YENİ ARKEOLOJİK ÇALIŞMALARIN IŞIĞINDA AVRASYALI GÖÇEBE/SAVAŞÇI TOPLUMLARIN HAYATINDA EVCİL HAYVANLARIN ROLÜ

Yıl 2018, Sayı: 22, 19 - 33, 01.01.2018

Farshid Farshid Iravani Ghadim

Öz

MÖ 4. binyılda kuzey Hazar denizi çevresinde ki düzlüklerde yerleşmiş olan göçebe hayvan yetiştiricisi insan grupları anlaşıldığı kadarı ile MÖ 2. bin yıldaki yaşanan çevresel felaketlerden kaçmak ve daha iyi otlaklar bulmak amacı ile uzun mesafeli göçler yapmak zorunda kalmışlardır. Bu göçlerin tarihi açıdan olağanüstü niteliktedirler vardır ve bir kaç yeniliği barındırırlar. Pastorik göçebeliğin genişlemesi ile, hayvan-insan etkileşiminde belli bazı değişiklikler olmaya başlamış ve hayvancılığın da gelişmesi ile ilgili kültürlerde ekonomik, sosyal ve klas sistemlerinin temelleri atımış dolayısı ile yeni sanat tarzları gözlenmeye başlamıştır. Hayatlarının göçebe karakteri göz önüne alındığında, Avrasyalı göçebe/savaşçı grupların kültürleri ile hala bazı cevaplanmamış sorular vardır. Bu çalışma, vak’a incelemelerine dayanarak, çevre şartlarının, faunanın ve hayvanların bu kültürlerin geçim sistemleri ve sanat başta olmak üzere sosyal düzen ve klas yapısı üzerinde ki etkilerini incelemeye çalışacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Avrasya Göçebe Savaşçı Grupları , Çevresel Krizler , Pastoral Geçim , Çevre , Hayvan Çeşitliliği

THE ROLE OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS IN THE LIFE OF EURASIAN NOMADIC WARRIOR GROUPS IN LIGHT OF RECENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE

Öz

A mobile group of stockbreeders who in the 4th millennium BC inhabited the steppes of northern Caspian Sea was apparently forced to undertake far-distance migrations in search of better pastures by the environmental crises of the 2nd millennium BC. These migrations had tremendously significant historical implications and brought about several innovations. With the expansion of nomadic pastoralism, new form of human-animal interaction in virtue of particular physical and behavioral characteristics and capabilities of livestock was developed and began to lay the basis for economic, social and class systems as well as art style of the respective communities. Given the nomadic character of their life, there still remain several questions about the culture of the Eurasian nomadic warrior groups, and the present work, building on case studies, attempts to examine the impacts of the environment and fauna diversity on and the role of animals in the subsistence system and the art as well as the social systems and classes of these groups

Anahtar Kelimeler

Eurasian Nomadic Warrior Groups , Environmental Crises , Pastoral Subsistence , Environment

