İZMİR ARKEOLOJİ MÜZESİ’NDEN BİR MİKEN FİGÜRİNİ VE MİKEN KADIN FİGÜRİNLERİNİN DOĞU AKDENİZ’DEKİ DOLAŞIMI

Yıl 2019, Sayı: 25, 95 - 108, 01.03.2019

Barış Gür

Öz

Batı Anadolu’da birçok yerleşimde Miken seramiği bulunmuş olmasına karşın Miken kadın figürinleri aynı oranda ele geçmemektedir. Ticari ilişkilerin kanıtı olabilecek seramiğin ele geçmesine karşın birçok yerleşimde figürinlerin varlığı ile karşılaşılmaması onların her durumda ticari bir meta olmadığını, yerel elitler tarafından tercih edilmediğini gösterebileceği gibi Miken varlığının yerleşimde bulunmaması ile de açıklanabilmelidir. Ticari bağlantılarla Miken seramiği, Batı Anadolu kıyılarında tercih görürken en azından ticari anlamda söz konusu figürinler tercih edilmemiştir. Batı Anadolu’da ele geçen kadın figürinlerininbuluntu yerleri dikkate alındığında–Miletos ve Limantepe gibi Ege kökenli güçlü kanıtlar içeren- Miken varlığının sorgulanması yanlış olmamalıdır. Doğu Akdeniz’de ise Miken kadın figürinleri sayısal olarak oldukça az olmasına karşın Ugarit örneğinde durumun daha farklı olduğu görülmektedir. Miken kadın figürinlerinin sivil mimaride ele geçiyor olması muhtemelen Ege coğrafyasının Ugarit ile kurmuş olduğu uzun bir dönemeyayılan ilişkilerin sonucudur. Genel olarak Miken seramiği ile kadın figürinlerinin yayılımını karşılaştırdığımızda, seramiğin Doğu Akdeniz’de geniş bir coğrafyada ele geçtiği görülürken, kadın figürinlerinin benzer bir yayılıma sahip olmadığını söylemek mümkündür. Bu durum kadın figürinlerinin Ege dünyası insanları için olan anlamlarının GTÇ içerisinde Doğu Akdeniz kıyılarınataşınamaması ile ilişkili olmasından çok, Miken ticari aktiviteleri içerisinde güçlü bir ticari enstrüman olmamasından kaynaklanıyor olmalıdır. Buna karşın GTÇ sonundaki göçlerle birlikte bazı temel kültürel unsurlarını Doğu Akdeniz kıyılarına taşıyan Ege kökenli halkların, seramikleri gibi kadın figürinlerini de ata topraklarından getirdikleri kültürel unsurlarla üretmiş oldukları görülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Miken Figürini, Geç Tunç Çağı, Batı Anadolu, Doğu Akdeniz

A MYCENAEAN FIGURINE FROM THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM OF İZMİR AND CIRCULATION OF MYCENAEAN FEMALE FIGURINES IN EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN

Öz

Although Mycenaean pottery was found in many settlements in Western Anatolia, Mycenaean female figurines were not encountered evenly. Despite the existence of pottery which may be a proof of commercial relations, the presence of figurines were not encountered in many settlements can be explained by the fact that they were not a commercial commodity in every situation, not preferred by local elites or the absence of Mycenaean presence in the settlement. While the Mycenaean pottery were preferred on the coasts of Western Anatolia by commercial relations, at least in the commercial sense these figurines were not preferred. Considering the finds of female figurines found in Western Anatolia -including evidence of Aegean origin such as Miletos and Limantepe-, the questioning of the presence of Mycenaean can not be inaccurate. In the Eastern Mediterranean, although the Mycenaean female figurines are numerically less, it is seen that the situation is different in the example of Ugarit. The fact that Mycenaean female figurines were found in civil architecture was probably the result of a long period of relations established by the Aegean kingdoms with Ugarit. When we compare the distribution of Mycenaean pottery and female figurines in general, it is seen that pottery were found in a wide area in the Eastern Mediterranean, while female figurines do not have a similar distribution. This is not related to the fact that female figurines were not able to carry the meaning of the Aegean people to the East Mediterranean coasts within the LBA. It must be due to the fact that figurines were not a strong commercial instrument within the Mycenaean commercial activities. In spite of this, it is seen that the peoples of Aegean origin carrying some of their basic cultural elements to the shores of the Eastern Mediterranean along with the migrations at the end of Late Bronze Age produced female figurines like pottery with the cultural elements they had brought from their ancestral lands

