MÖ III. BİN YILIN İKİNCİ YARISINDA MEZRAA HÖYÜK’TE AÇIĞA ÇIKAN İKİ YAPI

Yıl 2016, Sayı: 19, 23 - 45, 01.01.2016

Derya Yalçıklı

Öz

Türkiye-Suriye sınırının kuzeyinde, Fırat nehrinin doğu yakasında Karkamış Barajı etki alanında kalan Mezraa Höyük, Şanlıurfa ili, Birecik ilçesinin güneyinde yer alır. Mezraa Höyük’ün Tepe alanında Ortaçağ mimari tabakaları tarafından tahribata uğramış olan iki yapıya ait kalıntılar açığa çıkarılmıştır. MÖ III. Bin yılın sonuna Erken Tunç Çağı III/IVA tarihlenen bu yapıların ani gelişen bir felaketle son bulduğu ve onarılmayarak terk edildiği saptanmıştır. Yapıların konumu, mimarideki planlama ve inşaat tekniği ile yapılardan ele geçen mühürler ve seramik buluntular, Mezraa Höyük’ün tepe üzerinde yer alan yapılarının bu bölgenin veya merkezin yöneticisine ait bir yapı topluluğu olabileceğini düşündürmektedir. Bu veriler, bu dönemde Mezraa Höyük’te zengin bir yönetici sınıfının varlığını ve bölgede başlayan sosyal değişikliklerin ilk işaretlerinden birini oluşturmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Erken Tunç Çağı, Anadolu, Suriye, Fırat Nehri, Mühür, Seramik

TWO STRUCTURES FROM MEZRAA HÖYÜK DATING TO THE SECOND HALF OF THE THIRD MILLENNIUM BC

Öz

Mezraa Höyük is located north of Turkish-Syrian border on the east bank of Euphrates within the borders of Şanlıurfa district, south of the modern town Birecik. The mound remains inside the Karkamış Dam reservoir impact area. On the summit of the mound ruins of two structures, partly disturbed by the Middle Age architectural layers, were recovered. These buildings date to the end of the 3rd millennium BC Early Bronze Age III/IVA . Excavations showed that the buildings were abandoned following a sudden and severe destruction and were never rebuilt again. The location of these structures, their architectural planning and building techniques as well as the items, such as seals and rich ceramic repertoire allows us to interpret them as a building complex which probably belonged to a ruler of the whole region or the center itself. These findings constitute one of the earliest indicators of the existence of a prosperous class in Mezraa Höyük along with some social changes that begun in the region