Kaynakça

• AKISHEV, K. A., 2001. “Issyk script and runic writing”, Ancient Türkic civilization: monuments of writing. Almaty: 389-395.
• ALINEI, M., 2003. “Interdisciplinary and Linguistic Evidence for Palaeolithic Continuity of Indo-European, Uralic and Altaic Populations in Eurasia, with An Excursus on Slavic Ethnogenesis”, Expanded version of a paper read at the Conference Ancient Settlers in Europe, Kobarid, 29-30 May. Forthcoming in “Quaderni di Semantica” 26: 12-17.
• AMANJOLOV, A., 2003. “Mektep.” History and Theory of Ancient Turkic Script, (Eds. Almaty, Areshian, G / K. I. Kafadarian / A, Simonian / G, Tiratsian / A. Kalantarian / E Kuzmina., 1977). “Archeologičeskije Issledovanija v Aschtarakskom i Nairiskom Raionach Armjanskoi SSR”. Vestnik Obščesvennikcha uk 4: 77-93.
• ARESHİAN, G/K, KAFADARİAN/ A, SİMONİAN/ G, TİRATSİAN/A, KALANTARİAN, 1977. “ArkheologicheskieIssledovaniya v Ashtarakskom i Nairiskom Raionakh Armyanskoi SSR’’. Vestnik Obshchesvennikh Nauk 4: 77–93
• ARTAMONOV, M.I., 1966. Sokrovishcha Skifskikh Kurganov v Sobranii Gosudarstvennogo Érmitazha Praha. Leningrad.
• ARTAMONOV, M.I., 1969. The Splendor of Scythian Art: New York.
• ARTAMONOV, M.I., 1972. Istoriia khazar, Gosudarstvennyĭ Ermitazh (Russia); Sankt-Peterburgskiĭ gosudarstvennyĭ universitet. Filologicheskiĭ fakulʹtet.
• ASKO, P., 2012. “The Problem of Samoyed Origins in the Light of Archaeology: On the Formation and Dispersal of East Uralic (Proto-Ugro-Samoyed)”, Per urales ad Orientem: iter polyphonicum multilingue: festskrift tillägnad Juha Janhunen på hans sextioårsdag den 12 februari 2012/ ed. by T.Hyytiäinen et al.Helsinki:Suomalais-ugrilainen Seura, 2012.-xxvii, 542 p.: ill. (Suomalais-ugrilaisen Seuran toimituksia Mémoires de la Société finnoougrienne; 264)
• BALAKINA, G. G./VASILIEV, V. G./KARPOVA, E. V./ MAMATYUK, V/MOLECULAR, H., 2006. “Spectroscopic Investigations of the Red Dye Obtained from an Ancient Pazyryk Textile”, Dyes Pigments 71: 54-60.
• BASHILOV, V. A./ YABLONSKY, L. T., 2000. “Some Current Problems Concerning the History of Early Iron Age Eurasian Steppe Nomadic Societies”, Kurgans, Ritual Sites, and Settlements Eurasian Bronze and Iron Age. Part I. Eurasian Archaeological Theory, Bar international series 890. Oxford: 9-12.
• BENDREY, R., 2011. “Some Like It Hot: Environmental Determinism and The Pastoraleconomies Of the Later Prehistoric Eurasian Steppe”, Pastoralism Journal. Research, Policy and Practice, 1/8.
• BLEYl, K. J., 2000. “Sintashta Burials and Their Western European Counterparts”, Kurgans, Ritual Sites, and Settlements Eurasian Bronze and Iron Age. Part III. Interpretations of Eurasian Archaeology. The Bronze Age. The Eurasian Steppes. BAR International Series 890. Oxford: 126-134.
• BÖHMER, H./ THOMPSON, J., 1991. “The Pazyryk Carpet: A Technical Discussion”, SOURCE: Notes in the History of Art (Ars Brevis Foundation) 10/4: 30–36. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
• BÖKÖNYİ, S., 1974. History of Domestic Mammals in Centeral And Eastern Europe. Translated by LiLi Halapy, Akademiai Kiado, Budapest.
• BOKOVENKO, N. I., 1996. “Asian Influence on European Scythia”, Ancient Civilisataion from Scythia to Siberia, 3/1: 97-119
• BOKOVENKO, N. A., 2000. “The Origins of Horse Riding and the Development of Ancient Central Asian Nomadic Riding Harnesses”, Kurgans, Ritual Sites, and Settlements: Eurasian Bronze and Iron Age. Part IV. The Iron Age. Bar International Series 890: 304-310.
• BOKOVENKO, N. A., 2005. “Migration of Early Nomads of the Eurasian Steppe in A Context of Climatic Changes”, Impact of the Environment on Human Migration in Eurasia, Series IV: Earth and Environmental Sciences – Vol. 42, Chapter 3, Edited by Marian Scott and AndreyYu Alekseev and Ganna Zaitseva, Kluwer Academic Publishers New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow: 21-33.
