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ERİQUA VE MİNUAHİNİLİ: AĞRI DAĞI’NIN KUZEY ETEĞİNDE BİR ERKEN DEMİR ÇAĞ-NAİRİ KRALLIĞI VE URARTU EYALETİ MELEKLİ VE KARAKOYUNLU YERLEŞİM KOMPLEKSLERİ

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 21, 63 - 92, 01.01.2017

Öz

Son Tunç-Erken Demir Çağı’nda ykl. MÖ 1600-900 Doğu Anadolu yüksek yaylası, Güney Kafkasya ve Kuzeybatı İran çok sayıda yerel politik güç arasında bölünmüştü. Siyasi gücün değişmesiyle, öncesinin küçük yerel yönetim birimleri çoğunlukla Urartu Krallığı’nın Orta Demir Çağ, ykl. MÖ 900-600 eyaletlerine dönüştü. Aras Vadisi-Ağrı Dağı bölgesine ilk fetihler Urartu Krallığı’nın erken döneminde başlamıştır. Bölgede yaptığımız araştırmalarda belirlediğimiz bazı yerleşimler gelişmiş ve kompleks bir yerleşim sistemi gösterirler. Bu yerleşim kompleksleri coğrafi birimlerin merkezi noktalarında yer alır. Her biri, geniş alanlar içinde, birbirleriyle ilişkili ve uzun bir zaman dilimi içine yayılmış ayrı birimlerden oluşur. Ağrı Dağı’nın en dikkat çekici yerleşim kompleksleri olan Melekli, Karakoyunlu ve Bozkurt Erken Demir Çağ pre-Urartu ve Urartu Krallığı’nın büyük kentleri ve idari merkezleri olarak düşünülebilir. Erken Demir Çağı’nda Aras Nehri’nin güneyi Erikua-Ireku-Irkuahi ülkesiydi, Kral Minua’nın yazıtlarında Eriqua başkenti Luhiuni’nin fethi anlatılır. Erken Demir Çağ krallığı Eriqua’nın krali kenti Luhiuni ile sonrasında Kral Minua tarafından yeni kurulan ve bir Haldi Tağınağı’nın da inşa edildiği Urartu kalesi Minuahinili sırasıyla Ağrı Dağı’nın kuzey eteğindeki Iğdır Ovası-Aras Nehri’nin güneyi Melekli ve Karakoyunlu Iğdır yerleşim komplekslerindedir, dağın güney eteğindeki Doğubayazıt Ovası Bozkurt yerleşim kompleksi de bu çerçevede değerlendirilmelidir.

Kaynakça

  • ALKIM, H. 1968. “Explorations and Excavations in Turkey, 1965-1966”, Anatolica 2: 1–74.
  • BADALYAN, R. S./KOHL, L. P./KROLL, S. 1997. “Horom 1995”, Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan 29: 191-228.
  • BADALYAN, R. S./AVETISYAN, P. S. 2007. Bronze and Early Iron Age Archaeological Sites in Armenia I: Mt Aragats and its Surrounding Region, Archaeopress (BAR International Series 1697). Oxford.
  • BADALYAN, M./KZLYAN, V./ISKRA, M./MIKALYELYAN, A./KYUREGHAN, H. 2016. “Odzaberd (Tsovinar): A Brief Preliminary report on the 2014-2015 Excavations”, Agean World and South Caucasus: Cultural Relations in the Bronze Age, Proceedings of International Workshop Held on September 23-25, 2016 in Tbilisi, (Eds. M. Kvachadze/G. Narimanishvili). Mtsignobari, Tbilisi: 163-177.
  • BADALYAN, M./MIKALYELYAN, A./KYUREGHAN, H./ISKRA, M./HOVSEPYAN, R./NAHAPETYAN, S./YEGHIAZARYAN, A. 2017. “Prelimenary Results of the 2014-2016 Archaeological Excavations in Odzaberd”, Metsamorian Readings 1 (Selected scientic articles) Yerevan: 205-246.
  • BARNETT, R. D. 1963. “The Urartian Cemetery at Igdyr”, Anatolian Studies XIII: 153–198.
  • BAXŞELIYEV, V. 2002. Naxçivanın Erken Demir Dövrü Medeniyyeti, Azerbaycan Milli Elmler Akademiyası, Naxcıvan Regional Elmi Merkezi. Bakü
  • BAKHSHALIYEV, V./MARRO, C. 2009. The Archaeology of Nakhichevan: Ten Years of New Discoveries. Istanbul.
