BİR KENTE İSİM VEREN KRALİÇE AMASTRİS VE YÖNETİCİ KÜLTÜ

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 26, 91 - 110, 18.09.2020

Fatma Çam

https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar.2020.26.005

Öz

Paphlagonia Bölgesi’nde Hellenistik Dönemde bir kraliçe tarafından yeniden kurulan ve onun adını taşıyan Amastris kentinin kuruluş dönemlerine ait en önemli kanıt durumundaki sikkelerden yola çıkarak yönetici kültünün varlığı sorgulanmaktadır. Amastris sikkelerinin ön yüzündeki tiara giymiş baş kraliçenin kendisini betimlemekte, dinsel ve ırksal kökenine vurgu yapmaktadır. Arka yüzdeki Aphrodite Anahitis/Ourania betimi kraliçenin Grek ve Makedon yönünü temsil eder. Yönetici kültünün en önemli özelliği, krallıklara farklı halkları bir arada tutabilmek için birleştirici gücü sağlamasıdır. Kraliçenin bağımsız olarak yönettiği Tieion, Sesamos, Kromna ve Kytoros’un bir araya getirildiği Amastris kentini bir arada tutucu bir yönetici kültünün de varlığını kanıtlamaktadır. Ölümünün ardından da Amastris halkı tarafından heroize edilerek ktistes olarak onurlandırılmaktadır. Amastris’in Persli kökeni ve Makedon saray kültürüne dahil olması ile Büyük İskender’in yaratmaya çalıştığı Makedon-Pers yönetici elitinin imgelerini taşıyan ve yönetici kültü oluşturan ilk ve en iyi bassileia olmasıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Paphlagonia, Amastris, Yönetici Kültü, Hellenistik, Ktistes, Bassileia

