance aspects.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Empowerment
• Atmanirbharta
• Self-Reliance Tourism Development
• Scale Development
• Economic Growth.

Kaynakça

1. Abdullah, N. C. & Said, J. (2014). Economic empowerment of rural communities in homestay programmes: Loopholes of governance structure. Proceedings of ICFC, 2014:5.
2. Acha-Anyi, P. N. et al. (2015). Bridging the demand and supply gap in community tourism. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF HOSPITALITY, TOURISM AND LEISURE, 4(2):1–16. http://www.ajhtl.com/uploads/7/1/6/3/7163688/article39vol4(2)july-nov2015.pdf
3. Achmad, W. (2023). Community empowerment for tourism village development in sumberjaya village, choreutid district, ciamis regency. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLITICS AND SOCIOLOGY RESEARCH, 11(1):155–160. https://doi.org/10.35335/ijopsor.v11i1.65
4. Adebayo, A. D. & Butcher, J. (2023). Community empowerment in nigeria’s tourism industry: An analysis of stakeholders’ perceptions. TOURISM PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT, 20(4):583–603. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2022.2127865
5. Afsahhosseini, F. (2020). Technology in tourism. In Gunadi et al. (Eds.), Culture, people and technology: The driving forces for tourism cities: Proceedings of the 8th ITSA Biennial Conference 2020 (pp. 368–381). The British Library.
6. Ahmad, M. S. & Abu Talib, N. B. (2016). Analysis of community empowerment on projects sustainability: Moderating role of sense of community. SOCIAL INDICATORS RESEARCH, 129:1039–1056. 10.1007/s11205-014-0781-9
7. Ahmad, S., Zulkurnain, N., & Khairushalimi, F. (2016). Assessing the validity and reliability of a measurement model in structural equation modeling (sem). BRITISH JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICS & COMPUTER SCIENCE, 15(3):1–8. 10.9734/BJMCS/2016/25183
8. Alam, A., Khan, A., Ghosal, N., & Satpati, L. (2021). A review of resource management and self-reliance for sustainable development of india under covid-19 scenario. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS, 21(4):e2725. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2725

9. Ansari, S., Munir, K., & Gregg, T. (2012). Impact at the ‘bottom of the pyramid’: The role of social capital in capability development and community empowerment. JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, 49(4):813–842. 10.1111/j.1467-6486.2012.01042.x
10. Boers, B. & Cottrell, S. (2007). Sustainable tourism infrastructure planning: A gissupported approach. TOURISM GEOGRAPHIES, 9(1):1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616680601092824
11. Boley, B. B. & McGehee, N. G. (2014). Measuring empowerment: Developing and validating the resident empowerment through tourism scale (rets). TOURISM MANAGEMENT, 45:85–94. 10.1016/j.tourman.2014.04.003
12. Bujang, M. A. & Baharum, N. (2017). A simplified guide to determination of sample size requirements for estimating the value of intraclass correlation coefficient: a review.
13. ARCHIVES OF OROFACIAL SCIENCE, 12(1). https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:127106131
14. Carpenter, S. (2018). Ten steps in scale development and reporting: A guide for researchers. COMMUNICATION METHODS AND MEASURES, 12(1):25–44. 10.1080/19312458.2017.1396583
15. Chandralal, L. & Valenzuela, F.-R. (2015). Memorable tourism experiences; scale development. CONTEMPORARY MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, 11(3):291–310. https://doi.org/10.7903/cmr.13822
16. Churchill, G. A. (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. JOURNAL OF MARKETING RESEARCH, 16(1):64–73. https://doi.org/10.2307/3150876
17. Clark, L. A. & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT, 7(3):309–319. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.309
18. Clarke, N. (2001). Training as a vehicle to empower carers in the community: more than a question of information sharing. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY, 9(2):79–88. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2524.2001.00284.x
19. Cooper, M. C. & Ellram, L. M. (1993). Characteristics of supply chain management and the implications for purchasing and logistics strategy. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT, 4(2):13–24. 10.1108/09574099310804957
