HALAF VE OBEYD DÖNEMLERİNİN TOPLUMSAL ÖRGÜTLENME GELİŞKENLİĞİ AÇISINDAN KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI VE TELL KURDU ÖRNEĞİ

Yıl 2010, Sayı: 13, 39 - 59, 01.01.2010

Rana Özbal

Öz

MÖ 6. ve 5. binyılları kapsayan Halaf ve Obeyd dönemleri, Kuzey Mezopotamya kentleşme sürecinin öncü­leri sayıldıklarından önemlidir. Gerek belirgin çanak çömlek özelliklerinin, gerekse özgün mimari öğele­rinin Mezopotamya dışında Anadolu'nun doğu ve güneydoğusu ile Doğu Akdeniz sahilini de kapsayan geniş bir coğrafi alana yayılmış olması dikkat çekicidir. Halaf ve Obeyd dönemlerinde birbirinden uzak olan yer­leşimlerde biçim ve bezeme açısından birbirine benzer çanak çömlek ve yapı türlerinin görülmüş olması, birçok araştırmacının bunların arasındaki ilişki ve yayılımıyla ilgili kuramlar geliştirmesine neden olmuş­tur. Burada olduğu gibi geniş bir coğrafya içinde görülen benzerlikler, çoğu kez kuramsal yaklaşımlara daya­lı genellemelerle açıklanmaya çalışılmaktadır; ancak bu yazıda, her iki kültürün etkisi altında kalmış olan Hatay ili, Reyhanlı ilçesi, Tell Kurdu yerleşiminde Halaf ile ilişkili MÖ 6. ve Obeyd ile ilişkili MÖ 5. Bin yıl tabakaları karşılaştırmalı olarak ele alınmasıyla yetinilecektir. Bu bağlamda Tell Kurdu yerleşiminin iki evresi arasında idari ve politik oluşumlar açısından görülen farklılıklar, Halaf ve Obeid dönemlerinin genel yapılanması içinde ele alınacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Halaf dönemi, Obeyd dönemi, kentleşmenin öncüleri, gelişkin toplumsal örgütlenme ve yönetim, Tell Kurdu

A COMPARATIVE LOOK AT HALAF AND UBAID PERIOD SOCIAL COMPLEXITY AND THE TELL KURDU CASE

Öz

While the Uruk Period is generally accepted as the earliest state society in the Near East, assessing the social, political and economic organization of the antecedent Halaf and Ubaid phases has been a matter of long­standing debate. Over-schematized evolutionary categories like "tribes" or "chiefdoms" provide little resolve in characterizing the socio-political complexity of Near Eastern prehistory because they fail to account for the variability these phases encompass. This paper invites us to move beyond typological categories, yet considers issues of political economy and explores conscious strategies towards social complexity between these two well-known phases of Near Eastern prehistory. Located in the Hatay province of southern Turkey, Tell Kurdu has relatively wide horizontal exposures dating both to the Halaf-related and to the Ubaid-related phases, providing a unique opportunity to explore at a single settlement the contrasting levels of social complexity in the sixth and fifth millennia BC

Anahtar Kelimeler

Halaf Period, Ubaid Period, pre-state societies, social and administrative complexity

Kaynakça

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• Fig. 6 - Plan of Trenches 1,6,9 on the summit of the mound (after Yener et al. 2000a: 24)
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• Fig. 14 - Photo of room R05. Notice the oven on the left and the platform with an in situ grinding stone on the right. (photo: Tell Kurdu excavation archives) Fig. 15 - Photo of the artifacts found in situ on the floor from room R05 (photo: Tell Kurdu excavation archives)