• BOURGEOIS, I./BOURGEOIS, J./CAMMAERT, L./ DECLEIR, H./LANGOHR, R. / MIKKELSEN, J. / HUELE, W Van., 1999. “Multidisciplinary Archaeological Research in the Sebÿstei Valley 1996-1997 (Kosh-Agash Region, Altai Republic)”, Eurasia Antiqua 5: 295-389
• BRENTJES, B., 2000. “Hirsche und Andere Tiere in den Grabritualen der Armenischen Bronzezeit”, Iran and the Caucasus 3/4: 321-324
• BOUROVA, N., 2005. “Horse Remains from the Arzhan-1 And Arzhan-2 Scythian Monuments”, Impact of the Environment on Human Migration in Eurasia, Series IV: Earth and Environmental Sciences Vol. 42. Chapter 4. (Eds. M. Scott/A. Yu Alekseev/G. Zaitseva). Kluwer Academic Publishers New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow: 323-332.
• ČUGUNOV, K./ PARZINGER, H./ NAGLER, A., 2003. “Der skythische Fürstengrabhügel von Aržan 2 in Tuva”. Vorbericht der russisch-deutschen Ausgrabungen 2000- 2002. Eurasia Antiqua 9: 113–162.
• CHOCHOROWSKI, J., 2000. “Problems of the Chronology of the Great Ryzhanovka Kurgan”, Geochronometria 19: 41-46
• CHERNETSOV, THUS. V N., 1973. Argues for an Ugric substrate among the Andronovo tribes and a specific Indo-Iranian identity for the Alakul tribe. Stokolos
• CHILDE, V.G., 1926. The Aryans: A study of Indo-European origins. New York: Alfred A. Knopf
• ÇILINGIROĞLU. A., 1994. Urartu Tarihi. Bornova
• DALLEY, S., 1991. “Ancient Assyrian Textiles and the Origins of Carpet Design”, Iran XXIX: 117-135.
• DAVID, W.A., 2007. The Horse, the Wheel and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes, Shaped the Modern World.
• DEVEDZHIAN, S, G., 1981. Lori-Berd I. Izdatel’stvo AN Armyanskoj SSR. Yerevan
• DEICHGRABER, K/ HEHN, V., 1969. “Neue Deutsche Biographie” (NDB). Band 8, Duncker & Humblot. Berlin: 236–238
• DIAKONOF. I. M, 1985, “Media,” The Cambridge History of Iran 2. The Median and Achaemenian Periods (Ed. I. Gershevitch). London: 36-148.
• DYBO, A., 2013. “Language and Archaeology: Some Methodological Problems. 1. Indo-European and Altaic landscapes”, Russian State University for the Humanities (Moscow). NO 5(106)
• ESAIAN, S.A., 1976. “Drevnyaya Kultura Plemen Severo-Vostochnoi Armenii”: III–I tys. Done. Yerevan: Akademiya nauk Armianskoe. Yerevan.
• GALANINA, L.K., 1980. Kurdzipskij kurgan. Leningrad
• GIMBUTAS, M., 1956. “The Prehistory of Eastern Europe. Part I: Mesolithic, Neolithic and Copper Age Cultures in Russia and the Baltic Area”. American School of Prehistoric Research, Harvard University Bulletin No. 20. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum.
• GOGADZE, E., 1972. Trialetis Qorghanuli Kulturis Periodizatsia da Genezisi [Periodization and Genesis of Ttrialeti Barrow Culture. Tbilisi (in Georgian)
• GRAKOV, B., 1971. Scythians. Moscow.
• HAKELBERG, D/WAHLE, E., 2001. “Deutsche Vorgeschichte als Geschichtswissenschaft. Der Heidelberger Prähistoriker” Ernst Wahle im Kontext seiner Zeit, in: Heiko Steuer (Hrsg.), Eine hervorragend nationale Wissenschaft. Deutsche Prähistoriker zwischen 1900 und 1995 (Berlin/New York 2001) 199-310 (Ergänzungsbände zum Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, 29).
• HERODOTUS., 1998. “The Histories”, translation by Robin Waterfield, with notes by Carolyn Deward, p. 613, notes on 1: 201-16.
• HERRMANN, A., 1993. “Die Saken und der Skythenzug des Dareios”, Beihefts zur Archiv für Orientforschung I: 157- 170.
• IRAVANI GHADIM, F., 2011. “Jafar Abad VIII. Kurgan Kazıları, Kuzeybatı İran”, Karadeniz’den Fırat’a Bilgi Üretimi. Önder Bilgi’ye Armağan Yazıları (Eds. A. Öztan/Ş. Dönmez). İstanbul: 191-216.