  • BISCIONE, R. 2002. “The Iron Age Settlement Pattern: Pre-Urartian and Urartian Periods”, The North-Eastern Frontier: Urartians and Non-Urartians in the Sevan Lake Basin: I. The Southern Shores (Eds. R. Biscione/S. Hmayakyan/N. Parmegiani). CNR Istituto di Studi sulle civiltà dell’Egeo e del Vicino Oriente, Documante Asiana VII. Rome: 351–370.
  • BISCIONE, R. 2003. “Pre-Urartian and Urartian settlement patterns in the Caucasus, Two Case Studies: The Urmia Plain, Iran, and the Sevan Basin, Armenia”, Archaeology in the Borderlands: Investigations in Caucasia and Beyond, (Eds. A. T. Smith/K. S. Rubinson). University of California, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology 47. Los Angeles: 167–184.
  • BISCIONE, R. 2009. “The Distribution of Pre- and Protohistoric Hillforts in Iran”, Studi Micenei ed Egeo Anatolici 51: 123–143.
  • BISCIONE, R. 2012. “Urartian Fortifications in Iran: An Attempt A Hierarchical Classification”, Biainili-Urartu: The Proceedings of the Symposium held in Munich (Munich, 12-14 October 2007), (Eds. S. Kroll/C. Gruber/U. Helwag/M. Roaf/P. Zimansky). Acta Iranica 51. Leuven: 77–88.
  • BISCIONE, R./DAN, R. 2011. “Dimensional and Geographical Distribution of the Urartian Fortifications in the Republic of Armenia”, Aramazd (Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies) 6/2: 104–120.
  • BISCIONE, R./DAN, R. 2014. “Ranking and Distribution of the Urartian Fortifications in Turkey”, SCRIPTA: Veli Sevin’e Armağan, Arkeolojiyle Geçen Bir Yaşam İçin Yazılar/Essays in Honour of Veli Sevin. A Life Immersed in Archaeology (Ed. A. Özfırat), İstanbul: 121–136.
  • BISCIONE, R./HMAYAKYAN S./HAKOBYAN, H./ PARMEGIANI, N. 2012. “Activities of the Armenian-Italian Archaeological Expedition in the Sevan Lake Basin 1994-2009”, Archaeology of Armenia in Regional Context: Proceedings of the International Conference dedicated to the 50th Anniversary of the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography Held on September 1-17, 2009 in Yerevan (Eds. P. Avetisyan/A. Bobokhyan). Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, NAS RA, Yerevan: 64–69.
  • ÇEVİK, N. 2000. Urartu Kaya Mezarları ve Ölü Gömme Gelenekleri. Ankara.
  • HAMMER, E. 2014. “Highland Fortress-Polities and Their Settlement systems in the South Caucasus”, Antiquity 88/341: 757- 774.
  • HEINSCH, S./KUNTNER, W./AVETISYAN, H. 2012. “The Iron Age Fortress of Aramus, Armenia: Archaeological Evidence of the East and Norths Forts”, Archaeology of Armenia in Regional Context: Proceedings of the International Congference dedicated to the 50th Anniversary of the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography Held on September 1-17, 2009 in Yerevan (Eds. P. Avetisyan/A. Bobokhyan). Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography. NAS RA. Yerevan: 133-147.
  • HMAYAKYAN, S. 2010. “The Study of Urartian Monuments in The Republic of Armenia (1992-2007)”, Urartu and Its Neighbors, Festschrift in Honor of Nicolay Harutyunyan in Occasion of His 90th Birthday (22-24 September, 2009, Yerevan). (Eds. A. Kosyan/A. Petrosyan/Y. Grekyan), Association for Near Eastern and Caucasian Studies, Aramazd 5/2: 9-20.
  • IVANOVSKIJ, A. A. 1911. Po Zakavkaz’ju: Arxeologičeskija nabljudenija i izsledovanija 1893, 1894 i 1896 gg., Materialy po arxeologii Kavkaza VI, Sobrannye ēkspedicijami Imperatorskago Moskovskago Arxeologičeskago Obščestva, snarjažennymi na Vysočajše darovannyja sredstva, Tipografija i Slovolitnja Ottona Osipoviča Gerbeka, Moskva.
