Roma Dönemi Bithynia Kentlerinde Patronus Teriminin Kullanımı ve Patronaj Biçimleri

Öz

Günümüzde pek çok dilde kullanımı devam eden ve kökleri Roma kentinin kuruluşuna değin uzanan patronajın Roma’nın Akdeniz’deki genişlemesine paralel olarak Eskiçağ Yunan dünyasında da yaygın hale geldiği bilinmektedir. Roma’nın MÖ. II. yüzyıldaki Yunan şehir devletleri ve Hellenistik Krallıklarla olan ilişkisi patronusluğun da Roma tipi bir ekonomik ve politik himaye sistemi olarak Doğu Akdeniz’e taşınmasına imkân sağlamıştır. Adeta geç cumhuriyet döneminin bir modası olarak pek çok Yunan şehir devleti de Romalı önemli isimlerin himayesine girerek kendilerini avantajlı konuma getirmeye çalışmıştır. Bu süreçte, Roma’daki örneklere benzer şekilde kişiler arası özel patronaj ilişkileri de görülmeye başlanmış, Anadolu’daki pek çok kentte Romalı şahıslar da patronus olarak tanımlanmıştır. Bithynia bölgesi de Romalılarla patronaj ilişkilerinin sağlandığı ve patronus teriminin kullanıldığı bir diğer bölgedir. İlk olarak geç cumhuriyet döneminde proconsul Lucius f. Rufus için Bithynialıların da patronus terimini kullandığı, buna karşın diğer kentlerden farklı olarak sonraki dönemlerde eyalet valilerini de sıklıkla patronus olarak onurlandırdıkları görülmektedir. Bithynia, özellikle onurlandırma kaideleri ve adak yazıtlarıyla toplumsal yaşamdaki yerel elitlerin baskınlığını gösteriyor olsa da çeşitli yerleşim yerlerinde Romalı ailelerden bazılarının da patronus olarak ortaya çıktığı görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada Roma İmparatorluk dönemi Bithynia’sında politik bir araç ve ekonomik model olarak patronaj yapısının yaygınlığı, patronus teriminin kullanımı, şehir patronusları ve özel patronaj ilişkilerinin Bithynia kentlerindeki durumları ele alınmaktadır. Bithynia taşrasında patronus olarak onurlandırılan Romalı isimler ve kökenlerine dair tartışmalar da ilk kez bir bütün olarak bu çalışmada incelenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Himaye
• Patronus
• Roma İmparatorluğu
• Bithynia
• Ekonomi
• Toplum

The Use of the Term Patronus and Forms of Patronage in the Cities of Roman Bithynia

Öz

It is known that patronage, which is still used today in many languages and whose roots go back to the founding of the city of Rome, spread throughout the ancient Greek world in parallel with Rome’s expansion in the Mediterranean. Rome’s relations with the Greek poleis and Hellenistic kingdoms in the second century B.C. allowed patronage to spread to the eastern Mediterranean as a Roman-style system of economic and political patronage. As a trend of the late republican period, many Greek poleis also sought to gain an advantage by patronizing important Romans. In this process, private patronage relationships between individuals, similar to those in Rome, began to be observed, and Roman individuals were also identified as patronus in many cities in Asia Minor. It is seen that the Bithynians first used the term patronus for the proconsul Lucius f. Rufus in the late Republic, but unlike other cities, they often honored provincial governors as patronus in later periods. Although Bithynia shows the predominance of local elites in social life, especially through honorific and votive inscriptions, some Roman families also appear as patronus in various settlements. This paper examines the widespread structure of patronage as a political instrument and economic model in Roman Imperial Bithynia, the use of the term patronus, and the status of city patrons and local patrons in Bithynian cities. This paper also comprehensively examines the first time of the debates of the Roman individuals honoured as patronus in rural Bithynia and the debates about their origins.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Patronage
• Patronus
• Roman Empire
• Bithynia
• Economy
• Society