Anahtar Kelimeler

Mycenaean Figurine, Late Bronze Age, Western Anatolia, Eastern Mediterranean

Kaynakça

• AKDENİZ, E. 2007. “Kadıkalesi Kazısı Miken Buluntuları”, Arkeoloji Dergisi IX/1: 38-70.
• AYKURT A. 2010. “Late Bronze Age Pottery From Çeşme Bağlararası”, OLBA XVIII: 1-63.
• BASEDOW, M. 2000. Beşik-Tepe: Das spätbronzezeitliche Gräberfeld. Studia Troica - Monographs 1. Mainz.
• BECKMAN, G./BRYCE, T./CLINE, E. 2011. The Ahhiyawa Texts. Atlanta.
• BEN-SHLOMO, D. 2010. Philistine Iconography: A Wealth of Style and Symbolism. Göttingen.
• BEN-SHLOMO, D/PRESS, M.D. 2009. “A Reexamination of Aegean-Style Figurines in Light of New Evidence from Ashdod, Ashkelon, and Ekron”, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 353: 39-74.
• BENTER, M. 2010. “Milas’taki Pilavtepe Miken oda mezarı”, Belleten 270: 343-354.
• BENZI, M. 1999. “Mycenaean Figurines From Iasos”, Gli Scavi Italiani A Iasos in Caria Parte Prima, Napoli: 269-282.
• BENZI, M. 2005. “Mycenaeans at Iasos? A Reassessment of Doro Levi’s Excavations”, Emporia: Aegeans in the Central and EasternMediterranean: Proceedings of the 10th International Aegean Conference. Athens, Italian School of Archaeology, 14–18 April 2004 (Eds. R. Laffineur/E. Greco). Liege: 205-216.
• BENZI, M. 2013. “The Southeast Aegean in the Age of the Sea Peoples”, The Philistines and Other “Sea Peoples” in Text and Archaeology (Eds. A. Killebrew/G. Lehmann). Atlanta: 509-542.
• BOYSAL, Y. 1969. Katalog Der Vasen im Museum in Bodrum I, Mykenisch-Protogeometrisch. Ankara.
• BÜYÜKKOLANCI, M. 2008. “Selçuk Ayasuluk Tepesi (Eski Efes) “Appasas” mı?”, Batı Anadolu ve Doğu Akdeniz Geç Tunç Çağı Kültürleri Üzerine Yeni Araştırmalar (Eds. A. Erkanal-Öktü/S. Günel/U. Deniz). Ankara: 41-55.
• CASKEY, M.E. 1981. “Ayia Irini, Kea: The terracotta statues and the cult in the temple”, Sanctuaries and Cults in the Aegean Bronze Age (Eds. R. Hagg/N. Marinatos). Stockholm: 127-135.
• CAVANAGH, W/MEE, C. 1998. A Private Place: Death in Prehistoric Greece. Jonsered.
• COURTOIS, J.C/COURTOIS, L. 1978. Corpus céramique de Ras Shamra-Ugarit, niveau historique. Deuxième partie, Ugaritica VII. Paris.
• DEMAKOPOULOU, K. (ed.) 1988. The Mycenaean World Five Centuries of Early Greek Culture 1600-1100 BC. Greek Ministry of Culture -The National Hellenic Committee- ICOM (Exhibition in the National Archaeological Museum Athens, 15 December 1988 - 31 March 1989). Athens.
• EARLE, J.W. 2016. “Melos in the Middle Minoanisation and Mycenaeanisation at Late Bronze Age Phylakopi”, Beyond Thalassocracies: Understanding Processes of Minoanisation and Mycenaeanisation in the Aegean (Eds. E. Gorogianni/P. Pavuk/L. Girella). Oxford: 94-115.
• ERKANAL, H. 2008. “Geç Tunç Çağı’nda Liman Tepe”, Batı Anadolu ve Doğu Akdeniz Geç Tunç Çağı Kültürleri Üzerine Yeni Araştırmalar (Eds. A.Erkanal-Öktü/S. Günel/U. Deniz). Ankara: 76-85.
• ERKANAL H/ARTZY, M/OURANIA, K. 2003. “2001 Yılı Liman Tepe Kazıları,” XXIV. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı-I. Ankara: 423-436.