  • KERIMOV, V. 2003. Oboronitel’nye sooruženiya Azerbaidžana drevnego perioda (III-I tys. do n.ē). Akademija Nauk Azerbaidžanskoj SSR. Baku.
  • KHANZAQ, B. R./BISCIONE, R./HEJEBRI-NOBARI, A. R./SALVINI, M. 2001. “Haldi’s Garrison-Haldi’s Protection. The Newly Found Rock Inscription of Argisti II, in Shisheh, Near Ahar (East Azerbaijan, Iran)”, Studi Micenei ed Egeo Anatolici XLIII/1: 25-37.
  • KLEISS, W./KROLL, S. 1980. “Die Burgen von Libliuni (Seqindel)”, Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran 13: 21–61.
  • KOHL, P. L./S. KROLL 1999. “Notes on the Fall of Horom”, Iranica Antiqua 34: 243- 259
  • KROLL, S. 2005. “The Southern Urmia Basin in the Early Iron Age”, Iranica Antiqua 40: 65–85.
  • KROLL, S. 2011. “Urartian Cities in İran/İran’daki Urartu Şehirleri”, Urartu: Doğu’da Değişim/Urartu: Transformation in the East, (Eds. K. Köroğlu/E. Konyar). İstanbul: 150-169.
  • KROLL, S. 2012. “Ermenistan ve İran’daki Urartu”, Aktüel Arkeoloji 30: 140–147.
  • KUFTIN, B. A. 1944. “Urartskij ‘kolymbarij’ u podošvy Ararata i KuroArakskij Ēneolit”, Vestnik Gosudarstvennogo Muzeja Gruzii XIII-B, Izdatel’stvo Academii nauk Gruz SSR, Tbilisi: 1–171.
  • LEHMANN-HAUPT, F. C. 1910. Armenien Eins und Jetzt I: vom Kaukasus zum Tigris und nach Tigranokerta, B. Behr’s Verlag. Berlin.
  • MELLINK, M. J. 1967. “Archaeology in Asia Minor”, American Journal of Archaeology 71: 155-174.
  • NARIMANISHVILI, G. 2012. “Archaeological Investigations in Trialeti”, Archaeology of Armenia in Regional Context: Proceedings of the International Congference dedicated to the 50th Anniversary of the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography Held on September 1-17, 2009 in Yerevan (Eds. P. Avetisyan/A. Bobokhyan), Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography. NAS RA. Yerevan: 88- 105.
  • NARIMANISHVILI, G. 2016. “The Cyclopean Settlements of South Georgia ant the Prospects for its Study (Abstract)”, Agean World and South Caucasus: Cultural Relations in the Bronze Age, Proceedings of International Workshop Held on September 23-25, 2016 in Tbilisi (Eds. M. Kvachadze/G. Narimanishvili). Mtsignobari. Tbilisi: 210-215.
  • NIKOL’SKIJ, M. V. 1896. Klinoobraznye nadpisi Zakavkaz’ja, Materialy po Arxeologii Kavkaza V, Sobrannye ēkspedicijami Imperatorskago Moskovskago Arxeologičeskago Obščestva, snarjažennymi na Vysočajše darovannyja sredstva, Tipografija i Slovolitnja Ottona Osipoviča Gerbeka. Moscow.
  • ÖZFIRAT, A. 2005. “Doğu Anadolu’da Yerel Bir Krallık: Erikua”, Arkeoatlas 4: Kralların Coğrafyası, Doğu’nun Demir Çağı (Ed. N. Karul). İstanbul: 79.
  • ÖZFIRAT, A. 2009. “Van Gölü Havzası Yüzey Araştırması: Patnos Ovası Demir Çağ Yerleşimleri”, Altan Çilingiroğlu’na Armağan: Yukarı Deniz’in Kıyısında Urartu Krallığı’na Adanmış Bir Hayat - Studies in Honour of Altan Çilingiroğlu: A Life Dedicated to Urartu on the Shores of the Upper Sea (Eds. H. Sağlamtimur/E. Abay). İstanbul: 455–478.