20. DeVellis, R. F. & Thorpe, C. T. (2021). Scale development: Theory and applications. SAGE PUBLICATIONS.
21. Dubey, P. & Sahu, K. K. (2020). Msmes in covid-19 crisis and india’s economic relief package: a critical review. AIJR PREPRINTS, 207. https://doi.org/10.21467/preprints.207
22. Fawcett, S. B., Paine-Andrews, A., Francisco, V. T., Schultz, J. A., Richter, K. P., Lewis, R. K., Williams, E. L., Harris, K. J., Berkley, J. Y., Fisher, J. L., et al. (1995). Using empowerment theory in collaborative partnerships for community health and development. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY, 23(5):677–697. 10.1007/BF02506987
23. Firoiu, D. & Croitoru, A.-G. (2013). Tourism and tourism infrastructure from the perspective of technological changes. ROMANIAN ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS REVIEW, 8(2):93– 103. http://www.rebe.rau.ro/RePEc/rau/journl/SU13/REBE-SU13-A8.pdf
24. Gebremariam, K. Z. (2018). Challenges and prospects of community based eco-tourism in maichew cluster, a case of ofla woreda. EDELWEISS APPLIED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 2(1):187–200. https://doi.org/10.33805/10.33805/2576.8484.137
25. Gerbing, D. W. & Anderson, J. C. (1988). An updated paradigm for scale development incorporating unidimensionality and its assessment. JOURNAL OF MARKETING RESEARCH, 25(2):186–192. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378802500207
26. Ghadge, A., Er Kara, M., Moradlou, H., & Goswami, M. (2020). The impact of industry 4.0 implementation on supply chains. JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT, 31(4):669–686. 10.1108/JMTM-10-2019-0368
27. Golgeci, I. & Kuivalainen, O. (2020). Does social capital matter for supply chain re-¨ silience? the role of absorptive capacity and marketing-supply chain management alignment. INDUSTRIAL MARKETING MANAGEMENT, 84:63–74. 10.1016/j.indmarman.2019.05.006
28. Gorsuch, R. L. (2014). Factor analysis: Classic edition. ROUTLEDGE.
29. Greiner, C., Greven, D., & Klagge, B. (2021). Roads to change: Livelihoods, land disputes, and anticipation of future developments in rural kenya. THE EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH, 33:1044–1068. 10.1057/s41287-021-00396-y
30. Hair, A. & Anderson, R. (1992). Tatham, & black.(1998). Multivariate Data Analysis (5th Edition). Prentice Hall. ISBN: 0138948585
31. Han, G., Wu, P., Huang, Y., & Yang, Z. (2014). Tourism development and the disempowerment of host residents: Types and formative mechanisms. TOURISM GEOGRAPHIES, 16(5):717–740. 10.1080/14616688.2014.957718
32. Henson, R. K. & Roberts, J. K. (2006). Use of exploratory factor analysis in published research: Common errors and some comment on improved practice. EDUCATIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL MEASUREMENT, 66(3):393–416. 10.1177/0013164405282485
33. Hess, R. E. (2014). Studies in empowerment: Steps toward understanding and action. ROUTLEDGE. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315804385
34. Hidayat, A., Rahmanita, M., & Hermantoro, H. (2017). Community empowerment in plempoh cultural tourism village. TRJ TOURISM RESEARCH JOURNAL, 1(1):98–116. 10.30647/trj.v1i1.11
35. Hinkin, T. R. (2005). Scale development principles & practices. RESEARCH IN ORGANIZATIONS: FOUNDATIONS AND METHODS OF INQUIRY, 1:161–179. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
36. Hontuș, A. C. (2014). Analysis of tourism demand and supply–one of the essential elements of an area in tourism planning. SCIENTIFIC PAPERS SERIES MANAGEMENT, ECONOMIC ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT, 14(1):147–152. https://managementjournal.usamv.ro/pdf/vol4_1/Art23.pdf
37. Hu, L.-t. & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL, 6(1):1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
38. Jacobs, G. & Slaus, I. (2010). Indicators of economic progress: the power of measurement and human welfare. CADMUS JOURNAL, 1:53–113.http://www.cadmusjournal.org/files/pdfreprints/vol1issue1/Indicators%20of%20Economics%20Progress-The%20Power%20of%20Measurement%20and%20Human%20Welfare,%20Jacobs,%20Garry%20et%20al.pdf
39. Jeong, E., Ryu, I., & Brown, A. (2018). Moderating effect of sense of community on the relationship between psychological empowerment and tourism policy participation of local residents. GLOBAL BUSINESS & FINANCE REVIEW (GBFR), 23(1):36–46. 10.17549/gbfr.2018.23.1.36