• ERKANAL H/ŞAHOĞLU, V. 2012. “Limantepe”, Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi 75. Yıl Armağanı DTCF Arkeoloji Bölümü Tarihçesi ve Kazıları (1936-2011) Anadolu/Anatolia Festchrift Series Supplements III.2 (Eds. O. Bingöl/A. Öztan/H. Taşkıran). Ankara: 91-98.
• ERSOY, Y. 1988. “Finds from Menemen/Panaztepe in the Manisa Museum”, The Annual of the British School at Athens 83: 55-82.
• IAKOVIDIS, Sp. 1966. “A Mycenaean Mourning Custom”, American Journal of Archaeology 70/1: 43-50.
• FEUER 2004 Mycenaean Civilization: An Annotated Bibliography through 2002. London.
• FRENCH, E. 1971. “The Development of Mycenaean Terracotta Figurines”, The Annual of the British School at Athens 66: 101-187.
• FRENCH, E. 1981. “Mycenaean Figures and Figurines, Their Typology and Function”, Sanctuaries and Cults in the Aegean Bronze Age (Eds. R. Hägg/N. Marinatos). Stockholm: 173-177.
• FRENCH, E. 2008. “Mycenaean Figurines: 50 Years on”, Dioskouroi: Studies Presented to W.G. Cavanagh and C.B. Mee on the Anniverary of Their 30-year Joint Contribution to Aegean Archaeology (Eds. C. Gallou/M. Georgiadis/G. M. Muskett). Oxford: 59-63.
• GILMOUR, G. 1992 “Mycenaean IIIA and IIIB pottery in the Levant and Cyprus”, Report of the Department of Antiquities Cyprus: 113-128.
• GEORGIADIS, M. 2003. The South-Eastern Aegean in the Mycenaean Period: islands, landscape, death and ancestors, Oxford.
• GÖDECKEN, K.B. 1988. “A contribution to the early history of Miletus”, Problems in Greek Prehistory (Ed. K. A. Wardle/E. B. French). Bristol: 307–318.
• GÜLTEKİN H/BARAN, M. 1964. “Selçuk Tepesinde Bulunan Miken Mezarı,” Türk Arkeoloji Dergisi 13/2: 122-133.
• GÜNEL, S. 1998. “Liman Tepe’de Ele Geçen Bir Myken Figürin Parçası”, Belleten LXII/233: 25-31.
• GÜNEL, S. 1999. Panaztepe II: M.Ö. 2. Bine Tarihlendirilen Panaztepe Seramiğinin Batı Anadolu ve Ege Arkeolojisindeki Yeri ve Önemi. Ankara.
• GÜNEL, S. 2015. “Çine-Tepecik: New Contributions on Late Bronze Age Cultures in Western Anatolia”, Nostoi. Indigenous Culture, Migration and Integration in the Aegean Islands and Western Anatolia during the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age. Proceedings of the International Conference held in Istanbul 31 March – 3 April 2011 (Eds. K. Konstantinos/Ç. Maner/N. Stampolidis). İstanbul: 627-646.
• GÜR, B. 2014. Miken Uygarlığı ve Ahhiyawa. İstanbul.
• HAGG, R. 1981. “The House sanctuary at Asine revisited”, Sanctuaries and Cults in the Aegean Bronze Age (Eds. R. Hagg/N. Marinatos). Stockholm: 91-94.
• KARAGEORGHIS, V. 2000. “Some thoughts on the Late Bronze Age in Cyprus”, Cahiers du Centre d’Etudes Chypriotes 30: 9-15.
• KESWANI, P. 2004. Mortuary Ritual and Society in Bronze Age Cyprus. London.
• KRAMER-HAJOS M. 2015. “Mourning on the Larnakes at Tanagra: Gender and Agency in Late Bronze Age Greece”, Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens 84/4: 627-667.
• LEONARD, A. 1994. An Index to the Late Bronze Age Aegean Pottery from Syria-Palestine.Jonsered.
• MANGALOĞLU-VOTRUBA, S. 2011. “Limantepe’de Geç Hellas IIIC Dönemi”, Anadolu / Anatolia 37: 43-73.