Kaynakça

1. Cass. Dio. Cassius Dio, Roman History, Volume VII: Books 56-60. çev. Earnest Cary-Herbert B. Foster, Harvard University Press, Cambridge 1924.
2. Cic. Fam. Cicero, Letters to Friends, Volume I: Letters 1-113. çev. David R. Shackleton Bailey, Harvard University Press, Cambridge 2001.
3. Cic. Verr. Cicero, The Verrine Orations I: Against Caecilius. Against Verres, Part I; Part II, Books 1-2, çev. Leonard H. G. Greenwood, Harvard University Press, Cambridge 1928.
4. Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. Dionysios of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiques: Books 1-2, çev. Earnest Cary, Harvard University Press, Cambridge 1937.
5. Gai. Inst. Gaius, Institutiones, Die Institutionen des Gaius. Texte zur Forschung; Bd. 81, çev. Ulrich Manthe, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 2004.
6. Plin. Ep. Plinius, Genç Plinius’un Anadolu Mektupları, çev. Çiğdem Dürüşken-Erendiz Özbayoğlu, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul 2001.
7. Plut. Rom. Plutarkhos, Lives, Volume I: Theseus and Romulus. Lycurgus and Numa. Solon and Publicola. çev. Bernadotte Perrin, Harvard University Press, Cambridge 1914.
8. Tac. Ann. Tacitus, Annals: Books 1-3. çev. Clifford H. Moore, John Jackson. Harvard University Press, Cambridge 1931.