40. Jeong, E., Shim, C., Brown, A. D., & Lee, S. (2021). Development of a scale to measure intrapersonal psychological empowerment to participate in local tourism development: Applying the sociopolitical control scale construct to tourism (spcs-t). SUSTAINABILITY, 13(7):4057. 10.3390/su13074057
41. Joo, D., Woosnam, K. M., Strzelecka, M., & Boley, B. B. (2020). Knowledge, empowerment, and action: Testing the empowerment theory in a tourism context. JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM, 28(1):69–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1675673
42. Josa, I. & Aguado, A. (2019). Infrastructures and society: from a literature review to a conceptual framework. JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION, 238:117741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117741
43. Junaid, I., Mufadhdhal Ilham, M. D., Riani, R. L., Fiarta, A. F., & Rizkiyah, P. (2023). The management of rural tourism in barru regency from a supply and demand perspective. MASYARAKAT, KEBUDAYAAN & POLITIK, 36(1):101–112. 10.20473/mkp.V36I12023.101-112
44. Kasturi, L. (1997). Speaking out: Women’s economic empowerment in south asia. ASIAN JOURNAL OF WOMEN’S STUDIES, 3(4):131. 10.5281/zenodo.10984167
45. Kim, D. & Kim, S. (2017). The role of mobile technology in tourism: Patents, articles, news, and mobile tour app reviews. SUSTAINABILITY, 9(11):2082. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9112082
46. Kirk, D. (2005). Book review: Empowerment for sustainable tourism development. JOURNAL OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM RESEARCH, 29(3):419–421. 10.1016/j.annals.2005.01.001
47. Kline, R. (2013). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. In APPLIED QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS IN EDUCATION AND THE SOCIAL SCIENCES, pages 171–207. Routledge.
48. Kundu, S. (2012). Economic empowerment through rural tourism: the case of Tarapith – a religious tourism destination in Birbhum District of West Bengal, India. GEOGRAFIA: MALAYSIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIETY AND SPACE, 8:65–74. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:126712928
49. Lago, N. (2017). Tourism demand and agriculture supply: Basis for agritourism development in quezon province. ASIA PACIFIC JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH, 5(3):1–9. http://oaji.net/articles/2017/1543-1536128729.pdf
50. Laverack, G. (2006). Improving health outcomes through community empowerment: a review of the literature. JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION AND NUTRITION, pages 113–120. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23499274 Lennie, J. (2002). Rural women’s empowerment in a communication technology project: some contradictory effects. RURAL SOCIETY, 12(3):224–245. 10.5172/rsj.12.3.224
51. Loevinger, J. (1957). Objective tests as instruments of psychological theory. PSYCHOLOGICAL REPORTS, 3(3):635–694. https://doi.org/10.2466/PR0.3.7.635-694
52. Ma, L. (2023). Research on the application of artificial intelligence in computer networks. In Sixth International Conference on Computer Information Science and Application Technology (CISAT 2023), volume 12800, pages 109–113. SPIE.
53. Mandulangi, J. (2021). Maximizing of local community empowerment based on social capital coordination action in tourism development. In International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Social Science (ICAST-SS 2020), pages 1–5. Atlantis Press.
54. Mantri, P. R., Tiwari, B., & Chhajer, C. P. (2020). Covid 19: An Invisible Destroyer of the Economy Paving way to Atmanirbhar Bharat. SHANLAX INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT, 8(2):54–71. https://doi.org/10.34293/management.v8i2.3310
55. McCroskey, J. C. & Young, T. J. (1979). The use and abuse of factor analysis in communication research. HUMAN COMMUNICATION RESEARCH, 5(4):375–382. DOI:10.1111/J.1468-2958.1979.TB00651.X
56. McMillan, B. F. (1999). A structural equation modeling approach to understanding psychological empowerment in community prevention coalitions. Phd dissertation, University of Rhode Island. Open Access Dissertations, Paper 922.