• MARINATOS, N. 2000. Goddess and the Warrior: The Naked Goddess and Mistress of the Animals in early Greek Religion. London-New York.
• MAZAR, A. 2000. “The Temples and Cult of the Philistines”, The Sea Peoples and Their World: A Reassessment (Ed. E.D. Oren). Philadelphia: 213-232.
• MERİÇ, R/MOUNTJOY, P.A. 2002. “Mycenaean Pottery from Bademgediği Tepe(Purunda) in Ionia: A Preliminary Report”, Istanbuler Mitteilungen 52: 79-98.
• MERİÇ, R/ÖZ, A.K. 2015. “Bademgediği Tepe (Puranda) Near Metropolis”, Nostoi. Indigenous Culture, Migration and Integration in the Aegean Islands and Western Anatolia during the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age. Proceedings of the International Conference held in Istanbul 31 March – 3 April 2011 (Eds. K. Konstantinos/Ç. Maner/N. Stampolidis). İstanbul: 609-626.
• MERRILLEES, R.S. 2003. “The first appearances of Kamares ware in the Levant”, Agypten und Levant 13: 127-142.
• MOUNTJOY, P.A. 1993. Mycenaean Pottery: An Introduction. Oxford.
• MOUNTJOY, P.A. 1997. “Troia Phase VIf and Phase VIg: The Mycenaean Pottery”, Studia Troica 7: 275-294.
• MOUNTJOY, P.A. 1999. “Troia VII Reconsidered”, Studia Troica 9: 295–346.
• MYLONAS, G.E. 1955. “Cycladic and Mycenaean Figurines”, Bulletin of the City Art Museum of St. Louis 40 1/2: 1-14.
• MYLONAS, G.E. 1956. “Seated and Multiple Mycenaean Figurines in the National Museum of Athens, Greece”, The Aegean and the Near East: Studies Presented to Hetty Goldman on the Occasion of Her Seventy-Fifth Birthday (Ed. S.S. Weinberg). New York: 110-120.
• MYLONAS, G.E. 1966. Mycenae and the Mycenaean Age. Princeton.
• NIEMEIER, W.D. 1998. “The Mycenaeans in western Anatolia and the problem of the origins of the Sea Peoples”, Mediterranean Peoples in Transition: Thirteenth to Early Tenth Centuries BCE: In Honor of Professor Trude Dothan (Eds. S. Gitin/A. Mazar/E. Stern). Jerusalem: 17-65.
• NIEMEIER, W.D. 2007 “Milet von den Anfängen menschlicher Besiedlung bis zur Ionischen Wanderung”, Frühes Ionien. Eine Bestandsaufnahme, Milesische Forschungen 5 ( Eds. J. Cobet/V. Von Graeve/W.D. Niemeier/K. Zimmermann). Berlin: 3-19.
• ÖZGÜNEL, C. 1983. “Batı Anadolu ve İçerlerinde Miken Etkinlikleri,” Belleten XLVII/187: 697-743.
• ÖZGÜNEL, C. 1996. Mykenische Keramik in Anatolien. Asia Minor Studien Band 23. Bonn.
• PETROVIC, N. 2004. “The Significance of Mycenaean animal figurines abroad”, Pecus: Man and Animal in Antiquity : Proceedings of the Conference at the Swedish Institute in Rome, September 9-12, 2002 (Ed. B. S. Frizell). Roma: 252-258.
• RENFREW, A.C. 1981. “The sanctuary at Phylakopi,” Sanctuaries and Cults in the Aegean Bronze Age (Eds. R. Hägg/N. Marinatos). Stockholm: 67-79.
• RENFREW, A.C. 1985. The Archaeology of Cult: The Sanctuary at Phylakopi. London.
• SCHMIDT, R. 1902. Heinrich Schliemann’s Sammlung: Trojanischer Altertümer. Berlin.
• STEEL, L. 2013. Materiality and Consumption in the Bronze Age Mediterranean. London and New York.
• ŞAHOĞLU, V/ERKANAL, H/BÜYÜKULUSOY, Ü.Ç. 2011. “Çeşme-Bağlararası 2010 Yılı Kazıları,” XXXIII. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı-IV. Ankara: 489-508.