9. Adak, Mustafa (2016), “Nemesis in der bithynischen Metropole Nikaia und ein Prokonsul der Provinz Asia”, Vir Doctus Anatolicus. Sencer Şahin Anısına Yazılar, Philia Supplement 1. ed. Burak Takmer – Ebru Nuriye Akdoğu Arca – Nuray Gökalp-Özdil, İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınları, s.1-32.
10. Adak, Mustafa (2020), “Civic Notables and Their Honorific Titles in Roman Pamphylia and Pisidia”, Philanthropy in Anatolia through the Ages. eds. O. Tekin, C. H. Roosevelt, E. Akyürek, İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2020, s.47-71.
11. Arnheim, Michael T. W. (1972), The Senatorial Aristocracy in the Later Roman Empire, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
12. Badian, Ernst (1981), Roman Imperialism in the Late Republic, New York: Cornell University Press. Bauer, Johannes B., Manfred Hutter (1999), Lexikon der christlichen Antike,: Stuttgart: Alfred Kröner Verlag, s.297-298.
13. Baz, Ferit (2013), “Considerations for the Administration of the Province Pontus et Bithynia during the Imperial Period”, Cedrus 1, 261-284.
14. Becker-Bertau, Friedrich, Die Inschriften von Klaudiu Polis. Inschriften griechischer Städte aus Kleinasien 31 (I. Klaudiupolis), Bonn: Rudolf Habelt Verlag, 1986.
15. Bloy, Dylan (2012), “Roman Patrons of Greek Communities before the Title Πάτρων.” Historia: Zeitschrift Für Alte Geschichte 61/ S. 2, s.168-201.
16. Braund, David (1989), “Function and dysfunction: personal patronage in Roman Imperialism”, Patronage in Ancient Society, ed. Andrew Wallece- Hadrill, New York: Routledge Press, s.137-152.
17. Bund, Elmar (1979), “Patronus”, Der Kleine Pauly, C. 4, ed. Konrat Ziegler- Walther Sontheimer, Münih: Deutschen Taschenbuch Verlag, s.559-560.
18. Chausson, François (1997), “Les Egnatii et l’aristocratie italienne des IIe - IVe siècles”. Journal des savants 2, s.211-331.
19. Corsten, Thomas (2007), “Prosopographische und onomastische Notizen III”, Gephyra 4, s.133-144.
20. Corsten, Thomas (1987), Die Inschriften von Apameia (Bithynien) und Pylai. Inschriften griechischer Städte aus Kleinasien 32 (I. Apameia), Bonn: Rudolf Habelt Verlag.
21. Cribiore, Rafaello (2013), Libanius the Sophist: Rhetoric, Reality, and Religion in the Fourth Century, Londra: Cornell University Press.
22. Dörner, Friederich Karl (1952), Bericht über eine Reise in Bithynien, Viyana: Röhrer.
23. Eich, Peter (2005), Zur Metamorphose des politischen Systems in der römischen Kaiserzeit: Die Entstehung einer „personalen Bürokratie” im langen dritten Jahrhundert, (Klio 9), Berlin: Akademia Verlag.
24. Eilers, Claude (2002), Roman Patrons of Greek Cities, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
25. Fernoux, Henri Louis (2004), Notables et élites des cités de Bithynie aux époques hellénistique et romaine (IIIe s. av.-IIIe s. ap. J.-C.). Essai d’histoire sociale, Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée Jean Pouilloux: Lyon.
26. Ferrary, Jean Louis (1997), “The Hellenistic World and Roman Political Patronage”, Hellenistic Constructs: Essays in Culture, History, and Historiography, ed. Paul Cartledge-Peter Garnsey- Erich S. Gruen, Londra: University of California Press, s.105-119.
27. Ganter, Angela (2015), Was die römische Welt zusammenhält: Patron-Klient-Verhältnisse zwischen Cicero und Cyprian, (Klio 26), Berlin: De Gruyter Press.
28. Garnsey, Peter (1993), Famine and Food Supply in the Graeco-Roman World, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
29. Garnsey, Peter – Greg Wolf (1989), “Patronage of the Rural Poor in the Roman World”, Patronage in Ancient Society, ed. Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, New York: Routledge Press, s.153-170.
30. Goldbeck, Fabian (2010), Salutationes: Die Morgenbegrüßungen in Rom in der Republik und der frühen Kaiserzeit, (Klio 16), Berlin: Akademie Verlag.
31. Gruen, Erich S. (1984), The Hellenistic World and the Coming of Rome, C. I, Londra: University of California Press.
32. Hemelrijk, Emily A. (2004a), “City Patronesses in the Roman Empire.” Historia: Zeitschrift Für Alte Geschichte 53/ S. 2, s.209–45.
33. Hemelrijk, Emily A. (2004b), “Patronage of Cities: the Role of Woman”, Roman Rule and Civic Life: Local and Regional Perspectives, ed. Luuk De Ligt vd, Amsterdam: Brill Press, 415-427
34. Inscriptiones graecae ad res romanas pertinentes, 4, fasc. 1-9, ed. Georges Lafaye, Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1908- 1927.
35. Inscriptiones Graecae, XIV. Inscriptiones Graecae Siciliae et Italiae, additis Galliae, Hispaniae, Britanniae, Germaniae inscriptionibus, ed. Georg Kaibel, Berlin: Georg Reimer, 1890.