  • ÖZFIRAT, A. 2013. “Survey on the settlements of Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age in the north shore of Lake Van Basin”, Austausch und Kulturkontakt im Südkaukasus und Seinen Angrenzenden Regionen SpätbronzeFrüheisenzeit (Eds. A. Mehnert/G. Mehnert/S. Reinhold). Martin-Luther Universtät Halle-Wittenberg, Zentrums für Archäologie und Kulturgeschichte des Schwarzmeerraumes 22. Beier & Beran Verlag. Langenweißbach: 237–249.
  • ÖZFIRAT, A. 2014a. “Aktaş: Ağrı Dağı’nın Kuzey Eteğinde-Aras Vadisi’nde bir Urartu Kalesi”, SCRIPTA: Veli Sevin’e Armağan, Arkeolojiyle Geçen Bir Yaşam İçin Yazılar/Essays in Honour of Veli Sevin. A Life Immersed in Archaeology (Ed. A. Özfırat). İstanbul: 111–120.
  • ÖZFIRAT, A. 2014b. “Ağrı Dağı ve Van Gölü Havzası Yüzey Araştırması (Muş-Bitlis-Van-Ağrı-Iğdır İlleri ve İlçeleri)”, Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Arkeoloji Bölümü Kazı ve Araştırma Projeleri (Eds. A. Özfırat/N. Coşkun). Antakya: 17-43.
  • ÖZFIRAT, A. 2015. “Investigations in the Çaldıran Plain-Van Lake Basin: During the Middle Iron Age”, Proceedings of 15th Symposium on Mediterranean Archaeology (SOMA) I, held at the University of Catania 3-5 March 2011 (Eds. P. M. Militello/H. Öniz). BAR International Series 2695 (I). Oxford: 71-79.
  • ÖZFIRAT, A. 2016. “The Late Bronze-Early Iron Age-Urartu Complex at Bozkurt on the Southern Slope of Mt. Ağrı”, At the Northern Frontier of Near Eastern Archaeology: Recent Research on Caucasia and Anatolia in the Bronze AgeProceedings of the international Humboldt-Kolleg (Venice 9th- January 12th, 2013). (Eds. E. Rova/M. Tonussi). Subartu XXXVIII. Turnhout: 299-310
  • ÖZFIRAT, A. 2017a. “Highland Fortresses-Cemeteries and Settlement Complexes of Muş Plains-Mt Süphan in the Lake Van Basin from the Middle Bronze to the Middle Iron Age (Urartu)”, TÜBA-AR 20: 53-80.
  • ÖZFIRAT, A. 2017b. “Melekli-Kültepe (Iğdır) Höyüğü, Urartu Kalesi ve Columbarium: Ağrı Dağı’nın Kuzey Eteğindeki Minuahinili (Karakoyunlu) Kenti-Melekli-Kültepe (Iğdır) Mound, Urartian Fortress and Columbarium in Minuahinili (Karakoyunlu) on the Northern Slope of Mt Ağrı”, OLBA XXV: 161-182.
  • ÖZFIRAT, A. In Press. “The Urartian Kingdom in the Mt Ağrı”, Proceedings of 20th Symposium on Mediterranean Archaeology (SOMA). (Saint Petersburg, 12-14 May 2016).

ERIQUA AND MINUAHINILI: AN EARLY IRON AGE-NAIRI KINGDOM AND URARTIAN PROVINCE ON THE NORTHERN SLOPE OF MT AĞRI SETTLEMENT COMPLEXES AT MELEKLI AND KARAKOYUNLU

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 21, 63 - 92, 01.01.2017

Öz

Highland of eastern Anatolia, southern Transcaucasia and northwestern Iran were divided among a great number of local polities in the Late Bronze-Early Iron Age c. 1600-900 BC . By the change of political power, regional landscape previously consisted of small local polities largely transformed into a province of the kingdom of Urartu Middle Iron Age, c. 900-600 BC . The Urartian conquest of the Araxes valley-Mt Ağrı region began the earlier stage of the kingdom. Some of the sites that we investigated in the region show a developed and complex system. These settlement complexes were located in central area of geographical units. Each of the them covers interrelated units in a vast area within a long time period. The most remarkable settlement complexes of Mt Ağrı are Melekli, Karakoyunlu and Bozkurt can be consider as urban and administrative centres of Early Iron Age pre-Urartian and Urartian. South of the Araxes river was land of Erikua-Ireku-Irkuahi, inscriptions of king Minua refer to conquest of Luhiuni which was the capital of Eriqua. Luhiuni, the royal city of Early Iron Age kingdom Erikua; and Minuahinili, new fortress of Urartu and Haldi Temple which was built afterwards by king Minua, must be in the settlement complexes at Melekli and Karakoyunlu Iğdır on the northern slope of Mt Ağrı Iğdır plain-south of the Araxes valley . Bozkurt settlement complex located in the southern part of mountain Doğubayazıt plain must also be considered in this frame.