Anahtar Kelimeler

Early Bronze Age, Anatolia, Syria, Euphrates, Seal, Pottery

Kaynakça

• ABAY, E. 1997. Die Keramik der Frühbronzezeit in Anatolien mit “Syrischen Affinitäten“. Münster.
• ALGAZE, G./ EVINS, M. A./ INGRAHAM M. L./ MARFOE, L. /YENER, K. A. 1990. Town and Country in Southeastern Anatolia. Vol. I-II: The Stratigraphic Sequence at Kurban Höyük. Chicago.
• ALGAZE, G./BREUNINGER, R./KNUDSTAD, J. 1994. “The Tigris-Euphrates Archaeological Reconnaissance Project: Final Report of the Birecik and Carchemish Dam Survey Areas”, Anatolica XX: 1–96.
• ALGAZE, G./MISIR, A. 1994. “Excavations at Titriş Höyük. A Small Mid-Late Thirt Millennium Urban Center in Southeastern Anatolia, 1992”, XV. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı I. Ankara: 153–170.
• AMIET, P. 1961. La Glyptique Mésopotamienne Archaique. Paris.
• ASTOUR, M. C. 1988. “The Geographical and Political Structure of the Ebla Empire”, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft von Ebla, Akten der Internationalen Tagung Heidelberg, 4.–7. November 1986, (Eds. H. Waetzoldt, H. Hauptmann). Heidelberg: 139–158.
• ASTOUR, M. C. 1997. “Ḫaššu and Ḫasuwan a Conribution to North Syrian History and Geography”, Ugarit-Forschungen 29: 1–66.
• ASTOUR, M. C. 2002. “A Reconstruction of the History of Ebla (Part 2)”, Eblaitica: Essays on the Ebla Archives and Eblaite Language. Vol. 4, (Eds. C. H. Gordon/R.G.A. Endsburg). Eisenbrauns: 57–195.
• BHEM-BLANCKE, R. M. 1981. “Hassek Höyük”, Istanbuler Mitteilengen 31: 5–30.
• BİLGEN, N. 2001. “Early Bronze Age Vessels (Grave Goods?) from Harabebezikan Höyük” Salvage Project of the Archaeological Heritage of the Ilısu and Carchemish Dam Reservoirs Activities in 1999. (Eds. N. Tuna/J. Öztürk/J. Velibeyoğlu). Ankara: 413–427.
• BONECHI, M. 1998. “Remarks on the III Millennium Geographical Names of the Syrian Upper Mesopotamia”, Subartu. About Subartu. Studies devoted to Upper Mesopotamia IV/I. 219–242.
• BRAIDWOOD, R. J./BRAIDWOOD, L. S. 1960. Excavations in the Plain of Antioch I: The Earlier Assemblages, Phases A-J. Chicago.
• BUNNENS, G., 2007. “Site Hierarchy in the Tishrin Dam Area and Third Millennium Geopolitics in Northern Syria” Euphrates Valley Settlement. The Carchemish Sector in the Third Millennium BC (Ed. E. Peltenburg). Oxford: 43–54.
• COLLON, D. 1987. First Impressions. Cylinder Seals in the Ancient Near East. London.
• COOPER, L. 2006. Early Urbanism On The Syrian Euphrates. New York.
• COOPER, L. 2010. “States of Hegemony: Early Forms of Political Control in Syria During the Third Millennium BC”, The Development of Pre-State Communities in the Ancient Near East: Studies in Honour of Edgar Peltenburg, (Eds. D. Bolger / L. Maguire). Oxford: 87–94.
• COOPER, L. 2012. “Continuity and Change in the Upper Euphrates Region of Syria” Looking North: The Socioeconomic Dynamics of Northern Mesopotamia and Anatolian Regions during the Late Third and Early Second Millennium BC (Eds. N. Laneri/P. Pfälzner/S. Valentini). Wiesbaden: 81–92.
• CURVERS, H. H. 1988. “The Period VI Pottery, The Period VII Pottery”, Hammam et-Turkman I, Report on The University of Amsterdam’s 1981–1984 Excavations in Syria II, (Ed. M. N. van Loon). İstanbul: 351–396.
• DORNEMANN, R. H. 1977. “Tell Hadidi: A Millennium of Bronze Age City Occupation”, Annual of the American School of Oriental Research 44: 113–151.
• DORNEMANN, R. H. 1985. “Salvage Excavations at Tell Hadidi in the Euphrates River Valley”, The Biblical Archaeologist 48/1: 49– 59.
• DORNEMANN, R. H. 1988. “Tell Hadidi: One Bronze Age Site Among Many in the Tabqa Dam Salvage Area”, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 270: 13–42.
• EBELING, J. R. 2002. “Why Are Ground Stone Tools Found in Middle and Late Bronze Age Burials?”, Near Eastern Archaeology 65/2: 149–151.
• ELLIS, R./VOIGT, M. M. 1982. “1981 Excavations at Gritille, Turkey”, American Journal of Archaeology 86/3: 319–332.
• ENGİN, A. 2007. “The Carchemish Region as a Ceramic Province in the Early Bronze Age: Analysis of the Ceramics from the Carchemish Dam Focusing on the Material of Gre Virike”, Euphrates Valley Settlement. The Carchemish Sector in the Third Millennium BC (Ed. E. Peltenburg). Oxford: 267–285.
• ESİN, U. 1979. “Tepecik Kazısı, 1973”, Keban Projesi 1973 Çalışmaları. Ankara: 79–94.
• FALB, C./PORTER, A./PRUß, A. 2014. “North-Mesopotamian Metallic Ware, Jezirah Stone Ware, North-Mesopotamian Gray Ware and Euphrates Banded Ware”, Associated Regional Chronologies for the Ancient Near East and the Eastern Mediterranean, Arcane Interregional, Vol. I: Ceramics (Ed. M. Lebeau) Turnhout: 167-185.
• FALSONE, G. 1999. “Tell Shiyukh Tahtani”, Archaeology of the Upper Syrian Euphrates: The Thishrin Dam Area Proceedings of the International Symposium (Eds. G. del O. Lete / J-L. M. Fenollós). Barcelona: 137–142.
• FALSONE, G./SCONZO, P. 2007. “The ‘Champagne-cup’ Period at Carchemish. A Review of the Early Bronze Age Levels on the Acropolis Mound and the Problem of the Inner Town” Euphrates Valley Settlement. The Carchemish Sector in the Third Millennium BC (Ed. E. Peltenburg). Oxford: 73–93.
• FINKBEINER, U./NOVÁK, M./SAKAL, F./SCONZO, P. 2015. “Conclusion” Associated Regional Chronologies for the Ancient Near East and the Eastern Mediterranean Middle Euphrates. (Eds. U. Finkbeiner / M. Novak / F. Sakal / P. Sconzo) Tubingen: 431-438.
• FITZ, V. 1984. “Steinzeug vom Tell Chuera: Das früheste Beispiel für die Herstellung dicht gebrannter Keramik”, Zeitchrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie 74: 123–132.
• HOLLAND, T. A. 1977. “Preliminary Report on Excavations at Tell Sweyhat, Syria, 1975”, Levant 9: 36–66.
• KAPINSKI, C. 2005. “Tilbeshar- A Bronze Age City in the Sajur Valley (Southeast Anatolia)”, Anatolica XXXI: 145–159.
• KAPINSKI, C. 2007. “Dynamics, Diagnostic Criteria and Settlement Patterns in the Carchemish Area During the Early Bronze Period”, Euphrates Valley Settlement. The Carchemish Sector in the Third Millennium BC (Ed. E. Peltenburg). Oxford: 152–163.
• KAPINSKI, C. 2010. “Tilbeshar: A Major City of the Early and Middle Bronze Ages, West to the Big Bend of The Euphrates (South-Eastern Anatolia): Results from 2005 and 2006 Seasons”, Proceedings of the International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. Excavations, Surveys and Restorations: Reports on Recent Field Archaeology in the Near East. Proceedings of the 6th ICAANE, 5 May – 10 May 2008 “Sapienza”, Band 6.2 (Eds. P. Matthiae / F. Pinnock / L. Nigro / N. Marchetti). Roma: 303–310.
• KLENGEL, H. 1988. “Ebla im Fernhandel des 3. Jahrtausends”, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft von Ebla (Eds. H. Waetzold / H. Hauptmann). Heidelberg: 245–51.
• KÜHNE, H. 1976. Die Keramik vom Tell Chuera und ihre Beziehungen zu