CHARACTERIZATION OF MEDIEVAL GLASS FROM CIZRE CASTLE EXCAVATION BY SEM-EDS AND P-EDXRF ANALYSES
Öz
The ancient glass artifacts uncovered in Cizre Castle excavations between 2013- 2017 in Şırnak province were analysed archaeometrically, ensuring all samples were recorded and catalogued appropriately. The production techniques of the samples were determined in terms of sample pore shapes via scan electron microscope analysis (SEM). The elemental and mineralogical structure of the glass samples were analysed via portable energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (P-EDXRF) and Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with X-Ray Energy Dispersive (SEM-EDS). Complementary analysis showed that seven pieces of glasses are soda/lime glass and other seven are potash – lime glass. Also, the high SiO2 content of the samples not only illustrated the high mechanical strength and durability, but also proved that they have high melting temperatures. The low rate of K and/or Mg showed that plant ash was not present in the glass samples and the different rates of Al content in the samples addressed the different sources of the raw materials. The absence or low values of Zr and Sr in the material analysis emphasized that materials obtained for production of glass were terrestrial. Finally, detection of Fe, Mn, Co and Cu elements were discovered to be used as colorants for the glasses.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- AKYOL, A.A. / KADIOĞLU Y.K. 2015. “Tekfur Sarayı Cam Buluntuları Arkeometrik Çalışmaları”, TÜBA-KED 13,31-35.
- AKYOL, A.A. / KADIOĞLU, Y.K. / CANAV Ö. Ü. / KAYNAK, S. 2014. İstanbul Koca Ragıb Paşa Kütüphanesi Camları Arkeometrik Analizler, International Periodical For the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish, Cilt 9/10, 6-10.
- AKYOL, A. A. / CANAV, Ö.Ü. / KADIOĞLU Y. K. / DEMİRCİ, Ş. 2011. “İstanbul Yeni Cami Hünkar Kasrı Camları Üzerinde Arkeometrik Çalışmalar”, II. ODTÜ Arkeometri Çalıştayı, Ankara,161-174.
- AYDIN, M. / AKYOL, A. A. / ERTEN, E. / TORGAN E. 2015. “Olba Kazısı Camları Arkeometrik Çalışmaları”, Seleucia ad Calycadnum, V, 207-220.
- BAKIRER, Ö. 1985. “Cam Buluntuların Değerlendirilmesinde Arkeometrik Araştırmaların Önemi”, VII. Kazı Sonuçları, I. Arkeometri Toplantısı Bildiriler Kitabı, Ankara, 61-67.
- CAVALLO, G. / CARDAS VERGANI, R. / GIANOLA, L. / MEREGALLI, A. 2011. “Century Ad Painted Fragments from the San Giovanni Battista Church in Cevio (Switzerland)”, Archaeometry, Volume 54, Issue 2, 294-310.
- FIEMA, Z.T. / HOLMGREN, R. 2002. “The Byzantine Monastic/Pilgrimage Center of St. Aaron near Petra”. in J. Frösén and Z.T. Fiema (eds.) Petra. A City Forgotten and Rediscovered. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press. 99-110.
- FREESTONE I. C. 2015. “The Recycling and Reuse of Roman Glass: Analytical Approaches”, Journal of Glass Studies Volume 57, 29-40.
- FREESTONE, I. C. / LESLİE, K. A. / THIRLWALL, M./ GORIN-ROSEN, 2003. “Strontium Isotopes in the Investigation of Early Glass Production: Byzantine and Early Islamic Glass from the Near East”, Archaeometry, Vol. 45/1, 19-32.
- KOZBE, G. / GÖK S., 2018. “Cizre Kalesi Orta Çağ Barbutin ve Kalıba Baskı Bezemeli Sırsız Seramikleri”, (Ed. Filiz Yenisehirlioğlu) XI. AIECM3 Uluslararası Orta Çağ ve Modern Akdeniz Dünyası Seramik Kongresi Bildirileri, Cilt 1-2, Vekam Yayınları, Ankara, 309-318. KURSULA, P. K. 2000. “Accuracy, precision and detection limits of SEM–WDS, SEM–EDS and PIXE in the multielemental analysis of medieval glass”, X Ray Spectrometry, 29/1,111-118.