Kaynakça

• ARSLAN, M. 2012. “Küçük Asya Yerel Historiograflarına Bir Örnek: Herakleia Pontike’li Memnon ve Eseri”, Olba XX: 383-406.
• BAĞDATLI ÇAM, F. 2016. “Paphlagonia’da Bir Pers Prensesi: Amastris/ A Persian Princess in Paphlagonia: Amastris”, Bartın Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, C.1 Sayı:2: 31-46.
• BAĞDATLI ÇAM, F. 2019. “Hellenistik Dönem Yönetici Kültünün (Ruler Cult) Ortaya Çıkışı ve Simgeleri /The Emergence of Ruler Cult and Symbols of the Hellenistic Period”, Doğudan Batıya 70. Yaşında Serap Yaylalı’ya Sunulan Yazılar (ed. A. Erön, E. Erdan), Ankara:, 219-230. BAĞDATLI ÇAM, F. – BORA, A. - BİLİCİ ALTUNKAYALIER, H. 2019. “Amastris (Amasra) Antik Kentinde Arkeolojik Tespitler Archaeological Explorations in Ancient City Of Amastris (Amasra)”, TÜBA-Ar 24: 169-188.
• BAHRAMI, T.S. 1998. “The Social Position of Women in Old Persia”, in Mehregan in Sydney,(eds. G. Trompf and M. Honari with H. Abramian), Proceedings ofthe Seminar in Persian Studies during the Mehregan Persian Cultural Festival Sydney, Australia, 28 October - 6 November 1994, The Persian Cultural Foundation of Australia: 25-30
• BILLOWS, R.A. 1990. Antigonos the One-Eyed and the Creation of the Hellenistic State, Berkeley/L.A.
• BODZEK, J. 2003. “Naval Supremacy in the Monetary Iconography of Achaemenids”, in: F. M. Stępniowski (ed.), The Orient and the Aegean: 924.
• BODZEK, J. 2014. “Achaemenid Asia Minor: Coins of the Satraps and of the Great King”, (eds. K. Dörtlük, O. Tekin and R. Boyraz Seyhan), Proceedings of the First International Congress of the Anatolian Monetary History and Numismatics, 25-28 February 2013 Antalya: 59-78.
• BORA, A., 2018. “Mithridates Eupator ve Nikomedes Euergetes’in Paphlagonia ve Kappadokia Politikaları: İlişkiler, Evlilikler ve Etkileşim”, Çeşm-i Cihan. Tarih Kültür ve Sanat Araştırmaları E-Dergisi, C.5, S.2: 12-47.
• BOYCE, M. 1982. A History of Zoroastrianism, Vol.2: Under The Achaemanians, Leiden-Köln.
• BOYCE, M. - GRENET, F. 1991. A History of Zoroastrianism, Vol. 3: Zoroastrianism under Macedonian and Roman Rule, Leiden, New York- Köln.
• BRAUND, D. 2005. “After Alexander: the Emergence of the Hellenistic World, 323-281” , (Ed. Andrew Erskine) A Companion to The Hellenistıc World: 19-34. BREMMER, J. N. 2007. “The Rise of the Hero Cult and the New Simonides”, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 158: 15-26.
• BRIANT, P. 1996. Histoi re de l’Empire Perse. De Cyrus à Alexandre, Paris: Fayard.
• BUDIN, S.L. 2004. “A Reconsideration of the Aphrodite-Ashtart Syncretism”, Numen, Vol. 51, Fasc. 2: 95-145.
• BURASELIS, K. 2008. “Woven into the Peplos. Aspects of the Combination of Ruler Cult with Elements of the Traditional Polis Identity in the Hellenistic World”, (eds. Rasmussen, A.H., Rasmussen, S.W.) Religion and Society. Rituals, Resources and Identity in the Ancient Greco-Roman World (Rome): 213-2.
• BURSTEIN, S.M. 1976. Outpost of Hellenism: The Emergence of Heraclea on the Black Sea, California.
• CALAME, C. 2010. “Deitiesof Godsand Heroes: Athenian Garfen Sanctuaries and Gendered Rites of Passage”, (eds.J.n.Bremmer- A. Erskine), The Gods of Ancient Greece, Identities and Transformations, Edinburgh University Press: 245-269.
• CALLATAŸ, F. 2004. “Le premier monnayage de la cité d’Amastris (Paphlagonie)”, Schweizerische numismatische Rundschau, Band (Jahr): 83 : 57-80, Pl.9-11.
• CALLATAŸ, F. 2009. “The First Royal Coinages of Pontos (from Mithridates III to Mithridates V)”, (Ed. J. Munk Højte), Mithridates VI and the Pontic Kingdom, BSS 9 (Black Sea Studies), Aarhus University Press: 63-94.
• CALLATAY, F. 2013. “The fabulous wealth of the Hellenistic kings: coinage and Weltmachtpolitik”, Words and Coins from Ancient Greece to Byzantium, Trento: 91-101.
• CALLATAY F.- LORBER, C.C. 2011. “The Pattern of Royal Epithets on Hellenistic Coinages”, (eds P.P. Iossif- A.S. Chankowski and C.C. Lorber), More Than Men, Less Than Gods, Studies On Royal Cult And Imperial Worship Proceedings Of The International Colloquium, The Belgian School at Athens (November 1-2, 2007), Leuven - Paris – Walpole: 417-455. CANEVA, S.G. 2012. “Queens and Ruler Cults in Early Hellenism”, Kernos 25: 75-101.