Kaynakça

  • ALKIM, H. 1968. “Explorations and Excavations in Turkey, 1965-1966”, Anatolica 2: 1–74.
  • BADALYAN, R. S./KOHL, L. P./KROLL, S. 1997. “Horom 1995”, Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan 29: 191-228.
  • BADALYAN, R. S./AVETISYAN, P. S. 2007. Bronze and Early Iron Age Archaeological Sites in Armenia I: Mt Aragats and its Surrounding Region, Archaeopress (BAR International Series 1697). Oxford.
  • BADALYAN, M./KZLYAN, V./ISKRA, M./MIKALYELYAN, A./KYUREGHAN, H. 2016. “Odzaberd (Tsovinar): A Brief Preliminary report on the 2014-2015 Excavations”, Agean World and South Caucasus: Cultural Relations in the Bronze Age, Proceedings of International Workshop Held on September 23-25, 2016 in Tbilisi, (Eds. M. Kvachadze/G. Narimanishvili). Mtsignobari, Tbilisi: 163-177.
  • BADALYAN, M./MIKALYELYAN, A./KYUREGHAN, H./ISKRA, M./HOVSEPYAN, R./NAHAPETYAN, S./YEGHIAZARYAN, A. 2017. “Prelimenary Results of the 2014-2016 Archaeological Excavations in Odzaberd”, Metsamorian Readings 1 (Selected scientic articles) Yerevan: 205-246.
  • BARNETT, R. D. 1963. “The Urartian Cemetery at Igdyr”, Anatolian Studies XIII: 153–198.
  • BAXŞELIYEV, V. 2002. Naxçivanın Erken Demir Dövrü Medeniyyeti, Azerbaycan Milli Elmler Akademiyası, Naxcıvan Regional Elmi Merkezi. Bakü
  • BAKHSHALIYEV, V./MARRO, C. 2009. The Archaeology of Nakhichevan: Ten Years of New Discoveries. Istanbul.
  • BISCIONE, R. 2002. “The Iron Age Settlement Pattern: Pre-Urartian and Urartian Periods”, The North-Eastern Frontier: Urartians and Non-Urartians in the Sevan Lake Basin: I. The Southern Shores (Eds. R. Biscione/S. Hmayakyan/N. Parmegiani). CNR Istituto di Studi sulle civiltà dell’Egeo e del Vicino Oriente, Documante Asiana VII. Rome: 351–370.
  • BISCIONE, R. 2003. “Pre-Urartian and Urartian settlement patterns in the Caucasus, Two Case Studies: The Urmia Plain, Iran, and the Sevan Basin, Armenia”, Archaeology in the Borderlands: Investigations in Caucasia and Beyond, (Eds. A. T. Smith/K. S. Rubinson). University of California, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology 47. Los Angeles: 167–184.
  • BISCIONE, R. 2009. “The Distribution of Pre- and Protohistoric Hillforts in Iran”, Studi Micenei ed Egeo Anatolici 51: 123–143.
  • BISCIONE, R. 2012. “Urartian Fortifications in Iran: An Attempt A Hierarchical Classification”, Biainili-Urartu: The Proceedings of the Symposium held in Munich (Munich, 12-14 October 2007), (Eds. S. Kroll/C. Gruber/U. Helwag/M. Roaf/P. Zimansky). Acta Iranica 51. Leuven: 77–88.
  • BISCIONE, R./DAN, R. 2011. “Dimensional and Geographical Distribution of the Urartian Fortifications in the Republic of Armenia”, Aramazd (Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies) 6/2: 104–120.
  • BISCIONE, R./DAN, R. 2014. “Ranking and Distribution of the Urartian Fortifications in Turkey”, SCRIPTA: Veli Sevin’e Armağan, Arkeolojiyle Geçen Bir Yaşam İçin Yazılar/Essays in Honour of Veli Sevin. A Life Immersed in Archaeology (Ed. A. Özfırat), İstanbul: 121–136.