57. Meisuri, M., Nuswantoro, P., Mardikawati, B., & Judijanto, L. (2023). Technology revolution in learning: Building the future of education. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE UTILIZING TECHNOLOGY, 1(4):214–226. 10.55849/jssut.v1i4.660
58. Movono, A. & Dahles, H. (2017). Female empowerment and tourism: A focus on businesses in a fijian village. ASIA PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TOURISM RESEARCH, 22(6):681–692. 10.1080/10941665.2017.1308397
59. Nandi, S., Sarkis, J., Hervani, A. A., & Helms, M. M. (2021). Redesigning supply chains using blockchain-enabled circular economy and covid-19 experiences. SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION, 27:10–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2020.10.019
60. NDTV.com (2024). “Our Atmanirbharta Should Not Be...”: Amitabh Bachchan On Maldives Row. https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/amitabh-bachchan-joins-celebs-pitch-for-lakshadweep-amid-maldives-row-4821582
61. Neuts, B., Kimps, S., & van der Borg, J. (2021). Resident support for tourism development: application of a simplified resident empowerment through tourism scale on developing destinations in flanders. SUSTAINABILITY, 13(12):6934. 10.3390/su13126934
62. Onuigbo, I. (2008). Modern surveying techniques in national infrastructural development: Case study of roads. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, 6(1):13–13. 10.4314/jorind.v6i1.42406
63. Oswald, M., Li, Q., McNeil, S., & Trimbath, S. (2011). Measuring infrastructure performance: development of a national infrastructure index. PUBLIC WORKS MANAGEMENT & POLICY, 16(4):373–394. 10.1177/1087724X11410071
64. Pascu, E. (2012). Tourism infrastructure–a factor which influences the quality of tourism services. REVISTA ROMANˆ A DE STATISTIC˘ A–SUPLIMENT TRIM IV˘ , page 265.
65. Pereznieto, P. & Taylor, G. (2014). A review of approaches and methods to measure economic empowerment of women and girls. GENDER & DEVELOPMENT, 22(2):233–251. 10.1080/13552074.2014.920976
66. Peterman, W. (2000). Neighborhood planning and community-based development: The potential and limits of grassroots action. SAGE. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452232508
67. Pett, M. A., Lackey, N. R., & Sullivan, J. J. (2003). Making sense of factor analysis: The use of factor analysis for instrument development in health care research. SAGE. Google-Books-ID: 9kB5jE2IjS4C. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412984898
68. Pires, G. D., Stanton, J., & Rita, P. (2006). The internet, consumer empowerment and marketing strategies. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MARKETING, 40(9/10):936–949. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090560610680943
69. Preacher, K. J. & MacCallum, R. C. (2003). Repairing tom swift’s electric factor analysis machine. UNDERSTANDING STATISTICS, 2(1):13–43. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328031US0201_02
70. Pulicherla, K., Adapa, V., Ghosh, M., & Ingle, P. (2022). Current efforts on sustainable green growth in the manufacturing sector to complement “make in india” for making “self-reliant india”. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH, 206:112263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.112263
71. Rachmawati, E., Fountain, J., & Mackay, M. (2021a). Factors influencing economic empowerment in tourism development. ECONOMICS AND FINANCE IN INDONESIA, 67(2):5. 10.47291/efi.v67i2.917
72. Rachmawati, E., Hidayati, S., & Rahayuningsih, T. (2021b). Community involvement and social empowerment in tourism development. MEDIA KONSERVASI, 26(3):193–201. 10.29244/medkon.26.3.193-201
73. Rachmawati, E., Hidayati, S., & Rahayuningsih, T. (2022). Community Economic Empowerment in Tourism Development in The Kepulauan Seribu National Park. SYIAH KUALA UNIVERSITY PRESS. 10.1088/1755-1315/1506/1/012029