• TZONOU-HERBST, I. 2002. A Contextual Analysis of Mycenaean Terracotta Figurines. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, University of Cincinnati. Cincinnati.
• TZONOU-HERBST, I. 2009. “Trashing the sacred: the use-life of Mycenaean figurines”, Encounters with Mycenaean figures and figurines : Papers presented at a seminar at the Swedish Institute at Athens, 27-29 April 2001 (Eds. A.L. Schallin/P. Pakkanen). Stockholm: 161-175.
• TZONOU-HERBST, I. 2010. “Figurines,” The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean (Ed. E.H. Cline). Oxford: 210-222.
• WEIBERG, E. 2009 “Production of female figurines at Mastos, Berbati”, Encounters with Mycenaean figures and figurines : Papers presented at a seminar at the Swedish Institute at Athens, 27-29 April 2001 (Eds. A.L. Schallin/P. Pakkanen). Stockholm: 61-75.
• WHITTAKER, H. 1997. Mycenaean Cult Buildings: A Study in Their Architecture and Function in the Context of the Aegean and the Eastern Mediterranean. Bergen.
• WIENER, M. 1991. “The Nature and Control of Minoan Foreign Trade”, Bronze Age Trade in the Mediterranean, Papers Presented at the Conference held at Rewley House, Oxford (December 1989), Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology Vol. 90 (Ed. N.H. Gale). Jonsered: 325-350.
• VIANELLO, A. 2010. “Problems of identity for Mycenaean figurines”, Anthropomorphic and Zoomorphic Miniature Figures in Eurasia, Africa and Meso-America: Morphology, materiality, technology, function and context (Eds. D, Gheorghiu/A. Cyphers). Oxford: 73-77.
• VETTERS, M. 2011. “Seats of Power? Making the Most of Miniatures-The Role of Terracotta Throne Models in Disseminating Mycenaean Religious Ideology”, Our Cups Are Full: Pottery and Society in the Aegean Bronze Age Papers Presented to Jeremy B. Rutter on occasion of his 65th birthday. (Eds. W. Gauß/M. Lindblom/R. Angus/K. Smith/J. C. Wright). Oxford: 319-330.
• VETTERS, M. 2016. “All the Same yet not Identical? Mycenaean Terracotta Figurines in Context”, Metaphysis. Ritual, Myth and Symbolism in the Aegean Bronze Age (Aegaeum 39) (Eds. E. Alram-Stern/ F. Blakolmer/S. Deger-Jalkotzy/R. Laffineur/J. Weilhartner). Leuven-Liege: 37-48.
• VOSKOS, I/ KNAPP, A.B. 2008. “Cyprus at the End of the Late Bronze Age: Crisis and Colonization or Continuity and Hybridization”, American Journal of Archaeology 112: 659-684.
• WIJNGAARDEN, G.J.V. 2002. Use and Appreciation of Mycenaean Pottery in the Levant, Cyprus and Italy. Amsterdam.
• YASUR-LANDAU, A. 2010a. “Levant”, The Oxford Handbook of The Bronze Age Aegean (ca. 3000-1000 BC) (Ed. E.H. Cline). Oxford: 832-848.
• YASUR-LANDAU, A. 2010b. The Philistines and Aegean Migration at the end of the Bronze Age. Cambridge.
• YASUR-LANDAU, A. 2016. “The Two Goddesses and the Formation of a Pantheon in Philistia”, RA-PI-NE-U. Studies on the Mycenaean World offered to Robert Laffineur for his 70th Birthday (Ed. J. Driessen). Louvain-la-Neuve: 385-396.
• YON, M. 2000. “Répartition et contextes”, Céramique mycénienne d’Ougarit (Eds. M. Yon/V. Karageorghis/ N. Hirschfeld). Paris: 1-27.