  • BISCIONE, R./HMAYAKYAN S./HAKOBYAN, H./ PARMEGIANI, N. 2012. “Activities of the Armenian-Italian Archaeological Expedition in the Sevan Lake Basin 1994-2009”, Archaeology of Armenia in Regional Context: Proceedings of the International Conference dedicated to the 50th Anniversary of the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography Held on September 1-17, 2009 in Yerevan (Eds. P. Avetisyan/A. Bobokhyan). Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, NAS RA, Yerevan: 64–69.
  • ÇEVİK, N. 2000. Urartu Kaya Mezarları ve Ölü Gömme Gelenekleri. Ankara.
  • HAMMER, E. 2014. “Highland Fortress-Polities and Their Settlement systems in the South Caucasus”, Antiquity 88/341: 757- 774.
  • HEINSCH, S./KUNTNER, W./AVETISYAN, H. 2012. “The Iron Age Fortress of Aramus, Armenia: Archaeological Evidence of the East and Norths Forts”, Archaeology of Armenia in Regional Context: Proceedings of the International Congference dedicated to the 50th Anniversary of the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography Held on September 1-17, 2009 in Yerevan (Eds. P. Avetisyan/A. Bobokhyan). Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography. NAS RA. Yerevan: 133-147.
  • HMAYAKYAN, S. 2010. “The Study of Urartian Monuments in The Republic of Armenia (1992-2007)”, Urartu and Its Neighbors, Festschrift in Honor of Nicolay Harutyunyan in Occasion of His 90th Birthday (22-24 September, 2009, Yerevan). (Eds. A. Kosyan/A. Petrosyan/Y. Grekyan), Association for Near Eastern and Caucasian Studies, Aramazd 5/2: 9-20.
  • IVANOVSKIJ, A. A. 1911. Po Zakavkaz’ju: Arxeologičeskija nabljudenija i izsledovanija 1893, 1894 i 1896 gg., Materialy po arxeologii Kavkaza VI, Sobrannye ēkspedicijami Imperatorskago Moskovskago Arxeologičeskago Obščestva, snarjažennymi na Vysočajše darovannyja sredstva, Tipografija i Slovolitnja Ottona Osipoviča Gerbeka, Moskva.
  • KERIMOV, V. 2003. Oboronitel’nye sooruženiya Azerbaidžana drevnego perioda (III-I tys. do n.ē). Akademija Nauk Azerbaidžanskoj SSR. Baku.
  • KHANZAQ, B. R./BISCIONE, R./HEJEBRI-NOBARI, A. R./SALVINI, M. 2001. “Haldi’s Garrison-Haldi’s Protection. The Newly Found Rock Inscription of Argisti II, in Shisheh, Near Ahar (East Azerbaijan, Iran)”, Studi Micenei ed Egeo Anatolici XLIII/1: 25-37.
  • KLEISS, W./KROLL, S. 1980. “Die Burgen von Libliuni (Seqindel)”, Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran 13: 21–61.
  • KOHL, P. L./S. KROLL 1999. “Notes on the Fall of Horom”, Iranica Antiqua 34: 243- 259
  • KROLL, S. 2005. “The Southern Urmia Basin in the Early Iron Age”, Iranica Antiqua 40: 65–85.
  • KROLL, S. 2011. “Urartian Cities in İran/İran’daki Urartu Şehirleri”, Urartu: Doğu’da Değişim/Urartu: Transformation in the East, (Eds. K. Köroğlu/E. Konyar). İstanbul: 150-169.
  • KROLL, S. 2012. “Ermenistan ve İran’daki Urartu”, Aktüel Arkeoloji 30: 140–147.
  • KUFTIN, B. A. 1944. “Urartskij ‘kolymbarij’ u podošvy Ararata i KuroArakskij Ēneolit”, Vestnik Gosudarstvennogo Muzeja Gruzii XIII-B, Izdatel’stvo Academii nauk Gruz SSR, Tbilisi: 1–171.
  • LEHMANN-HAUPT, F. C. 1910. Armenien Eins und Jetzt I: vom Kaukasus zum Tigris und nach Tigranokerta, B. Behr’s Verlag. Berlin.
  • MELLINK, M. J. 1967. “Archaeology in Asia Minor”, American Journal of Archaeology 71: 155-174.