• CANEVA S.G. 2016. “From Alexander to the Theoi Adelphoi”, Studia Hellenistica 56, Leuven: 29-80.
• CARNEY, E.D. 1988. “Eponymous Women- Royal Women and City Names”, AHB (The Ancient History Bulletin), Volume 2: 134- 142.
• CARNEY, E.D. 1995. ”Women and Basileia: Legitimacy and Female Political Action in Macedonia”, The Classical Journal, Vol. 90, No. 4 (Apr. – May): 367-391.
• CARNEY, E.D. 2000a. “The Initiation of Cult for Royal Macedonian Women”, Classical Philology, Vol.95, No.1:21-43.
• CARNEY, E.D. 2005. “Women and Dunasteia in Caria”, The American Journal of Philology,Vol.126: 65-91.
• CARNEY, E.D. 2010. “Being Royal and Female in Early Hellenistic Period”, (eds.A.Erskine-L.L.Jones), Creating a Hellenistic World The Classical Press of Wales: 195-210.
• CARTER,J. 1983. The Sculpture of the Sanctuary of Athena Polias at Priene, London: British Museum Publications.
• CHANIOTIS, A. 2011. “The Ithyphallic Hymn for Demetrios Poliorketes and Hellenistic Religious Mentality”, (eds. Iossif, P.P. et al.), More than Men, Less than Gods. Studies on Royal Cult and Imperial Worship (Leuven): 157-195.
• LEROUGE-COHEN, C. 2017. “Persianism in the Kingdom of Pontic Kappadokia. The Genealogical Claimsof the Mithridatids”, (Eds. R. Strootman- M.J. Versluys), Persianism in Antiquity, Oriens et Occidens, Band 25: 223-234.
• COHEN, G. M. 1973. “The Marriage of Lysimachus and Nicaea”, Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Bd. 22, H. 2: 354-356. COHEN, G. 1995. The Hellenistic Settlements in Europe, the Islands and Asia Minor, Berkeley/London/New York.
• COLLINS, A.W. 2012. “Royal Costume and Insignia of Alexander”, American Journal of Philology, Vol.133, Nr.3: 371-402.
• COPPOLA, A. 2016. “Kings, Gods and Heroes in a Dynastic Perspective. A Compretative Approach”, Erga Logi – 4: 17-37.
• CRAWFORD, M. - WHITEHEAD, D. 1983. Archaic and Classical Greece: A Selection of Ancient Sources in Translation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• DAHMEN, K. 2007. The Legend of Alexander The Great on Greek and Roman Coins, London-New York.
• DAYET, M. 1949. “Monnaies arsacides à bonnet satrapal”, dans Revue numismatique, vol. XI: 9-26.
• DREWS, R. 1972. “Light from Anatolia on the Roman Fasces”, AJP, vol.93, No. 1, Studies in Honor of Henry T.Rowell: 40-51.
• ERCİYAS, D. B. 2006. Wealth, Aristocracy And Royal Propaganda Under the Hellenistic Kingdom of the Mithradatids in the Central Black Sea Region of Turkey, Brill.
• ERDAN, E. 2015. “İÖ. 24-9. Yüzyıllar Arası Önasya’nın Kadın Yöneticileri”, ADÜ, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Yıl:2, Sayı:3: 15-26.
• ERRINGTON, R. M. 1974. “Macenonian ‘Royal Style’ and Its Historical Significance”, JHS Volume 94: 20-37 [doi 10.2307_630417] .
• ERRINGTON, R.M. 2017. Hellenistik Dünya Tarihi MÖ 323-30, (Çev.G.Günata), İstanbul.
• ERSKINE, A. 2010a. “Epilogue”, (eds. J.N. Bremmer- A. Erskine), The Gods of Ancient Greece, Identities and Transformations, Edimburgh: 505-510.
• ERSKINE, A. 2010b. The Gods of Ancient Greece, Identities and Transformations, Edinburgh University Press.
• ERSKINE, A. 2014. “Ruler Cult and the Early Hellenistic City”, (eds.by H. Hauben and A. Meeus) The Age of The Successors and The Creation of The Hellenistic Kingdoms (323-276 B.C.), Peeters: 579-598.
• GABELKO, O. 2009. “The Dynastic History of Hellenistic Monarchies of Asia Minor According to the “Chronography”” (Ed. J.-M. Højte), Mithridates VI and the Pontic Kingdom, Aarhus: 47–61.
• GARDNER, P. 1918. “A Female Figure in the Early Style of Pheidias”, JHS, Vol. 38: 1-26.
• GREEN, P. 2003. “Delivering the Go(o)ds: Demetrius Poliorcetes and Hellenistic Divine Kingship”, (eds. Bakewell, G.W., Sickinger, J.P.) Gestures. Essays in Ancient History, Literature, and Philosophy Presented to Alan L. Boegehold (Oxford): 258-277.