• IRAVANI GHADIM, F., 2013. “Excavations in Jafar Abad: Preliminary Report of Kurgan No V” Güneş Karadeniz’den Doğar. Sümer Atasoy Armağanı/Lux ex Ponto Euxino. Studies Presented in Honour of Sumer Atasoy (Ed. Ş. Dönmez). Ankara: 215-234.
• IRAVANI GHADIM, F., 2014. “Jafar Abad Kurgan No IV”, Scrpta:Essays in Honour of Veli Sevin A Life Immersed in Archaeology (Ed. A. Özfırat). İstanbul: 87-106.
• IRAVANI GHADIM, FARSHID, 2015. “Jafar Abad Kurgans Excavations (2010 Season)”, International Symposium on East Anatolia-South Caucasud Cultures. Erzrum: 89-111
• KARLOVSKY, L., 2002. “Archaeology and Language: The Indo-Iranians”, Current Anthropology 43/1: 63-88
• KENT HANKS, B., 2003. Human-Animal Relationship in the Eurasian Steppe Iron Age: An Exploration in to Social, Economic and Ideological Change. Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Archaeology and Anthropology for the Degree of Ph.D, Department of Archaeology, Cambridge, England.
• KEREFOV, B.M., 1986. Novie pogrebal’nye kompleksy skifskovo vremeni v Kabardino-Balkapii II Novie materialy po arkheologii TsentraVnovo Kavkasa v drevnosti i srednevekov’ye (“New Funeral Complexes of the Scythian Time in the Karbardino Balkaria ,” New Materials Concerning Archaeology of the Central Caucasus in Antiguity and Middle Ages Ordzhonikidze
• KHANAZOV, A. M., 1982 “The Dawn of Scythian History”, Iranica Antiqua XVII: 49-63
• KOZSHIN, P., 1970. “O psaliach is afanasievskih mogil”, Sovetskaya Archeologiya 4: 189–93
• KUSHNAREVA, K., 1997. The Southern Caucasus in Prehistory. Philadelphia.
• KUZMINA, E., 2000. “The Transition from Early Urbanism to Nomadism”, Kurgans, Ritual Sites, and Settlements Eurasian Bronze and Iron Age, Part III. Interpretations of Eurasian Archaeology The Bronze Age The Eurasian Steppes. Bar International Series 890: 118-125.
• KUZMINA, E., 2005. “Domestication and Early History of the Horse”, The Domestic Horse: The Origins, Development, and Management of its Behaviour (Eds. D.S. Mills/S.M. McDonnell). Cambridge: 5-22.
• KUZMINA, E., 2007. “The Origin of the Indo-Iranians”, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, Vol.3. Boston.
• LEVINE, M. A./BAILEY, G. N./WHITWELL, K. E./ JEFFCOTT, L. B., 2000. “Palaeopathology and Horse Domestication”. Human Ecodynamics and Environmental Archaeology (Eds. G. Bailey/R. Charles/N. Winder). Oxford: 123–133.
• LEVINE, M. A., 2005. “Domestication and Early History of the Horse”, The Domestic Horse: The Origins, Development, and Management of its Behaviour (Eds. D.S. Mills/S.M. McDonnel). Cambridge: 5-22
• LUCKENBILL, D.D., 1968. Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia, I- II. New York.
• LYMER, K., 2000 “Petroglyphs and Sacred Spaces at Terekty Aulie, Central Kazakstan”, Kurgans, Ritual Sites, and Settlements: Eurasian Bronze and Iron Age, Part IV. The Iron Age, Bar International Series 890. Oxford: 311-321.
• MACGUEEN, J. G., 1996. The Hittites and Their Contemporaries in Asia Minor. London.
• MASSON, V.M., / MEREPERT, N. IA., 1982. Eneolit SSSR. (Arkheologiia SSSR) 359pp. 99 plates, maps. Lrg. 4to.Buckram. D.j. Moskva (Izdatel’stvo “Nauka”).
• MINYAEV, S. S., 2010. Interpretation of Some Finds from Noyon Uul. Ancient Cultures of Eurasia. St-Petersburg.
• MUSEYIBI, N., 2007. “Hasansu Kurgan Report at Kilometer Point 399 of BakuTbilisi-Ceyhan and South Caucasus Pipelines Right of Way”, Azerbaijan National Academy and Ethnography: 1-37.
• MUSEYIBI, N., 2008. “Long Report Excavations of Shamkirchai Kurgan 3”, Azerbaijan national academy and ethnography: 1-21.
• MORGUNOVA, N. l./ KHOKHLOVA, O.S., 2006. “Kurgans and Nomads: New Investigations of Mound Burial in the Southern Urals”, Antiquity 80: 308, 303- 317.
• MOOM-JA, K., 2006. “A Study on the Scythian Buckle”, Journal of Fashion Business 10/6: 38-51