  • NARIMANISHVILI, G. 2012. “Archaeological Investigations in Trialeti”, Archaeology of Armenia in Regional Context: Proceedings of the International Congference dedicated to the 50th Anniversary of the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography Held on September 1-17, 2009 in Yerevan (Eds. P. Avetisyan/A. Bobokhyan), Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography. NAS RA. Yerevan: 88- 105.
  • NARIMANISHVILI, G. 2016. “The Cyclopean Settlements of South Georgia ant the Prospects for its Study (Abstract)”, Agean World and South Caucasus: Cultural Relations in the Bronze Age, Proceedings of International Workshop Held on September 23-25, 2016 in Tbilisi (Eds. M. Kvachadze/G. Narimanishvili). Mtsignobari. Tbilisi: 210-215.
  • NIKOL’SKIJ, M. V. 1896. Klinoobraznye nadpisi Zakavkaz’ja, Materialy po Arxeologii Kavkaza V, Sobrannye ēkspedicijami Imperatorskago Moskovskago Arxeologičeskago Obščestva, snarjažennymi na Vysočajše darovannyja sredstva, Tipografija i Slovolitnja Ottona Osipoviča Gerbeka. Moscow.
  • ÖZFIRAT, A. 2005. “Doğu Anadolu’da Yerel Bir Krallık: Erikua”, Arkeoatlas 4: Kralların Coğrafyası, Doğu’nun Demir Çağı (Ed. N. Karul). İstanbul: 79.
  • ÖZFIRAT, A. 2009. “Van Gölü Havzası Yüzey Araştırması: Patnos Ovası Demir Çağ Yerleşimleri”, Altan Çilingiroğlu’na Armağan: Yukarı Deniz’in Kıyısında Urartu Krallığı’na Adanmış Bir Hayat - Studies in Honour of Altan Çilingiroğlu: A Life Dedicated to Urartu on the Shores of the Upper Sea (Eds. H. Sağlamtimur/E. Abay). İstanbul: 455–478.
  • ÖZFIRAT, A. 2013. “Survey on the settlements of Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age in the north shore of Lake Van Basin”, Austausch und Kulturkontakt im Südkaukasus und Seinen Angrenzenden Regionen SpätbronzeFrüheisenzeit (Eds. A. Mehnert/G. Mehnert/S. Reinhold). Martin-Luther Universtät Halle-Wittenberg, Zentrums für Archäologie und Kulturgeschichte des Schwarzmeerraumes 22. Beier & Beran Verlag. Langenweißbach: 237–249.
  • ÖZFIRAT, A. 2014a. “Aktaş: Ağrı Dağı’nın Kuzey Eteğinde-Aras Vadisi’nde bir Urartu Kalesi”, SCRIPTA: Veli Sevin’e Armağan, Arkeolojiyle Geçen Bir Yaşam İçin Yazılar/Essays in Honour of Veli Sevin. A Life Immersed in Archaeology (Ed. A. Özfırat). İstanbul: 111–120.
  • ÖZFIRAT, A. 2014b. “Ağrı Dağı ve Van Gölü Havzası Yüzey Araştırması (Muş-Bitlis-Van-Ağrı-Iğdır İlleri ve İlçeleri)”, Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Arkeoloji Bölümü Kazı ve Araştırma Projeleri (Eds. A. Özfırat/N. Coşkun). Antakya: 17-43.
  • ÖZFIRAT, A. 2015. “Investigations in the Çaldıran Plain-Van Lake Basin: During the Middle Iron Age”, Proceedings of 15th Symposium on Mediterranean Archaeology (SOMA) I, held at the University of Catania 3-5 March 2011 (Eds. P. M. Militello/H. Öniz). BAR International Series 2695 (I). Oxford: 71-79.
  • ÖZFIRAT, A. 2016. “The Late Bronze-Early Iron Age-Urartu Complex at Bozkurt on the Southern Slope of Mt. Ağrı”, At the Northern Frontier of Near Eastern Archaeology: Recent Research on Caucasia and Anatolia in the Bronze AgeProceedings of the international Humboldt-Kolleg (Venice 9th- January 12th, 2013). (Eds. E. Rova/M. Tonussi). Subartu XXXVIII. Turnhout: 299-310
  • ÖZFIRAT, A. 2017a. “Highland Fortresses-Cemeteries and Settlement Complexes of Muş Plains-Mt Süphan in the Lake Van Basin from the Middle Bronze to the Middle Iron Age (Urartu)”, TÜBA-AR 20: 53-80.