36. Johnson, Terry – Christopher Dandeker (1989), “Patronage: relation and system”, Patronage in Ancient Society, ed. Andrew Wallece-Hadrill, New York: Routledge Press, s.219-238.
37. Lampe, Geofrey Hugo (1961), A Patristic Greek Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
38. Le Roy, Christian (1978), “Richesse et exploitation en Laconie au Ier siècle av. J.-C.” Ktèma: civilisations de l’Orient, de la Grèce et de Rome antiques 3, s.261-266.
39. Madsen, Jesper Majbom (2009), Eager to be Roman: Greek Response to Roman Rule in Pontus and Bithynia, Londra: Duckworth.
40. Marek, Christian (2003), Pontus et Bithynia. Die römischen Provinzen im Norden Kleinasiens, Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern Verlag.
41. Münzer, Friedrich (1942), “Pacilius”, Real-Encyclopädie d. klassischen Altertumswissenschaft, C. XVIII. 2, Stuttgart 1942, s.2081.
42. Nicols, John (1989), “Patrona Duitatis: Gender and Civic Patronage” Studies in Latin Literature and Roman History, Collection Latomus 5, s.117-142.
43. Nicols, John (1990), “Patrons of provinces in the early principate: The Case of Bithynia”. ZPE 80, s.101- 108.
44. Nicols, John (2014), Civic Patronage in the Roman Empire, Boston: Brill Press.
45. Nollé, Johannes (1999), “Marktrechte außerhalb der Stadt: Lokale Autonomie zwischen Staathalter und Zentralort”, Lokale Autonomie und römische Ordnungsmacht in den Kaiserzeitlichen Provinzen vom 1.bis 3.Jahrhundert, ed. W. Eck, Münih: Oldenburg Verlag, s.93-114.
46. Prosopographia Imperii Romani, Saec. I. II. III., Pars VII, Fasciculus 1 (PIR VII, 1), ed. Werner Eck vd., Berlin: Walter De Gruyter 2009.
47. Quass, Friedemann (1993), Die Honoratiorenschicht in den Städten des griechischen Ostens: Untersuchungen zur politischen und sozialen Entwicklung in hellenistischer und römischer Zeit, Stuttgart :Franz Steiner Verlag.
48. Raepsaet-Charlier, Marie Therese (1981), “Clarissima Femina”, RIDA 28, s.189-212.
49. Raepsaet-Charlier, Marie Therese (1987), Prosopographie des femmes de l’ordre sénatorial (Ier-IIe siècles), Louvain: Aedibus Peeters.
50. Remy, Bernard (1989), Les carrières sénatoriales dans les provinces romaines d’Anatolie au Haut-Empire (31 av. J.-C.- 284 ap. J.-C.) (Pont-Bithynie, Galatie, Cappadoce, Lycie-Pamphylie et Cilicie), (Varia Anatolica 2), İstanbul: Institut Français d’Études Anatoliennes-Georges Dumézil.
51. Rendina, Simone (2020), “The Cities of the Greek East after the First Mithridatic War. Aspects of Sulla’s Financial Policy”, Phasis 23, s.74-92.
52. Roller, Matthew B. (2001), Constructing Autocracy: Aristocrats and Emperors in Julian-Claudian Rome, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
53. Saller, Richard P. (1982), Personal Patronage under the Early Empire, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
54. Schuler, Christof (1998), Ländliche Siedlungen und Gemeinden im hellenistischen und römischen Kleinasien, Vestigia 50, Münih: C. H. Beck Verlag.
55. Settipani, Christian (2000), Continuité Gentilice et Continuité Sénatoriale dans les Familles Sénatoriales Romaines à l’époque Impériale, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
56. Sherk, Robert K. (1993), Rome and the Greek East to the Death of Augustus, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
57. Sirks, Adriaan Johan Boudewijn (1980), “A Favour to rich Freed Women (libertinae) in 51 A.D. On Sue. Cl. 19 and the Lex Papia”, RIDA 27, s.283-293.
58. Sommer, Stefan (2006), Rom und die Vereinigungen im südwestlichen Kleinasien (133 v. Chr. – 284 n. Chr.), Hennef: Buchverlag Marthe Clauss.
59. Şahin, Sencer, Katalog der antiken Inschriften des Museums von Iznik (Nikaia). Inschriften griechischer Städte aus Kleinasien 9, 10,1-2 (I. Nikaia), Bonn: Rudolf Habelt Verlag, 1979, 1981- 1982.
60. Takmer, Burak-Murat Arslan-Nihal Tüner Önen (2006), “New Inscriptions from the Kayseri Museum I”. Gephyra 3, s.169-181.
61. Tanner, Jeremy (2000), “Portraits, Power and Patronage in the Late Roman Republic”, JRS 90, s.18-50.
62. Tituli Asiae Minoris, IV. Tituli Bithyniae linguis Graeca et Latina conscripti, 1. Paeninsula Bithynica praeter Chalcedonem. Nicomedia et ager Nicomedensis cum septentrionali meridianoque litore sinus Astaceni et cum lacu Sumonensi, ed. Friedrich Karl Dörner, Viyana: Röhrer, 1978.
63. Touloumakos, Johannes (1988), “Zum römischen Gemeindepatronat im griechischen Osten”, Hermes 116/S.3, s.304-324.
64. Verboven, Koenraad (2002), The Economy of Friends. Economic Aspects of Amicitia and Patronage in the Late Republic, Brüksel: Éditions Latomus.
65. Wallace-Hadrill, Andrew (1989), “Patronage in Roman Society: from Republic to Empire”, Patronage in Ancient Society, ed. Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, New York: Routledge Press, s.63-88.