• NARIMANISHVILI.G., 2010. “Trialeti in the 15th and 14th centuries BC”, Rescue Archaeology in Georgia:Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan South Caucasian Pipelines.
• OKLADNIKOV, A.P., 1990. “Inner Asia at the Dawn of History”, The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia. Cambridge: 41–96
• OLKHOVSKIYl, V. S., 2000. “Ancient Sanctuaries of the Aral and Caspian Regions. A Reconstructions of Their History”, Kurgans, Ritual Sites, and Settlements. Eurasian Bronze and Iron Age. Part III. Archaeological Excavations. BAR International Series 890. Oxford: 33-42.
• OLMSTEADl, A.T., 1964. History of Assyria. Chicago.
• POPOVA, L. M. S., 2009. “Blurring the Boundarie, Foragers and Pastoralists in the Volga-Urals Region”, Social Complexity in Prehistoric Eurasia, Monuments, Metals and Mobility, Part 3: Frontiers and Border Dynamic(Eds. K.H. Brayan/K. Lindluff). Cambridge: 295-320.
• POLOSMAK, N., 1994. “A Mummy Unearthed from the Pastures of Heaven”, National Geographic ......?: 80-103.
• QASIMOV.P., 2011. “Cənubi Qafqazın eneolit və tunc dövrü kurqan mədəniyyətinin etno-genetik interpretasiyasinda Riqveda məlumatlarından istifadəmetoduna dair”, Azerbaycan arxeologiyası 14/1: 35-46
• QASIMOV. P., 2013. “Atın əhliləşdirilməsi probleminin arxeologiya, paleozoologiya, dilçilik və d. elm sahələrinin təmasında müasir durumu”, Azərbaycan arxeologiyası ve etnografiyası 2: 176-194
• TRAVIS. J., 2008. “Trail of Mare’s Milk Leads to First Tamed Horses”, Third International Symposium on Biomolecular Archaeology, Science 17/322: 368. no. p. 368
• SAGONA, A., 2013. “Wagons and Carts of the Trans-Caucasus”, Tarhan Armağanı. İstanbul: 277-297.
• SCHEFOLD, K., 1938. “Der skythische Tierstil in Siidrussland,” Eurasia Sepientrionalis Antiqua XII, Helsinki pp. 1-78
• SHATBERASHVILI. Z/ SHATBERASHVILI, V/ NIKOLAISHVILI, V., 2010. Bronze Age Burials at Tqemlara, Rescue Archaeology in Georgia:Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan South Caucasian Pipelines.
• SHISHLINA, N.I/ GOLIKOV, V.P./ ORFINSKAYA, O.V., 2000. “Bronze Age Textiles of the Caspian Sea Maritime Steppes”, Kurgans, Ritual Sites, and Settlements.
• Eurasian Bronze and Iron Age. Part III. Interpretations of Eurasian Archaeology. The Bronze Age. The Eurasian Steppes BAR International Series 890. Oxford: 109-117.
• SVYATKO, S.V./MALLORY, J.P./MURPHY, E.M./ POLYAKOV, A.V./REIMER, P.J./Schulting, R. J., 2009. “New Radiocarbon Dates and A Review of the Chronology of Prehistoric Populations from the Minusinsk Basin, Southern Siberia, Russia”, RADIOCARBON 51/1
• TARHAN, M.T., 1969. “İskitlerin Dini İnanç ve Adetleri” Tarih Dergisi 23: 147- 170
• TARHAN, M.T., 1979. “Eskiçağ’da Kimmerler Problemi”, VIII. Türk Tarih Kongresi. Cilt I. Ankara: 355-369
• VINOGRADOV, N. B/ Epimakhov, A.V., 2000. “From A Settled Way of Life to Nomadism Variants in Models of Transition”, Kurgans, Ritual Sites, and Settlements: Eurasian Bronze and Iron Age. Part IV. The Iron Age. BAR International Series 890. Oxford: 240- 246.
• WITZEL, M., 1995. “Regvedic History: Poets, Chieftans, and Politic”, In the Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Etbnicity (Ed. G. Erdosy): 307-352.
• YABLONSKY, L.T., 2003. “The Archaeology of Eurasian Nomads”, Archaeology, Vol. l Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of sciences, Moscow: 221-244.
• YABLONSKY, L.T. 2010. “New Excavations of the Early Nomadic Burial Ground at Filippovka (Southern Ural region, Russia) ”, American Journal of Archaeology 114: 129–43
• ŽUKAUSKAITĖ.J., 2009. “Images of Horse and Horse Man in Corded Ware Culture Studies”, Archaeological Baltica 11, Klaipėda University Institute of Baltic Sea Region History and Archaeology: 32-36.