  • ÖZFIRAT, A. 2017b. “Melekli-Kültepe (Iğdır) Höyüğü, Urartu Kalesi ve Columbarium: Ağrı Dağı’nın Kuzey Eteğindeki Minuahinili (Karakoyunlu) Kenti-Melekli-Kültepe (Iğdır) Mound, Urartian Fortress and Columbarium in Minuahinili (Karakoyunlu) on the Northern Slope of Mt Ağrı”, OLBA XXV: 161-182.
  • ÖZFIRAT, A. In Press. “The Urartian Kingdom in the Mt Ağrı”, Proceedings of 20th Symposium on Mediterranean Archaeology (SOMA). (Saint Petersburg, 12-14 May 2016).
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Aynur Özfırat Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ocak 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Sayı: 21

Kaynak Göster

APA Özfırat, A. (t.y.). ERIQUA AND MINUAHINILI: AN EARLY IRON AGE-NAIRI KINGDOM AND URARTIAN PROVINCE ON THE NORTHERN SLOPE OF MT AĞRI SETTLEMENT COMPLEXES AT MELEKLI AND KARAKOYUNLU. TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi(21), 63-92.
AMA Özfırat A. ERIQUA AND MINUAHINILI: AN EARLY IRON AGE-NAIRI KINGDOM AND URARTIAN PROVINCE ON THE NORTHERN SLOPE OF MT AĞRI SETTLEMENT COMPLEXES AT MELEKLI AND KARAKOYUNLU. TÜBA-AR. (21):63-92.
Chicago Özfırat, Aynur. “ERIQUA AND MINUAHINILI: AN EARLY IRON AGE-NAIRI KINGDOM AND URARTIAN PROVINCE ON THE NORTHERN SLOPE OF MT AĞRI SETTLEMENT COMPLEXES AT MELEKLI AND KARAKOYUNLU”. TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi, sy. 21t.y.: 63-92.
EndNote Özfırat A ERIQUA AND MINUAHINILI: AN EARLY IRON AGE-NAIRI KINGDOM AND URARTIAN PROVINCE ON THE NORTHERN SLOPE OF MT AĞRI SETTLEMENT COMPLEXES AT MELEKLI AND KARAKOYUNLU. TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi 21 63–92.
IEEE A. Özfırat, “ERIQUA AND MINUAHINILI: AN EARLY IRON AGE-NAIRI KINGDOM AND URARTIAN PROVINCE ON THE NORTHERN SLOPE OF MT AĞRI SETTLEMENT COMPLEXES AT MELEKLI AND KARAKOYUNLU”, TÜBA-AR, sy. 21, ss. 63–92.
ISNAD Özfırat, Aynur. “ERIQUA AND MINUAHINILI: AN EARLY IRON AGE-NAIRI KINGDOM AND URARTIAN PROVINCE ON THE NORTHERN SLOPE OF MT AĞRI SETTLEMENT COMPLEXES AT MELEKLI AND KARAKOYUNLU”. TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi 21 (t.y.), 63-92.
JAMA Özfırat A. ERIQUA AND MINUAHINILI: AN EARLY IRON AGE-NAIRI KINGDOM AND URARTIAN PROVINCE ON THE NORTHERN SLOPE OF MT AĞRI SETTLEMENT COMPLEXES AT MELEKLI AND KARAKOYUNLU. TÜBA-AR.;:63–92.
MLA Özfırat, Aynur. “ERIQUA AND MINUAHINILI: AN EARLY IRON AGE-NAIRI KINGDOM AND URARTIAN PROVINCE ON THE NORTHERN SLOPE OF MT AĞRI SETTLEMENT COMPLEXES AT MELEKLI AND KARAKOYUNLU”. TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi, sy. 21, ss. 63-92.
Vancouver Özfırat A. ERIQUA AND MINUAHINILI: AN EARLY IRON AGE-NAIRI KINGDOM AND URARTIAN PROVINCE ON THE NORTHERN SLOPE OF MT AĞRI SETTLEMENT COMPLEXES AT MELEKLI AND KARAKOYUNLU. TÜBA-AR. (21):63-92.

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