74. Rahajeng, A. & Suprapto, G. P. (2019). The role of local potential-based entrepreneurship through community empowerment in tourism village development: Case study: Ponggok village, polanharjo subdistrict, klaten regency, indonesia. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Entrepreneurship and Business Management, pages 227–232. DOI:10.5220/0008491002270232
75. Rahayu, A. T. (2018). Gambaran keberdayaan perempuan di desa wisata pentingsari berdasarkan resident empowerment through tourism scale (rets). GADJAH MADA JOURNAL OF TOURISM, 1(1):1–11. 10.22146/gamajts.v1i1.36313
76. Rahman, M. S., Haque, M. E., Afrad, M. S. I., Hasan, S. S., & Rahman, M. A. (2023). Impact of mobile phone usage on empowerment of rural women entrepreneurs: Evidence from rural bangladesh. HELIYON, 9(11). 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21604 Ramos, A. M. & Prideaux, B. (2014). Indigenous ecotourism in the mayan rainforest of palenque: empowerment issues in sustainable development. JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM, 22(3):461–479. 10.1080/09669582.2013.828730
77. Ranasinghe, R. & Pradeepamali, J. (2019). Community empowerment and their support for tourism development: An inquiry based on resident empowerment through tourism scale. Available at SSRN 3506608. 10.29036/jots.v10i19.96
78. Reise, S. P., Waller, N. G., & Comrey, A. L. (2000). Factor analysis and scale revision. PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT, 12(3):287. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.12.3.287
79. Rouquette, A. & Falissard, B. (2011). Sample size requirements for the internal validation of psychiatric scales. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF METHODS IN PSYCHIATRIC RESEARCH, 20(4):235–249. Place: United States. 10.1002/mpr.352
80. Sapkota, R. (2020). Community-Based Homestay Tourism as a Tool for Community Empowerment: A Case Study of Two Community-Managed Homestay Destinations in Nepal. Liverpool John Moores University (United Kingdom). https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/14110
81. Sarr, B., Sene-Harper, A., & Gonzalez-Hernandez, M. M. (2021). Tourism, social repre-` sentations and empowerment of rural communities at langue de barbarie national park, senegal. JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM, 29(8):1383–1402. 10.1080/09669582.2020.1855437
82. Saxena, G., Clark, G., Oliver, T., & Ilbery, B. (2007). Conceptualizing integrated rural tourism. TOURISM GEOGRAPHIES, 9(4):347–370. 10.1080/14616680701647527
83. Senadjki, A., Ogbeibu, S., Mohd, S., Hui Nee, A. Y., & Awal, I. M. (2023). Harnessing artificial intelligence for business competitiveness in achieving sustainable development goals. JOURNAL OF ASIA-PACIFIC BUSINESS, 24(3):149–169. 10.1080/10599231.2023.2220603
84. Sharma, M. & Joshi, S. (2019). Optimal media mix for iec campaigns using fuzzy linguistic genetic algorithm: a study of swachh bharat abhiyan (clean india mission). JOURNAL OF OPERATIONS AND STRATEGIC PLANNING, 2(1):1–21. 10.1177/2516600X19857357
85. Spreitzer, G. M. (1995). Psychological empowerment in the workplace: Dimensions, measurement, and validation. ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT JOURNAL, 38(5):1442–1465. https://doi.org/10.2307/256865 Srivastava, H. K., Mujoo, R., Singh, S. K., & Singh, V. L. (2023). Social and economic infrastructure and socio-economic development: an empirical analysis. ACCESS JOURNAL, 4(3):335–351. https://doi.org/10.46656/access.2023.4.3(1)
86. Stewart, G. (1997). Supply-chain operations reference model (scor): the first crossindustry framework for integrated supply-chain management. LOGISTICS INFORMATION MANAGEMENT, 10(2):62–67. https://doi.org/10.1108/09576059710815716
87. Stojanovic, B., Vu´ ciˇ c, V., & Kosti´ c, Z. (2019).´ Competitiveness of infrastructure in tourism in the southeast europe. KNOWLEDGE-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, 35(1):181–187.
88. Stoltenberg Bruursema, C. (2015). Asset-based community development: A path toward authentic community development practice. SPNHA REVIEW, 11(1):7. https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/spnhareview/vol11/iss1/7
89. Stone, M. T. (2015). Community empowerment through community-based tourism: The case of chobe enclave conservation trust in botswana. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR CONSERVATION, DEVELOPMENT AND TOURISM IN EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA: A DYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE, pages 81–100. 10.1007/978-94-017-9529-6_5
90. Strzelecka, M., Boley, B. B., & Strzelecka, C. (2017). Empowerment and resident support for tourism in rural central and eastern europe (cee): The case of pomerania, poland. JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM, 25(4):554–572. 10.1080/09669582.2016.1224891
91. Surya, B., Syafri, S., Sahban, H., & Sakti, H. H. (2020). Natural resource conservation based on community economic empowerment: Perspectives on watershed management and slum settlements in makassar city, south sulawesi, indonesia. LAND, 9(4):104. 10.3390/land9040104
92. Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., & Ullman, J. B. (2013). Using multivariate statistics, volume 6. pearson BOSTON, MA.
93. Tian, B., Stoffelen, A., & Vanclay, F. (2023). Ethnic tourism in china: Tourism-related (dis) empowerment of miao villages in hunan province. TOURISM GEOGRAPHIES, 25(23):552–571. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2021.1938657
94. Varma, L. & Balachandran, V. (2021). Atamnirbhar bharat abhiyan-towards promotion of entrepreneurship. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT, 23(9):16–20. 0.9790/487X-2309021620
95. Venkatesh, V., Kang, K., Wang, B., Zhong, R. Y., & Zhang, A. (2020). System architecture for blockchain based transparency of supply chain social sustainability. ROBOTICS AND COMPUTER-INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING, 63:101896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcim.2019.101896
96. Wang, M. & Wu, D. (2021). Ict-based assistive technology as the extension of human eyes: technological empowerment and social inclusion of visually impaired people in china. ASIAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION, 31(6):470–484. 10.1080/01292986.2021.1913619
97. Wardhani, A. A. & Susilowati, I. (2021). Four dimensions of women’s empowerment in tourism: Case study of indrayanti beach, yogyakarta, indonesia. JURNAL EKONOMI & STUDI PEMBANGUNAN, 22(2):170–184. 10.18196/jesp.v22i2.10745
98. Wieland, A. (2021). Dancing the supply chain: Toward transformative supply chain management. JOURNAL OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT, 57(1):58–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/jscm.12248
99. www.ETGovernment.com (2024). Centre partners Visa to skill 20000 youth for tourism industry - ET Government. https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/policy/centre-partners-visa-to-skill-20000-youth-for-tourism-industry/112939833
100. Xu, H., Zhang, C., & Lew, A. A. (2014). Tourism geography research in china: institutional perspectives on community tourism development. TOURISM GEOGRAPHIES, 16(5):711–716. 10.1080/14616688.2014.963663
101. Yang, J., Wang, J., Zhang, L., & Xiao, X. (2020). How to promote ethnic village residents’ behavior participating in tourism poverty alleviation: a tourism empowerment perspective. FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY, 11:2064. 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.0206
102. Yasa, I. (2020). Community empowerment in tourism development during the digital era in north badung. SOUTH EAST ASIA JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY BUSINESS, ECONOMICS AND LAW, 21(5):217–221. https://seajbel.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/SEAJBEL21_265.pdf
103. Yates, J. (2006). How business enterprises use technology: Extending the demand-side turn. ENTERPRISE & SOCIETY, 7(3):422–455. doi:10.1093/es/khl004
104. Yildirim, S¸. S. & Esen, U. B. (2023). Social entrepreneurship activities in the tourism¨ sector: Bibliometric analysis and social network analysis. In RESEARCH ANTHOLOGY ON APPROACHES TO SOCIAL AND SUSTAINABLE ENTREPRENEURSHIP, pages 1253–1274. IGI Global. 10.4018/978-1-6684-7593-5.ch062
105. Zhong, L., Zhu, M., Sun, S., & Law, R. (2021). Research progress and development of technology in tourism research: a bibliometric analysis. JOURNAL OF SMART TOURISM, 1(2):3–12. https://doi.org/10.52255/smarttourism.2021.1.